US History II. Chapter 22
14th Amendment
(1) all Blacks were American citizens, (2) if a state denied citizenship to Blacks, then its representatives in the Electoral College were lowered, (3) former Confederates could not hold federal or state office, and (4) the federal debt was guaranteed while the Confederate one was repudiated (erased).
Andrew Johnson
(17th President)
black code
laws passee throughout the south to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks, partiularly with respect to negotiating labor contracts
Goals of Reconstruction
to restore the powers of Congress, punish Southern leaders, maintain Republican supremacy in Congress, protect the rights of the freed blacks against abuse by Southern whites
what did southern segregation do to african americans
pushed them to different parts of the country and better opportunities pulled them
what were the black codes
they were enacted by the southern states to control former slaves
during congressional reconstruction who held power in the south
those who were loyal to the north
what was the freedman's bureau set up to do
to help freed slaves
what did the kkk do
tried to return democrats to power
White Southerners still believed that there ______ was correct and their cause was just.
view of secession
Civil Rights Bill
was passed March 1866
black code
were one of many techniques that southern whites used to keep blacks effectively enslaved for decads
some factors were acting to help blacks while others
were working against
Black migration
when black people from the south went north away from the farms and plantations so they could get more money and better jobs
crop-lien system
widely used by cotton farmers in us in the south, sharecroppers and tenant farmers who did not own the land they worked obtained supplies and food on credit from local merchants
what did african americans who remained in the south do
worked together to build communities despite their adversity
TRUE STATEMENTS
•Congressional Republicans demanded that the Southern states ratify the 14th Amendment in order to be readmitted to the union
TRUE STATEMENTS
•Johnson's impeachment was essentially an act of political vindictiveness by radical Republicans
TRUE STATEMENTS
•Lincoln's "10 percent" Reconstruction Plan" was designed to return the southern states to the Union with few restrictions
TRUE STATEMENTS
•The Republican Reconstruction legislature enacted educational and other reforms in Southern state government
TRUE STATEMENTS
•The South was economically divested by the civil war
TRUE STATEMENTS
•The cause of black education was greatly advanced by Northern White female teachers who came South after the civil war
TRUE STATEMENTS
•The focus of black community life after emancipated became the black church
TRUE STATEMENTS
•The newly freed slaves often used their liberty to travel to seek lost loves ones
Andrew Johnson
(17th President) Johnson was president after Lincoln's assassination, between 1864 and 1868. He was an "accidental president" who was an ex-Tennessee Senator, and was Lincoln's vice-president. He was a Southerner who did not understand the North, a Tennesseean who had never been accepted by the Republicans, and a president who had never been elected to the office. Republicans feared that Southerners might join hands with Democrats in the North and win control of Congress. If the South ran Congress, blacks might be enslaved once again. To protest, Congress passed the Civil Rights Bill, but Johnson vetoed the bill (it was overridden by a 2/3 vote though. Congress also tried to have Johnson impeached. The impeachment trial failed by one vote in the Senate. The one great achievement that Johnson's administration committed was the purchase of Alaska
Benjamin Wade
(1800-1878) radical Republican and President pro tempore of the Senate who hoped to become President of the United States after Johnson's impeachment conviction
Edwin M. Stanton
(1814-1869) American lawyer and politician who served as Secretary of War under the Lincoln and Johnson Administrations during and after the Civil War [Stanton's effective management helped organize the massive military resources of the North and guide the Union to victory.]
Oliver O. Howard
(1830-1909) Union General in the Civil War defeated at Gettysburg; was appointed leader of the Freedmen's Bureau in 1865 during the Reconstruction era [He went to force Nez Perce onto reservation and founded a university for African Americans.]
Pacific Railroad Act
(1862) helped fund the construction of the Union Pacific transcontinental railroad with the use of land grants and government bonds
Woman's Loyal League
(1863-1865) women's organization formed to help bring about an end to the Civil War and encourage Congress to pass a constitutional amendment prohibiting slavery
Ex Parte Milligan
(1866) Civil War era case in which the Supreme Court ruled that military tribunals could not be used to try civilians if civil courts were open
"Seward's Folly"
(1867) popular term for the Secretary of State's purchase of Alaska from Russia
Black Codes
- laws passed throughout the South to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks, particularly with respect to negotiating labor contracts [It increased Northerners' criticisms of President Andrew Johnson's lenient Reconstruction policies
Ex Parte Milligan
- the supreme court ruled that military tribunals could not try civilians, even during wartime, if there were civil courts available
Radicals in Congress
Ruled by Charles Summer in Senate, Thaddeus Stevens in House
Joint Committee on Reconstruction
(house senate) Stevens was a leading figure. And opposed to rapid restoration of the Southern states
William H. Seward
- (1801-1872) believed that the nation would eventually establish an empire as the result of a natural process of gravitation towards the U.S. [He argued for the extension of the American frontier; he paid Russia $7.2 million for Alaska, and he laid claim to the Midway Islands.]
1870
- All southern states reorganized their govt and given full rights; when federal troops left a state, govt passed to white redeemers or "home rule" regimes which were democratic
Thirteenth Amendment
- An amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1865, abolishing slavery.
Woman's Loyal League
- group of women who took their issue of women's equality, put it aside, and focused on blacks. They believed that after the war ended they could focus on women
Fifteenth Amendment
- was passed by Congress in 1869 and ratified by the required number of states in 1870 -gaves blacks the right to vote
Pacific Railroad Act
-were a series of acts of congress that promoted the transcontinental railroad -this was carried through by government bonds, grants to land to railroad companies -from 1860 1865
what was Johnson's plan
-cancel all war debts -put in new state constitutions for the confederate states -get all states to ratify the 13th amendment
Civil Rights Bill
-discussed black privileges of American citizenship and struck at the Black codes
Force Acts
-federal troops tried to stamp out these groups but a lot of them went under disguise
Woman's Loyal League
-had fathered nearly 400,000 signatures on petitions asking congress to pass a constitutional amendment prohibiting slavery -these women were mad that women didn't have suffrage -women like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony fought for black emancipation
Union League
-it became a network of political clubs that educated members in their civic duties and campaigned for republican candidates - later even built black churches and schools, represented black grievance and recruited militias to protect blacks -black women attended to appraise and rallies of Black communities -was organized by southern black men
Force Acts
-passed by congress in 1970 and 1871
Fourteenth Amendment
-the amendment stated: 1. all black were american citizens 2. if a state denied citizenship to blacks, then its representatives in the Electoral College were lowered 3. former Confederates could not hold federal or state office 4. the federal debt was guaranteed while the confederate one was erased -the radicals were disappointed that the 14th amendment did not grant the right to vote
Wade- Davis Bill
-the republicans feared the restoration of the planter aristocracy with -> after Lincoln's proclamation - rammed the Wade- Davis bill through Congress in 1864 - required that 50%of a state's voter take the oath of allegiance and demanded stronger safeguards for emancipation -Lincoln "pocket-vetoed" the bill -> didn't sign it -showed the deep differences between the president and the congress -Johnson agreed with Lincoln and on May 29, 1865 issued his own Reconstruction proclamation
Ku Klux Klan
-was founded in Tennessee in 1866 -extremely racist whites who hated blacks -the organization scared blacks into not voting or seeking jobs -often resorted to violence against blacks in addition to terror -this radical group undermined much of what abolitionists sought to do
Tenure of Office Act
-was passed by congress 1867 but vetoed by Johnson -the new law required the president to secure the consent of the senate before he could remove his appointees once they had been approved by that body -purpose was to freeze into the cabinet Edwin M. Stanton (secretary of war) -Stanton was released in 1868 and then Johnson was impeached
Reconstruction Act
-was passed by congress on March 2, 1867
Reconstruction Act
-was passed by congress on March 2, 1867 -divided the south into 5 military districts - each district was commanded by a union general and policed by blue- clad soldiers, about 20,000 all told -temporarily disfranchises (deprive of citizenship) tens of thousands of former confederates -laid down guidelines for the readmission of states 1. all states had to approve the 14th amendment, make all Blacks citizens 2. all states had to guarantee full sugar of all male more slaves
New State Constitutions:
1. Approve the 13th amendment 2. Reject secession and state's rights 3. Submit to U.S government authority
1. What two laws passed by congress achieve the aims for Reconstruction? 2. How did the Radical Republicans aim for reconstruction differ from President Johnson's?
1. Civil Rights Act of 1866, 14th Amendment 2. Believed South would never be completely rebuilt until freedmen had full rights of citizenship
Traits/Values of Native Americans
1. Sharing 2. Family 3. Elders important 4. Tradition is important 5. Equality 6. Commitment to religion/spiritual life 7. Judge people on basis of character
President Johnson's two major aims for reconstruction
1. Slavery Abolished 2. Southern States had to create a government Black Codes Law passed in 1865-1866 in the former CSA to limit the rights and freedoms of African Americans
Southern blacks responded to prospect of emancipation in different ways such as:
1. Some slaves remained loyal to plantation masters and resisted the liberating union armies 2. Some slaves insisted that while address them as "Mr." or "Mrs". 3. Some slaves beat former masters with the same whips formerly used on them 4. Some slaves were suspicious about whether masters were really freeing them
For black's emancipation meant:
1. ability to search for lost family 2. right to get married 3. opportunity to form their own churches 4. opportunity for an education
Freedmen's bureau was established to:
1. act as a kind of welfare agency 2. provide food, clothing and medical care to slave refugees 3. settle former slaves with forty- acres and a mule 4. provide education that would help close the gap between blacks and whites
Reconstruction involved extended controversies over?
1.readmission of Southern states into the Union 2. direction and control of the Reconstruction process 3.treatment of former Confederate leaders.
African Americans in office
1/5 of the South's office is African Americans
Joseph Rainey
1832-1887 House of Representatives South Carolina Republican First African American in Congress
Samuel Armstrong/ Hampton Institute
1839-1893 In the Union army Worked with the Freedman's Bureau Founded Hampton Institute in 1868 School to train black teachers Emphasized practical knowledge Native American students in 1878
10 Percent Reconstruction Plan
1863
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction
1863 Lincoln issued this proclamation which provided a means of repatriating "those who resume their allegiance" even though the war was still in progress. To those who took an oath of loyalty, he was prepared to issue a full pardon, with some notable exceptions. Those exceptions he specifically listed in the proclamation so there would be no misunderstanding. He also provided guidelines for the systematic reestablishment of loyal state governments
Wade-Davis Bill
1864
Freeman's Bureau
1865
Reconstruction Proclamation
1865
Rutherford B. Hayes
19th president- "Corrupt Bargain" - withdrew federal troops from the South- essentially bringing Reconstruction to an end. First president to have a telephone in the White House.
Impeachment results
7 Republicans and 12 Democrats voted "not guilty." Johnson escaped removal from office by one vote, but he had lost his power.
Thaddeus Stevens
A Republican leader and one of the most powerful members of the United States House of Representatives. He was chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, and a witty, sarcastic speaker and flamboyant party leader who dominated the House from 1861 until his death and wrote much of the financial legislation that paid for the American Civil War.
Ex Parte Milligan
A United States Supreme Court case that ruled that the application of military tribunals to citizens when civilian courts are still operating is unconstitutional.
Civil Rights Bill
A bill passed by Congress in March 1866 as a measure against the Black Codes to reinforce black rights to citizenship. It was vetoed by Johnson and was later passed as the 14th Amendment.
Civil Rights Act of 1875
A bill that forbade racial discrimination in all public places. The act was the Radical Republicans' last legislative effort to protect the civil liberties of former slaves. Democrats in the House opposed the bill from the outset and consequently made sure it remained largely ineffectual.
First Reconstruction Act
A bill, passed by Radical Republicans in Congress in 1867, that treated Southern states as divided territories. Sometimes called the Military Reconstruction Act or the Reconstruction Act, the First Reconstruction Act divided the South into five districts, each governed by martial law. It was the first of a series of harsher bills that the Radicals passed that year.
15th Amendment
A change to the constitution, ratified in 1870, declaring that no one can deny anyone the right to vote
William "Boss" Tweed
A corrupt New York Democrat who was exposed in 1872 by prominent lawyer and future presidential candidate Samuel J. Tilden. "Boss" Tweed controlled most of New York City, promising improved public works to immigrants and the poor in exchange for their votes. Although Tweed was eventually prosecuted and died in prison, the Tweed Ring came to exemplify the widespread corruption and graft in northern politics during the Reconstruction era and the Gilded Age that followed
"swing around the circle"
A disastrous speaking campaign undertaken by U.S. President Andrew Johnson August 27 - September 15, 1866, in which he tried to gain support for his mild Reconstruction policies and for his preferred candidates (mostly Democrats) in the forthcoming midterm Congressional election. The tour received its nickname due to the route that the campaign took
Crédit Mobilier
A dummy construction company formed in the 1860s by corrupt Union Pacific Railroad officials who hired themselves as contractors at inflated rates to gain huge profits. The railroad executives also bribed dozens of congressmen and members of Ulysses S. Grant's cabinet, including Vice President Schuyler Colfax. Eventually exposed in 1872, the affair forced many politicians to resign and became the worst scandal that occurred during Grant's presidency
Thomas Nast
A famous caricaturist and editorial cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered to be the father of American political cartooning. His artwork was primarily based on political corruption. He helped people realize the corruption of some politicians
Second Freedmen's Bureau Bill
A follow-up Freedmen's Bureau Bill was vetoed by President Andrew Johnson on February 19, 1866, and Congress failed to override that veto on the following day.
Samuel J. Tilden
A former New York prosecutor who ran for president against Rutherford B. Hayes in 1876. Tilden first became famous in 1871 when he brought down New York City politician William "Boss" Tweed on corruption charges. Although Tilden received more popular votes than Hayes in the election of 1876, he fell one electoral vote shy of becoming president, leaving the election outcome disputed and unresolved. Ultimately, Democrats and Republicans reached the Compromise of 1877, which stipulated that the Democrats concede the presidency to Hayes in exchange for a complete withdrawal of federal troops from the southern states.
Pocket Veto"
A legislative maneuver that allows the President to take no action over a bill instead of signing it.
Scalawags
Scalawags were Southerners who were favorable to the North
"radical" regimes
A lose faction of American politicians within the Republican Party from about 1854 until the end of Reconstruction in 1877. They were opposed during the war by moderates and after the war by self-described "conservatives" in the South and "Liberals" in the North.
Scalawags
A native white Southerner who collaborated with the occupying forces during Reconstruction, often for personal gain
Carpetbaggers
A northerner who went to the South after the Civil War and became active in Republican politics, especially. so as to profiteer from the unsettled social and political conditions of the area during Reconstruction
Redeemers
A political coalition in the Southern United States during the Reconstruction era, who sought to oust the Republican coalition of freedmen, carpetbaggers and scalawags. They were the southern wing of the Bourbon Democrats, who were the conservative, pro-business wing of the Democratic Party
Liberal Republicans
A political party that was formed prior to the elections of 1872 by Republicans who disagreed with moderate and Radical Republican ideologies
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
A prominent advocate of women's rights, Stanton organized the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention with Lucretia Mott
Ku Klux Klan
A secret organization in the southern U.S., active for several years after the Civil War, which aimed to suppress the newly acquired powers of blacks and to oppose carpetbaggers from the North, and which was responsible for many lawless and violent proceedings.
Slaughterhouse Cases
A series of Supreme Court cases (involving a New Orleans slaughterhouse) that effectively rendered the Fourteenth Amendment useless. The justices ruled that the amendment protected citizens from rights infringements only on a federal level, not on a state level. This decision allowed state legislatures to suspend blacks' legal and civil rights as outlined in the Constitution.
Civil Rights Cases of 1883
A series of Supreme Court cases that countered Radical Republican legislation passed during Reconstruction and severely restricted blacks' civil liberties. The Court ruled that the Civil Rights Act of 1875was unconstitutional, citing the fact that the Fourteenth Amendment prohibited racial discrimination by the U.S. government but not by individuals. The decision was used to justify racist policies in both the South and the North
Grandfather Clause
A state law that allowed Whites who came from literate families to vote and prevented Blacks from voting
Sharecropping
A system of farming that developed in the South after the Civil War, when landowners, many of whom had formerly held slaves, lacked the cash to pay wages to farm laborers, many of whom were former slaves. The system called for dividing the crop into three shares — one for the landowner, one for the worker, and one for whoever provided seeds, fertilizer, and farm equipment.
African Americans in Office
About a fifth of the South's new officeholders were African Americans. Twenty-Two African Americans represented their states in Congress
Resumption Act
An act that was passed in 1875 to reduce the amount of currency circulating in the economy during the Depression of 1873 . Although the Resumption Act proved beneficial in the long run, its short-term effects on many Americans were detrimental. Democrats used these hard times to gain votes: Samuel J. Tilden ended up receiving more popular votes than Rutherford B. Hayes in the disputed election of 1876
Pacific Railroad Act
Law passed by Congress in 1862 that gave loans and land to the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroad companies to subsidize construction of a rail line between Omaha and the Pacific Coast
Force Acts
Acts passed to promote African American voting and mainly aimed at limiting the activities of the Ku Klux Klan. Through the acts, actions committed with the intent to influence voters, prevent them from voting, or conspiring to deprive them of civil rights, including life, were made federal offenses. Thus the federal government had the power to prosecute the offenses, including calling federal juries to hear the cases.
Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address
Addressed the issue of slavery as the root cause of the war and focused on the need to bind up the wounds of the nation and restore the Union
Exodusters
African Americans who migrated from along the Mississippi River to Kansas after the Civil War
Sharecropping
After the Civil War former landowners "rented" plots of land to blacks and poor whites in such a way that the renters were always in debt and therefore tied to the land. Sharecropping was little better than life as a slave, as they did not own the land but paid shares of the crops. Sharecroppers were often in debt to the landlord
Radical Republicans
After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.
The Compromise of 1877
After weeks of negotiation, Democratic and Republican leaders in Congress agreed to a compromise. The Democrats accepted the electoral commission's decision, allowing Hayes to become president. In return, Hayes agreed to withdraw the remaining federal troops still occupying Southern states.
1868-
Grant -elected cuz war hero, appointed his friends- dishonestly led to scandals --Ku Klux Klan and White League, some places all males involved •but Grants enforcement acts helped protect black and republicans Didn't do anything to redistribute wealth, would eventually return to like before, courts cleared way for Jim Crow laws
Johnson's Plan:
Aimed at a swift restoration of the Southern States after a few basic conditions were met Presidential pardon was issued. Rebels signed an oath of allegiance, even high ranking confederate officials
1868
All rebel leaders pardoned by Johnson
"Waving the bloody shirt!"
American election campaign, used to ridicule opposing politicians who made emotional calls to avenge the blood of political martyrs
The Amnesty Act of 1872
Amnesty means forgiveness for past offenses. The Amnesty Act allowed most former Confederates to vote once again. By 1876, Democrats had regained control of all but three states in the South.
United States v. Cruikshank
An 1876 Supreme Court case that severely restricted Congress's ability to enforce the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871. The Court ruled that only states, not the U.S. government, had the right to prosecute Klansmen under the law. Without the threat of federal prosecution, the Ku Klux Klan and other racist whites had free reign to terrorize blacks throughout the South
Alexander Stephens
An American politician from Georgia. He was Vice President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. He also served as a U.S. Representative from Georgia (both before the Civil War and after Reconstruction) and as the 50th Governor of Georgia from 1882 until his death in 1883
Johnson opposed the fourteenth amendment which congress created Congress and President Johnson had a/an ________ relationship.
difficult
John Wilkes Booth
An actor, planned with others for six months to abduct Lincoln at the start of the war, but they were foiled when Lincoln didn't arrive at the scheduled place. On April 14, 1865, he shot Lincoln at Ford's Theatre and cried, "Sic Semper Tyrannis!" ("Thus always to tyrants!") When he jumped down onto the stage his spur caught in the American flag draped over the balcony and he fell and broke his leg. He escaped on a waiting horse and fled town to see a doctor by the name of Dr. Samuel Mudd. He was found several days later in a VA tobacco barn. He refused to come out; the barn was set on fire. Booth was shot, either by himself or a soldier
Freedmen's Bureau
An agency of the War Department set up in 1865 to assist freed slaves in obtaining relief, land, Jobs, fair treatment, and education
Fourteenth Amendment
An amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1868, defining national citizenship and forbidding the states to restrict the basic rights of citizens or other persons.
Fifteenth Amendment
An amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1870, prohibiting the restriction of voting rights "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."
Black Codes
Any code of law that defined and especially limited the rights of former slaves after the Civil War
10 Percent Reconstruction Plan
Arkansas, Louisiana and Tennessee met the requirements but congress refuses to recognize their governments
Southern Agriculture
Based around the use of slaves, and after the Civil War it employed many of the former slaves.
Southern Economy
Based mainly around agriculture, and the use of slaves in agriculture.
Share cropping
Black and white workers on farms, where the used a piece of a wealthy persons land in return for giving part of the crop Ppl abused the system and charged more than the land would produce to keep the sharecroppers in debt and basically slavery Courts would fairly look at these cases
1868-1876
Black congressmen and senators, mayors, sheriffs
If blacks "jumped" their contracts
Blacks forced to work for SAME owner for a year
Freeman's Bureau
Built over 3k schools in the south
Wade-Davis Bill
Called for oath saying person has never been disloyal to union
Charles Sumner
Charles Sumner was a senator for Massachusetts. He was a leading abolitionist. He spoke against slavery and openly insulted Butler in the wake of the Kansas-Nebraska crisis. Preston S. Brooks was offended by the insults and beat Sumner with a cane. Sumner obtained very serious injuries and had to leave for three and a half years to recover. Massachusetts reelected Sumner, and South Carolina reelected Brooks. This showed how emotional the North and South were and how close they were to war.
Freeman's Bureau
Congress created
New Orleans Riot
Constitutional Convention where African Americans hoped to speak. Approached by Radical Democrats (who missed slavery). Group of African Americans attempting to express their voice for the first time and were attacked. 40 people killed. Andrew Johnson gets blamed for this due to his lack of support for African Americans
Creator and purpose of Freedmen's Bureau
Created by congress to protect blacks to provide food and medical care Provide good working conditions Provide land acres
Freeman's Bureau
Created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education, and legal support
Depression of 1873
Depression of 1873 - An economic depression—caused by bad loans and over speculation in railroads and manufacturing—that turned the North's attention away from Reconstruction. Poor whites and blacks were hit hardest, and unemployment soared as high as 15 percent. The depression helped southern Democrats in their quest to regain political prominence in the South and diminished the reelection prospects for Republican candidates, who advocated hard-money policies and little immediate economic relief. Indeed, Democrats swept the congressional elections of 1874 and regained the majority in the House of Representatives for the first time since 1856, effectively ending Radical Reconstruction
Carpetbaggers
During the Reconstruction period after the Civil War, this nickname was given to Northerners who moved south to seek their fortune out of the destruction. Some went southward to help, others to scam
Effects on war
Economy in South disrupted (railroads and cities): no labor force, livestock
How did Southern Democrats reverse gains made during Reconstruction in education, voting rights, and segregation?
Education-They cut spending on education Voting Rights- required citizens who wanted to vote to pay a tax Segregation-Jim Crow Laws
1866 Congressional Elections
Elections for the 40th Congress that saw many southern elected officials arrested, or turned away on their way to the Capitol
New State Governments
Elections had to be held to fill office
New State Governments
Elections were then held to fill state offices. To the dismay of Southern Democrats, a majority of those elected were Republicans. About a fifth were African Americans. By 1870, every Southern state had finished this final step of Reconstruction and rejoined the Union. Work was begun on damaged roads, bridges, and railroads. Schools and hospitals were built. To pay for these projects, state legislatures raised taxes. Between 1860 and 1870, taxes in the South increased by up to 400 percent.
Tenure of Office Act - (1867)
Enacted over the veto of President Andrew Johnson, it denied the President of the United States the power to remove anyone who had been appointed by a past President without the advice and consent of the United States Senate, unless the Senate approved the removal during the next full session of Congress.[When Andrew Johnson removed his Secretary of War in violation of the Act, he was impeached by the House but remained in office when the Senate fell one vote short of removing him.]
Freeman's Bureau
Established to provide food, medical care, clothing, education to recently freed slaved and white refugees
New State Constitution
Every state had to have a new constitution
From 1878- 1880, some 25 thousand blacks from Louisiana, Texas and Mississippi were known as the ____.
Exodusters
Freeman's Bureau
Federal agency to create new social order in the south
Freedmen
Find themselves emancipated then re-enslaved Freedmen recognized New names and wore silks and satins rather than cotton threads
Military Districts
Formations of a state's armed forces (often of the Army) which are responsible for a certain area of territory.
Who was Banned by Congress from voting?
Former Confederates
Horace Greeley
Former New York Tribune editor who ran for president in the election of 1872. The Democrats and Liberal Republicans both nominated Horace Greeley for president that year because they both desired limited government, reform, and a swift end to Reconstruction. This political alliance, however, ultimately weakened the Liberal Republicans' cause in the North, because most Americans still did not trust the Democratic Party. In the election, Ulysses S. Grant easily defeated Greeley.
Ulysses Grant
Fought in civil war for North, disabled KKK, became president
Reconstruction Act
Four statutes that were created for Reconstruction: Creation of five military districts in the seceded states not including Tennessee, which had ratified the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and was readmitted to the Union, required congressional approval for new state constitutions (which were required for Confederate states to rejoin the Union), confederate states must give voting rights to all men and all former Confederate states must ratify the 14th Amendment. Reconstruction Act - passed by a newly elected Republican Congress, it divided the South into 5 military districts, disenfranchised former Confederates, and required that Southern states both ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and write state constitutions guaranteeing freedmen the franchise before gaining readmission to the Union
14th Amendment
Gave freedmen citizenship
The Freedmen's Bureau of 1865, was headed by _____.
General Oliver O. Howard
"Forty acres and a mule" was the idea of who?
General Sherman
Freeman's Bureau
Greatest success was teaching blacks to read
Johnsons plan
He also hated southerner aristocracy and supported states' rights- Congress assumed he would agree with Wade Davis - but he had been Lincolns VP (picked to gain support of war democrats bc states' rights and preserving the Union important). -pardoned many Confederate leaders who complied - military govt to lead states that hadn't yet returned - all citizens swear loyalty oaths - didn't require rights to a Black's ~led to black codes
Why did the House of Representatives impeach President Johnson? What was the outcome of his impeachment?
He was a disgrace and was interfering with congressional reconstruction He escaped removal, but lost power
Alexander Stephens
He was the vice-president of the Confederacy, until 1865, when it was defeated and destroyed by the Union. Like the other leaders of the Confederacy, he was under indictment for treason.
Oliver O. Howard
Head of the Freemen's Bureau
Tennessee
Home state of Pres. Johnson. Was the only state of South to adopt Civil Rights Bill with the 14th Amendment. Led to its swift return to the Union
Oliver O. Howard
Howard was the head of the Freedmen's Bureau which was intended to be a kind of primitive welfare agency for free blacks. He later founded and served as president of Howard University in Washington D.C.
Vagrants
If they had not entered into an annual labor contract, African Americans could be labeled as this, and as a result they would be forced to go to prison
Andrew Johnson
Impoverished parents in NC and orphaned early, he never attended school but was apprenticed to a tailor of age 10. He taught himself to read and later wife taught him to write and basic arithmetic
The Disputed Election of 1876
In 1876, Americans went to the polls to choose a new president. The Democrats nominated New York governor Samuel J. Tilden as their candidate. Rutherford B. Hayes was the Republican nominee.
1877
Last federal troops removed from southern states
10 Percent Reconstruction Plan
Introduced by President Lincoln, it proposed that a state be readmitted to the Union once 10 percent of its voters had pledged loyalty to the US and promised to honor emancipation
Reconstruction Proclamation
It called for special state conventions, which were required to repeal the ordinances of session, repudiate all Confederate debts and ratify the slave-freeing 13th Amendment
Reconstruction Proclamation
It disfranchised certain leading Confederations, including those with taxable property worth more than $20k, though they might petition Johnson for person pardons
How did the 1876 election affect African Americans in the south
It was back to white man's rule
Freeman's Bureau
It's achievements were uneven and depended largely on the quality of location administrators
Black code
Johnon
Reconstruction Proclamation
Johnson declared States that complied with the conditions would be swiftly readmitted to the Union
Feb 1866
Johnson vetoed bill extending life to Freedmen's Bureau
How did Congress and President Johnson have a difficult relationship?
Johnson vetoed bills
Reconstruction Proclamation
Johnson, savoring dominance over the high-toned aristocrats who now begged for his favors, granted pardons in abundance
Failure of reconstruction
Lack of support, scalawags - southerners who cooperated with reconstruction, and northerners who moved to the south to exploit the situation and get rich
Morrill Tariff
Law passed to increase tariff rates and supersede the low Tariff of 1857 in an effort to help business because of poor economic conditions during the Civil War. The rates were gradually increased during and after the war, bringing in revenue to help pay for the war
Jim Crow Laws
Laws enforcing segregation of blacks and whites in South after the Civil War
Jim Crows Laws
Laws enforcing segregation of blacks and whites in the South after the Civil War. When Democrats returned to power, they reversed these laws and drew a "color line" between blacks and whites in public life. Whites called the new segregation acts Jim Crow laws. Jim Crow was a black character in an entertainer's act in the mid-1800s
Freeman's Bureau
Lead by Oliver O Howard
Wade-Davis Bill
Lincoln pocket vetoes bill
Wade-Davis Bill
Passed by congressional republicans in response to Lincoln's "10 Percent" Reconstruction Plan, it required that 50 percent of the state's voters pledge allegiance to the union and set stronger safeguards for emancipation. Reflected divisions between radical and moderate republicans, over the treatment of the defeated south
Wade-Davis Bill
Many in congress insisted that the seceded had indeed left the union had committed suicide as republican states and therefore, forfeited all their rights
Homestead Act
Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25
Voting Restrictions: Poll Tax
Pay fee every time you vote, so poor can't vote
Moderate vs. Radical Republicans
Moderate Republicans agreed with Lincoln's ideals. They believed that the seceded states should be restored to the Union swiftly through lenient terms. The Radical Republicans believed that the South should pay dearly for their crimes. The radicals wanted the social structure of the South to be changed before it was restored to the Union. They wanted the planters punished and the blacks protected by federal power. They were against Abraham Lincoln.
Exodusters
Name given to African Americans who fled the Southern United States for Kansas in 1879 and 1880 because of racial oppression and rumors of the reinstitution of slavery.
Radical Legislators
People in the federal government who pushed for equal rights for blacks, and punishment for former Confederate leaders
In 1865, Southern blacks began traveling to test their freedom, and search for family members and seek ____.
economic opportunity
Freed slaves
Newly freed slaves suffered economically. Most did not have the resources to succeed in the aftermath of the war's devastation. There was no redistribution of land; former slaves were given their freedom but nothing else. The Freedmen's Bureau attempted to educate and aid freed slaves and reunite families. Many former slaves found comfort in their families and the independent churches they established. Some took part in state and local government under the last, radical phase of Reconstruction.
Alaska
Northernmost state in the United States purchased by William Seward in 1867 from Russia for $7.2 million.
Civil Rights Bill
President Johnson vetoed this measure on constitutional grounds
Andrew Johnson
President after Lincoln's assassination
In the postwar in the South, the ____ and _____ was utterly devastated
economy and social structure
Jay Gould
Often regarded as the most unethical of the Robber Barons, he was involved with Tammany Hall and Boss Tweed early in his career. After damaging his reputation in a gold speculation that instigated the panic of Black Friday in 1869, he went on to gain control of western railroads and by 1882 had controlling interest in 15% of the country's tracks. Although mistrusted by many of his contemporaries, he was recognized as a skilled businessman
American Missionary Association
One thing that former slaves thirsted for most was religion, and they began forming their own churches. Because of this, many of them desired literacy in order to read the Bible. Black schools were established with some black teachers and some white teachers, primarily female from this association. There not enough teachers to meet demands, so eventually the government had to step in. It was one of the first steps toward racial equality. Sent white women to be teachers
Forces Acts
Passed by Congress
Wade-Davis Bill
Passed by Congressional Republicans
Planter Aristocrats
Rich plantation owners who controlled the south's economy, and widened the gap between the rich and poor in the south
Fourteenth Amendment
Preceded by the Civil Rights Bill,
Fourteenth Amendment
Preceded by the Civil Rights Bill, the Fourteenth Amendment was proposed by Congress and sent to the states in June of 1866. "It (1) conferred civil rights, including citizenship, but excluding the franchise, for the freedmen; (2) reduced proportionately the representation of a state in Congress and the Electoral College if it denied blacks the ballot; (3) disqualified from federal and state office any rebel until they swore 'to support the Constitution of the U.S.; and (4) guaranteed the federal debt, while repudiating all Confederate debts." It did not grant the right to vote and all Republicans agreed that a state could not be part of the Union again without ratifying the amendment
Dec. 4, 1865
President Andrew Johnson appoints the Joint Committee on Reconstruction to determine which Southern states are entitled to representation in Congress
Edward Ayers
President Emeritus of the University of Richmond Historian in the American South Wrote and edited ten books (The Valley of the Shadows)
Reconstruction Proclamation
President Johnson
Wade-Davis Bill
Program proposed for the Reconstruction of the South written by two Radical Republicans, Senator Benjamin Wade of Ohio and Representative Henry Winter Davis of Maryland. In contrast to President Abraham Lincoln's more lenient Ten Percent Plan, the bill made re-admittance to the Union for former Confederate states contingent on a majority in each Southern state to take the Ironclad oath to the effect they had never in the past supported the Confederacy
Union League
Reconstruction era African American organization that worked to educate Southern blacks about civic life, built black schools and churches, and represented African American interests before government and employers [It also campaigned on behalf of Republican candidates and recruited local militias to protect Blacks from White intimidation
Wade-Davis Bill
Republicans feared the restoration of he planted aristocracy to power and the possible re-enslavement of blacks.
Wade-Davis Bill
Republicans rushed through congress in 1864 with this bill
Wade-Davis Bill
Republicans were outraged and refused to seat delegates from Louisiana after that state had recognized its government in accordance with 10 Plan
Moderate Republicans
Republicans who did not oppose slavery and a harsh Reconstruction as much as the radical Republicans like Stevens and Sumner
Wade-Davis Bill
Revealed deep differences between the president (Lincoln) and Congress
Wade-Davis Bill
Revealed two differences among republicans: two factors were emerging. The majority moderate group tended to agree with Lincoln that he states should be restored to the Union as simply and swiftly as reasonable - though on Congress's terms, not the President's. The minority radical groups believed the south should atone more painfully for its sins and wanted its social structure uprooted, the haughty planters punished and newly emancipated blacks protected by federal power
How did Black Codes put freedmen at the bottom of the social ladder?
Segregation in public places
May 16, 1868
Senate voted not guilty by one vote; Johnson impeached, NOT removed
William Seward
Seward was Secretary of State under Lincoln and Johnson and purchased Alaska in 1867 for $7.2 million. It was referred to as "Seward's Folly" or "Seward's Icebox" then, before its oil reserves were known
Susan B. Anthony
Social reformer who campaigned for women's rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association
The greatest achievement of the Freedmen's Bureau was ______.
education
Johnson's Presidential Reconstruction
South should help themselves, Af-Am's could not manage themselves and did not deserve the vote, gave over 7000 presidential pardons to Confederate generals
Effect of emancipation on freedmen
Strengthened black family, formalized slave marriages, migration to Kansas in search of opportunity, more focus on churches
Freeman's Bureau
Successfully stabled schools for blacks through the south
Plessy vs. Ferguson
Supreme Court Case, 1896 Homer Plessy vs. John Ferguson Said there was legal distinction between 2 races SEPARATE BUT EQUAL
Freeman's Bureau
Taught an estimated 200,000 blacks to read
"Invisible Empire of the South" -
Term to describe the environment in which the KKK seemed to rule with their hatred towards blacks and Republicans
There was no mention of ____, _____, and ____.
education for freedmen, citizenship and voting rights
Thaddeus Stevens
Thaddeus Stevens was a radical Republican congressman. He orchestrated the Congressional Reconstruction plan, which was very stern toward the South. He also tried to impeach President Andrew Johnson in 1868
Freedmen's Bureau
The Bureau was to be a primitive welfare agency for freed blacks. It provided food, clothes, and education to freedman. Union General, Oliver O. Howard founded the program. It taught 200,000 blacks how to read, its greatest success, but it expired in 1872.
Nathan Bradford Forrest
The First Grand Wizard of KKK (Leader) He was a former Confederate General that was also responsible for the Ft. Pillow Massacre where more than 300 blacks were killed.
Describe the experience of African Americans in each region after the end of the 1800s
The North-There were more opportunities The West- Equal treatment and more Civil Rights The South- There was a lot of segregation
Election of 1868
The Republican candidate was former Union general Ulysses S. Grant. Grant supported Reconstruction and promised to protect the rights of African Americans in the South. His Democratic opponent, Horatio Seymour, promised to end Reconstruction and return the South to its traditional leaders— white Democrats. Seymour won a majority of white votes. Grant, however, was elected with the help of half a million black votes
Tenure of Office Act - (1867)
The Tenure of Office Act was passed by Congress in 1867. It stated that the president could not fire any appointed officials without the consent of Congress. Congress passed this act knowing that Andrew Johnson would break it. Johnson fired Stanton without asking Congress, thus giving Congress a reason to impeach him. Johnson's impeachment trial was 1 vote short in the Senate.
Separate but equal
The argument, once upheld by the Supreme Court but later reversed, that different public facilities for blacks and whites were constitutional if the facilities were of equal quality.
New State Constitutions
The conventions met and wrote new constitutions for their states. They guaranteed the right to vote to every adult male, regardless of race. They ended imprisonment for debt. They also established the first public schools in the South
Hiram Revels & Blanche K. Bruce
The first African American elected officials to serve in the United States Federal Government
Emancipation
The freeing of the south's slaves ending slavery in the US. Enacted with Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation
Impeachment
The presentation of formal charges against a public official by the lower house, trial to be before the upper house
10 Percent Reconstruction Plan
The process of Reconstructing the union began in 1863, 2 years before Confederacy formally surrendered
Reconstruction
The period after the Civil War which the Southern states were being rebuilt and brought back into the union
Radical Reconstruction
The period from 1867-1877 when Radical Republicans controlled the House of Representatives and the Senate, advocating for civil liberties and enfranchisement for former slaves. The party, known for its harsh policies toward the secessionist South, passed progressive legislation like the Civil Rights Act of 1866 , the First and Second Reconstruction Acts, the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871, the Civil Rights Act of 1875 , and the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments.
Hiram Revels
U.S. clergyman, educator, and politician: first black senator. (1827-1901) first Black man elected to the Senate [He came from Mississippi, as a minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Church.] → Redeemers
Civil Rights
The rights guaranteed by the constitution to all people as citizens especially equal treatment under law
Forces Acts
These acts were passed in 1870 and 1871. They were created to put a stop to the torture and harassment of blacks by whites, especially by hate groups such as the Ku Klux Klan. These acts gave power to the government to use its force to physically end the problems
How did Black Codes help planters find workers to replace their slaves?
They could not enter trades or start businesses
How did the black codes limit their rights of freedom?
They could not serve in juries or vote in the South
Wade-Davis Bill
They could readmitted only as "conquered providences" on such conditions as Congress should decree
Why did many sharecroppers end up in poverty and debt?
They had to borrow money
What important lesson did Republicans learn in the 1868 presidential election of Ulysses S. Grant?
They needed support of African American voters
Ku Klux Klan
They were violent and often times they killed blacks "to keep them in their place."
Military Reconstruction Act
This act divided the South into five military districts that were commanded by Union generals. It was passed in 1867 by Radical Republicans, it ripped the power away from the president to be commander in chief and set up a system of martial law
Fifteenth Amendment
This amendment was passed in Congress in 1869 and was ratified by the required number of states in 1870 and gave freed black men the right to vote. Before ratification, Northern states withheld the ballot from the black minorities. The South felt that the Republicans were hypocritical by insisting that blacks in the South should vote. The moderates wanted the southern states back in the Union, and thus free the federal government from direct responsibility for the protection of black rights. The Republicans were afraid that once the states were re-admitted they would amend their constitutions and withdraw the ballot from blacks. The only ironclad safeguard to cease the tension was the Fifteenth Amendment.
Military Reconstruction Act
This plan divided the South into five military districts, each governed by a general supported by federal troops. The Command of the Army Act limited his power over the army.
Blanche K. Bruce
U.S. politician who represented Mississippi as a Republican in the U.S. Senate from 1875 to 1881; of mixed race, he was the first elected black senator to serve a full term
African American Migration
Thousands of African Americans responded to segregation by leaving the South. A few chose to return to Africa. In 1878, some 200 Southern blacks chartered a ship and sailed to Liberia, a nation in West Africa that had been founded in 1821 for the settlement of freed American slaves. Many more African Americans migrated to other parts of the United States
What was the dispute in the presidential election of 1876? How was it resolved?
Tilden got the most popular votes, but Hayes won because he got more of the disputed votes. Hayes became president and federal troops left the south
Ex-slaves wanted to read because
To be equal to whites and to read the word of God
Ex Parte Milligan
a supreme courts case in 1866
Oliver O. Howard
Union general known as the "Christian general" because he tried to base his policy decisions on his deep religious piety. He was given charge of the Freedmen's Bureau in 1865, with the mission of integrating the freed slaves into Southern society and politics during the second phase of the Reconstruction Era.
Voting Restrictions: Literacy Test
Voters have to explain section of Constitution Illiterate can't vote
Wade-Davis Bill
Wanted Confederates to take ironclad oath stating they had never been disloyal to the union
Radical Republicans
Wanted to extend democracy in south, very radical wanted to punish south for seceding -> Sherman came up with Special field Order #15 to take land from confederates and give to Freedman, Johnson shot it down --> Drew in Congressional Reconstruction: Civil rights bill 14th Amendment (all born in US are citizens and have rights that can't be taken away, also south can either give freedmen the right to vote or not count them for rep in Congress) Johnson went against it and lost 15th amendment finally protected by congress - Black suffrage Only passed bc south was required to ratify it to reenter
Freeman's Bureau
Was also meant to distribute confiscated lander to former slaves
Andrew Johnson
Was an accidental president who was an ex-Tennessee senator, and was vice-president
South after Civil War
Was destroyed both physically (destroyed plantations and destroyed cities) and economically (Banks & businesses closed due to inflation, factories not running, transportation destroyed)
Freeman'Bureau
Was intended to be a kind of welfare
Redeemers
White Southerners who wanted to "take back" the South and restore "White Rule"
black code
designed to regulate the affairs of the emancipated blacks
As more rights for freedmen grew
Women didn't really get anything
Black Codes
[The derisive term reflected the anti-expansionist sentiments of most Americans immediately after the Civil War.]
Fourteenth Amendment
a constitutional amendment ratified in 1868 that forbids states from: (1) denying the "privileges and immunities" of citizenship, (2) depriving any person of due process of law, or (3) denying any person equal protection of the law
The White South viewed the Freedmen's Bureau as:
a meddlesome federal agency that threatened to upset white radical dominance
what ere the enforcement acts
a series of acts that prevented people from preventing others from trying to vote
Force (KKK) Act of 1870-71
act gave power to federal authorities to stop KKK violence and to protect civil rights of citizens in the south
who made up the largest group of new southern voters in 1867
african americans
Johnson
agreed with Lincoln that the states had never legally been outside the union
black code
aimed to ensur a stable and subservient force
black code
all codee forbabde a black to serve on a jury
Ku Klux Klan
an extremist, paramilitary, right-wing secret society founded in the mid-19th century and revived during the 1920's [It was anti-foreign, anti-Black, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-communist, anti-internationalist, anti-evolutionist, and anti-bootlegger, but pro-Anglo-Saxon and pro-Protestant. Its member, cloaked in sheets to conceal their identities, terrorized freedmen and sympathetic whites throughout the South after the Civil War. By the 1890's, Klan style violence and Democratic legislation succeeded in virtually disenfranchising all Southern blacks
Andrew Johnson
became active in politics in Tennessee, where he moved at 17 yrs. Elected to Congress, attracted much favorable attention in the North not the South
Who were the Exodusters?
black freedman who left the South to seek opportunity in Kansas
Liberal Republicans
campaigned on a platform of government reform, reduced government spending, and anti-corruption measures. They also wanted to end military Reconstruction in the South and bring about a swift restoration of the Union
how did people try to deny african americans the ability to vote
charging a poll tax
Philanthropy
charity; a desire or effort to promote goodness
andrew johnson wanted to end reconstruction before what
civil rights were granted to all citizens
Freedmen's Bureau
created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education, and legal support [Its achievements were uneven and depended largely on the quality of local administrators.]
13th Amendment
ended slavery
Forty Acres and a mule
failed attempt to help freed blacks during reconstruction, had promised blacks forty acres of land and a mule. Significant because it offered blacks a chance to work for themselves.
black code
freemn was legally recognized as were some other privileges such as to marry
what was a lasting affect of the bureau
gave blacks free access to education
black code
georia was the most lenient
Freedom for Southern blacks at the end of the Civil War came ____ and ____ in different parts of the conquered Confederacy
haltingly and unevenly
why did congress form military districts in the south
in order to form legal state governments
what was the 14th amendment
it defined what a citizen was and guaranteed all citizens equal protection under law
who opposed of the 14th amendment
johnson
who took over as president after Lincoln was assassinated
johnson
black code
punishment coud be being sentenced towork on a chain gang
African Methodist Episcopal Church
leading Church for African Americans, certified you as "progressed" or "better off" than others- back in the days of Reconstruction, the elite blacks belonged to these more structured churches (considered more civilized); located all over; most educational institutions for African Americans were religiously affiliated in the beginning (and now) because, after the Civil War, white denominations created opportunities for freedmen by establishing these institutions of learning that were affiliated with their corresponding faith- they hoped to sway the African Americans to their denomination of faith through this
n Lincoln's 10% plan for Reconstruction, President Lincoln promised rapid readmission of Southern states into the Union Many felt that Lincoln was to ____ on the South.
lenient
black code
mississippi passed the first such law nov 1865
black code
mississippi was the harshest
Black Code
most southern states rejected requirments passing black codes restricting forme slaves
Redeemers
or home rule regimes
the fate of the defeated Confederate leaders was that after jail terms, all were ____ in 1868.
pardoned
Conquered Providences
part of wade davis plan. called for a military occupation of the south. this, they believed, was the only way to change the social order of the south. many in congress insisted that the seceders had indeed left the union had "committed suicide" as republican states- and therefore forfeited all their rights. they could be readmitted only as this on such conditions as congress should decree
Tenure of Office Act - (1867)
passed by Congress
Force Acts
passed by Congress following a wave of Ku Klux Klan violence, the acts banned clan membership, prohibited the use of intimidation to prevent Blacks from voting, and gave the U.S. military the authority to enforce the acts
Wade-Davis Bill
passed by Congressional Republicans in response to Abraham Lincoln's 10% plan; it required that 50% of a state's voters pledge allegiance to the Union, and set stronger safeguards of emancipation [It reflected divisions between Congress and the President, and between radical and moderate Republicans, over the treatment of the defeated South.]
black code
passed by white supremacist congressman
Civil Rights Bill
passed over Andrew Johnson's veto, the bill aimed to counteract the Black Codes by conferring citizenship on African Americans and making it a crime to deprive Blacks of their rights to sue, testify in court, or hold property
Fifteenth Amendment
prohibited states from denying citizens the franchise on account of race [It disappointed feminists who wanted the Amendment to include guarantees for women's suffrage.]
what was the 15th amendment
protected the voting rights of african american men
Freedmen's Bureau
protects freedmen
what did president Lincoln want to do with the south
restore peace in the land and treat them with kindness and justice
black code
restricted freedom of speech, assembly and legal rights and outlawing unemployment, loitering, vagrancy, and interracial marriages
Fourteenth Amendment
sent in 1866 and was ratified in 1868
black code
some blacks barred from renting or leasing land
Civil Rights Act -- In 1866
the Civil Rights Act was created to grant citizenship to blacks and it was an attempt to prohibit the black codes. It also prohibited racial discrimination on jury selection. The Civil Rights Act was not really enforced and was really just a political move used to attract more votes. Its greatest achievement was that it led to the creation and passing of the 14th Amendment
what was the military reconstruction act passed in response to
the actions of president Johnson
Compromise of 1877
the agreement that finally resolved the 1876 election and officially ended Reconstruction. In exchange for the Republican candidate, Rutherford B.Hayes, winning the presidency, Hayes agreed to withdraw the last of the federal troops from the former Confederate states. This deal effectively completed the southern return to white-only, Democratic-dominated electoral politics
The controversy surrounding the Wade-Davis Bill and the readmission of the Confederate States to the Union demonstrated?
the deep differences between President Lincoln and Congress
after the civil war what was in ruin
the south
Memphis Riots of 1866
the violent events that occurred from May 1 to 3, 1866 in Memphis, Tennessee. The racial violence was ignited by political, social and racial tensions following the American Civil War, in the early stages of Reconstruction
black code
these oppressive laws mocked the ideal of freedom
what was ruled okay by the supreme court in the case of plessy v ferguson
they ruled that "separate but equal" was okay
what were the jim crow laws
they separated blacks and whites in public places
