U.S. History II Final Exam Part II

Election of Rutherford B. Hayes

1876-1877

Munn v. Illionis

1877

Interstate Commerce Commission created

1884

Wabash Railroad v. Illinois

1886

Benjamin Harrison elected

1888

Dependent Pension Act

1890

McKinley Tariff

1890

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

1890

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

1890

Grover Cleveland elected second time

1892

Populist Party Founded

1892

Depression

1893

Election of William McKinley

1896

William Jennings Bryan's "Cross of Gold" Speech

1896

Dingley Tariff

1897

Munn v. Illinois

1877 U.S. Supreme Court ruling that upheld a Granger law allowing the state to regulate grain elevators.

Bland-Allison Act

1878

James A. Garfield elected president

1880

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882

Mongrel Tariff

1883

Pendleton Civil Service Act

1883

Mongrel Tariff

1883 tariff that applied diverse rates for different commodities.

Election of Grover Cleveland

1884

Greenback Party Started

1875

Stone v. Farmers Loan and Trust Company

...

Patrons of Husbandry Founded

1867

"Sockless Jerry" Simpson

A charismatic agrarian radical who embraced the Alliance movement and was elected to Congress in 1890.

James A. Garfield

A distinguished Civil War veteran who became speaker of the house and was elected president in 1881; was shot by a disgruntled office seeker and died from complications after a little over six months in office.

Political "Machine"

A network of political activists and elected officials, usually controlled by a powerful "boss," that attempts to manipulate local politics.

Patrons of Husbandry

An educational and social organization for farmers founded in 1867, better known as the Grange.

Gilded Age (1860-1896)

An era of dramatic industrial and urban growth characterized by loose government oversight over corporations, which fostered unfettered capitalism and widespread political corruption.

James Gillepsie Blaine (1830-1893)

As a Republican congressman from Maine, he developed close ties with business leaders, which contributed to him losing the presidential election of 1884. He later opposed President Cleveland's efforts to reduce tariffs, which became a significant issue in the 1888 presidential election. Blaine served as secretary of state under President Benjamin Harrison and his flamboyant style often overshadowed the president.

William McKinley (1843-1901)

As a congressman, he was responsible for the McKinley Tariff of 1890, which raised the duties on manufactured products to their highest level ever. Voters disliked the tariff and McKinley, as well as other Republicans, lost their seats in Congress the next election. However, he won the presidential election of 1896 and raised the tariffs again. In 1898, he annexed Hawaii and declared war on Spain. The war concluded with the Treaty of Paris, which gave America control over Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. Soon America was fighting Filipinos, who were seeking independence for their country. In 1901, McKinley was assassinated.

Mary Elizabeth Lease

Colorful leader of the farm movement in Kansas (as well as one of the state's first female lawyers) who was a fiery public speaker on behalf of various causes such as Irish nationalism, temperance, women's suffrage and free silver.

Stalwarts

Conservative Republican party faction during the presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes, 1877-1881; led by Senator Roscoe B. Conkling of New York, Stalwarts opposed civil service reform and favored a third term for President Ulysses S. Grant.

Stalwarts

Conservative Republican party faction during the presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes, 1877-81; led by Senator Roscoe B. Conkling of New York, Stalwarts opposed civil service reform and favored a third term for President Ulysses S. Grant.

Half-Breeds

During the presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes, 1877-81, a moderate Republican party faction led by Senator James G. Blaine that favored some reforms of the civil service system and a restrained policy toward the defeated South.

Pendleton Civil Service Act

Established the Civil Service Commission in 1883 and marked the end of the spoils system.

Greenback Party

Formed in 1876 in reaction to economic depression, the party favored issuance of unsecured paper money to help farmers repay debts; the movement for free coinage of silver took the place of the greenback movement by the 1880s.

Pork Barrel

Government project or measure that includes benefits for most congressional districts.

William Jennings Bryan (1860-1925)

He delivered the pro-silver "cross of gold" speech at the 1896 Democratic Convention and won his party's nomination for president. Disappointed pro-gold Democrats chose to walk out of the convention and nominate their own candidate, which split the Democratic party and cost them the White House. Bryan's loss also crippled the Populist movement that had endorsed him.

Fourteenth Amendment

In 1868 guaranteed rights of citizenship to former slaves, in words similar to those of the Civil Rights Act of 1866.

Interstate Commerce Commission

Reacting to the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Wabash Railroad v. Illinois, Congress established the ICC to curb abuses in the railroad industry by regulating rates.

William Jennings Bryan

Leader of the pro-silver forces, whose "Cross of Gold" speech at the Democratic convention won him the Democratic presidential nomination, but fractured the Democratic party into pro-silver and pro-Gold factions; he would ultimately lost to William McKinley in the election of 1896 but his impassioned candidacy helped transform the Democratic party into a vigorous instrument of "progressive" reform during the early twentieth century.

The Glided Age

Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner's 1873 novel, the title of which became the popular name for the period from the end of the Civil War to the turn of the century.

Goo-Goo

Name given to the reform element of the Republican party by party regulars who considered them the "good government" crowd for ignoring partisan realities; also called the Mugwumps.

Coxey's Army

Protest group led by Jacob S. Coxey, a wealthy Ohio quarry owner turned Populist that demanded that the federal government provide unemployed people with meaningful work; its march on Washington attested to the growing political strength of populism.

Free and Unlimited Coinage

Owners of precious metals could have any quantity of their gold or silver coined free, except for a nominal fee to cover costs.

Bland-Allison Act

Passed in 1878 over President Rutherford B. Hayes's veto, the inflationary measure authorized the purchase each month of 2 to 4 million dollars' worth of silver for coinage.

Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion

Phrase that may have cost James G. Blaine the 1885 presidential election; Blaine lost much of the Irish vote when a delegation of Protestant ministers visited Republican headquarters in New York, and one of them referred to the Democrats as the party of "rum, romanism, and rebellion," an insult to Catholics that Blaine let slide.

Granger Movement

Political movement that grew out of the Patrons of Husbandry, an educational and social organization for farmers founded in 1867; the Grange had its greatest success in the Midwest of the 1870s, lobbying for government control of railroad and grain elevator rates and establishing farmers' cooperatives.

Populist/People's party

Political success of Farmers' Alliance candidates encouraged the formation in 1892 of the People's party (later renamed the Populist party); active until 1912, it advocated a variety of reform issues, including free coinage of silver, income tax, postal savings, regulation of railroads, and direct election of U.S. senators.

James B. Weaver

Presidential candidate for the Populist party in the election of 1892 who was defeated by Grover Cleveland.

Grover Cleveland

Reform Democrat who rose rapidly from obscurity to the White House; elected president first in 1884 and then in 1892; his presidency represented no sharp break with the conservative policies of his predecessors, except in opposing governmental favors to business, but was noteworthy for railroad regulation and tariff reform.

Mugwumps

Reform wing of the Republican party that supported Democrat Grover Cleveland for president in 1884 over Republican James G. Blaine, whose influence peddling had been revealed in the Mulligan letters of 1876.

Mugwump

Reform wing of the Republican party which supported Democrat Grover Cleveland for president in 1884 over Republican James G. Blaine, whose influence peddling had been revealed in the Mulligan letters of 1876.

Civil Service

Replaced the spoils system, which filled federal government jobs with persons loyal to the party, with a merit system for public employees.

Rutherford B. Hayes

Republican President in the aftermath of Reconstruction from 1877 to 1881, known for his new style of uprightness, a sharp contrast to the graft and corruption of the Grant administration.

James G. Blaine

Republican Senator from Maine who led the Half-Breeds during the presidency of Rutherford B, Hayes, narrowly lost to Grover Cleveland in the 1884 presidential election, and served as secretary of State under Benjamin Harrison.

Roscoe Conkling

Republican Senator from New York who led the Stalwarts during the presidency of Rutherford B, Hayes, 1877-81; involved in a scandal over corrupt federal custom houses that pitted him against the president.

Benjamin Harrison

Republican who defeated Grover Cleveland in the election of 1888; was a competent and earnest figurehead whose administration was known for its extravagant expenditures on military pensions and other programs but also enacted some of the most significant legislation of the entire period.

Wabash Railroad v. Illinois

Reversing the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Munn v. Illinois, the 1886 decision disallowed state regulation of interstate commerce.

Death of James A. Garfield and inauguration of Chester A Arthur as president

September 19, 1881

Mary Elizabeth Lease (1850-1933)

She was a leader of the farm protest movement who advocated violence if change could not be obtained at the ballot box. She believed that the urban-industrial East was the enemy of the working class.

Crime of '73

Term used by advocates of currency inflation to denounce Congress' general revision of the coinage laws in 1873 dropping the provision for the coinage of silver, which they said was a move to ensure a scarcity of money.

Spoils of Office

The appointive offices that were available on both the local and national levels, and were expected to be filled after an election by individuals on the side of the winning party.

16:1

The fixed ratio of the value of silver to gold that Congress established in 1837; 16 ounces of silver were considered equal to one ounce of gold.

Farmers' Alliance

Two separate organizations (Northwestern and Southern) of the 1880s and 1890s that took the place of the Grange, worked for similar causes, and attracted landless, as well as landed, farmers to their membership.

Farmers' Alliances

Two separate organizations (Northwestern and Southern) of the 1880s and 1890s that took the place of the Grange, worked for similar causes, and attracted landless, as well as landed, farmers to their membership.

To deal with labor strikes after World War II, Truman a) supported the Taft-Hartley Act. b) backed wage increases. c) nationalized the railroads. d) drafted strikers into the army.

b) backed wage increases

Foreign policy after World War II was generally bipartisan. a) True b) False

a) True

George Kennan devised the concept of containment. a) True b) False

a) True

In 1948, Truman banned racial discrimination in federal employment. a) True b) False

a) True

Jackie Robinson was the first black major league baseball player. a) True b) False

a) True

The Taft-Hartley Act a) banned the closed shop and permitted the union shop. b) created the Central Intelligence Agency. c) provided educational and vocational benefits for veterans. d) gave a civilian commission control of atomic energy.

a) banned the closed shop and permitted the union shop.

In response to Truman's Fair Deal proposals, the Democratic Congress a) enlarged many New Deal programs. b) enacted major civil rights legislation. c) repealed the Taft-Hartley Act. d) provided for national health insurance.

a) enlarged many New Deal programs.

As president, Harry Truman wanted to a) extend and expand many New Deal programs. b) eliminate many New Deal programs that were unfriendly to business. c) combat inflation by stopping wage increases for labor. d) cut taxes to stimulate economic growth

a) extend and expand many New Deal programs

The States' Rights Democratic party in 1948 stood for a) racial segregation. b) racial integration. c) civil rights for blacks. d) black voting rights.

a) racial segregation

Postwar disagreements between the United States and the Soviet Union especially concerned a) the formation of the United Nations. b) governments in Eastern Europe. c) the reconstruction of Japan. d) the Nuremberg trials.

b) governments in Eastern Europe.

"Operation Dixie" was the campaign to enact right-to-work laws in the South. a) True b) False

b) False

Douglas MacArthur believed fighting Red China would involve the U.S. "in the wrong war at the wrong place at the wrong time and with the wrong enemy." a) True b) False

b) False

In the elections of 1946, the Democrats won majorities in both houses of Congress. a) True b) False

b) False

J. Strom Thurmond ran for president in 1948 on the Progressive party ticket. a) True b) False

b) False

Japanese were tried at Nuremberg for war crimes. a) True b) False

b) False

National Security Council memorandum number 68 called for the creation of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). a) True b) False

b) False

The Employment Act of 1946 guaranteed every citizen a job. a) True b) False

b) False

The GI Bill guaranteed every former soldier a job. a) True b) False

b) False

The House Un-American Activities Committee was led by Joseph McCarthy. a) True b) False

b) False

The Marshall Plan aided in the rebuilding of Japan after World War II. a) True b) False

b) False

The Yalta agreements succeeded in establishing free governments in eastern Europe. a) True b) False

b) False

In 1948, Republican candidate Thomas E. Dewey a) called for the repeal of most New Deal programs. b) proposed to run the government more efficiently. c) objected to Truman's cold war foreign policies. d) All of the above

b) proposed to run the government more efficiently.

The Communists gained control of China and the Russians exploded an atomic bomb in a) 1945. b) 1947. c) 1949. d) 1950.

c) 1949

In the Hiss-Chambers case, a) Chambers denied being a communist. b) Hiss accused Chambers of espionage. c) Hiss was convicted of perjury. d) All of the above

c) Hiss was convicted of perjury.

Joseph R. McCarthy was a a) Russian spy caught in 1951. b) former State Department employee who exposed Communist agents. c) Republican senator from Wisconsin. d) top foreign policy adviser to President Truman during the Korean War

c) Republican senator from Wisconsin

The most serious economic problem that Truman faced was a) unemployment. b) strikes and labor stoppages. c) inflation. d) depression.

c) inflation

Truman's program for the economic recovery of Europe was called a) NATO. b) the Truman Doctrine. c) the Marshall Plan. d) containment.

c) the Marshall Plan.

General Douglas MacArthur said, a) There is no substitute for victory. b) Once war is forced upon us, there is no alternative than to apply every available means to bring it to a swift end. c) Old soldiers never die, they just fade away. d) All of the above

d) All of the above

Perhaps the crucial military maneuver in the Korean conflict involved a) using nuclear weapons against China. b) a surprise paratrooper assault on Seoul. c) an invasion of China. d) an amphibious landing at Inchon.

d) an amphibious landing at Inchon

From April 1948 to May 1949, a) the United Nations debated the formation of Israel. b) Joseph McCarthy held hearings on Alger Hiss. c) a North Korean advance nearly defeated South Korea. d) the Soviets blockaded Berlin.

d) the Soviets blockaded Berlin.