U.S. History: Unit 4 Civil War Begins

What was the Northern military strategy?

Anaconda Plan

Explain Lincoln's motives for issuing the Emancipation Proclamation and the document's effects.

* to clarify the status of the fugitive slaves, * to solve the Union's manpower woes, * to keep Great Britain out of the conflict, * to maim and cripple the Confederacy by destroying its labor force, * to remove the very thing that had caused the war, and * to break the chains of several million oppressed human beings and right America at last with her own ideals. MAIN REASON: to free slaves in Southern states and eventually abolish slavery----to turn the war from a political focus to a morally based focus

What was the Southern military strategy?

*Defend *Military plan: Fight as long as possible, until Union gets tired of fighting and allows them to have slavery.

What were the effects of the Emancipation Proclamation?

*It proclaimed the freedom of slaves in the ten Confederate states still in rebellion. It also decreed that freed slaves could be enlisted in the Union Army, thereby increasing the Union's available manpower. *Swung foreign popular opinion in favor of the Union by gaining the support of European countries that had already outlawed slavery * The proclamation stirred up unrest. *An unintended consequence was that Britain and France resolved that they would not support or recognize the Confederacy. *Britain and France had made slavery illegal.

Describe Grant's siege of Vicksburg (Mississippi, Western Theater).

- Last major foothold the Confederates held along the Mississippi - After like 6 or 7 weeks, the Union bombarded Vicksburg and controlled it (this completed the Union's Anaconda Plan). -After Gettysburg, every battle would be fought in Union territory.

Explain African Americans' role in the struggle to end slavery.

- They helped fight for the Union. -They rebelled, destroyed equipment, and refused to work -[They chose to fight on the side of the Union, but did labor jobs for the Confederate.]

List the Northern advantages.

-23 States -Population: 22 million -4 million men of combat age -Economy: 100,00 factories -1.1 million workers -20k miles of Railroad -$180million dollars in bank deposits -$56million in gold specie

Why was the Battle at Antietam important?

-23,000 men died -Bloodiest DAY in American history -The Union victory at Antietam resulted in President Abraham Lincoln issuing his Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862.

Summarize the key points of the Gettysburg Address.

-All people are created equal, and we need to focus on the survival of the United States as a whole. -Delivered after battle at Gettysburg -Lincoln's speech lasted about four minutes. - Senator who preceded Lincoln spoke for like 3 hours 0_o -Lincoln basically said for the U.S. to keep pushing on. -One of the most famous speeches in U.S. history

Discuss the Battle of Bull Run.

-Also known as First Manassas (the name used by Confederate forces), was fought on July 21, 1861. - It was the first major battle of the American Civil War. - Union army (General Irvin McDowell) marched from Washington against the Confederate army

How were prisoners of war treated?

-Andersonville was a prisoner in the south- prisoners starved, died of diseases, or the brutal weather. -Man in charge of Andersonville was hung after the war because of war crimes- he did not provide the required accommodations for prisoners. -Union prison camps were just as bad as the south's camps.

Explain the decline of the Southern economy.

-Confederacy faced a food shortage. -Drain of manpower -Loss of slaves to work in fields

Describe the Battle of Gettysburg and its outcome (Eastern Theater).

-Fought from July 1 to July 3, 1863 in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. -The advancing Confederates clashed with the Union's Army. -By the end Robert E. Lee (Confederate General) was forced to withdraw his battered army toward Virginia on July 4. - Union won due to miscalculations done by Confederates. -Last advancement into Confederate territory

List the Southern advantages.

-Homefield advantage (they knew the land better than the Union so they knew where the best places to hide/defend were) -Better battle-tested leaders -They were fighting for their "way of life."

Describe the terrible conditions the Union and Confederate soldiers endured.

-Improvements in hygiene did not reach prisoners of war -Low on supplies- not enough food- hard to feed troops -Lots of illness and disease (2 out of 3 people who died in the war, died because of illness or disease). -Amputations caused death due to infections and diseases

In Ulysses S. Grant's mind, what was the significance of the Battle of Shiloh?

-It showed Lincoln that Ulysses S. Grant was a general who fought even under facing adverse circumstances -Also convinced Grant that the war would be long and brutal not short like he thought.

Explain the Anaconda Plan.

-Naval Blockade of Southern Ports -Control/take the Mississippi River (splits Confederacy in two) -Take Richmond

Besides slavery, what was another main cause of the war?

-Sectionalism -States right versus federal power

Explain the expansion of the Northern economy.

-Union occupied all territories that grew food.

What is the significance of Fort Sumter?

-first shots fired -no casualties (except horses ;__;) -Marked the beginning of the Civil War

Describe new weapons and other changes in warfare.

-repeating rifle -submarine -crank -rifle -small bull rifle -minie ball Many historians consider the first modern war to be the American Civil War. Antiquated (old fashioned) military tactics could not keep up with advances in weaponry.

What did the battle at Antietam do?

1. Antietam enabled the Union to repel the first Confederate invasion of the North. 2. The battle allowed Abraham Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. 3. Antietam kept Britain and France on the sidelines. 4. The battle lifted sagging Union morale. 5. Photographs from Antietam brought the horror of war to Americans for the first time. 6. The battle may have saved Lincoln from a resounding defeat in midterm elections. 7. Antietam marked the beginning of the end for General George McClellan. Lincoln fired him because he refused to move on in the war. There was a chance that the war could have been ended if he had continued.

Who's strategy was Total War during the march to the sea?

Sherman

What were the main causes of the war?

Slavery, sectionalism, and the argument of State's rights vs. Federal rights

Which side was first to make draft laws?

South

What was the first Confederate state to secede?

South Carolina

Summarize the final events of the war leading to the surrender at Appomattox.

The Confederates became surrounded by Union forces at Appomattox Court House. Lee and Grant discussed the terms for surrender.

Early on, which side was "winning"?

The South was successful in the beginning of the war because of confidence, superior organization, leadership, and a more militaristic way of life. The South was more militaristic than the North.

Which states allowed slavery but fought on Union's side?

The border states

Confederacy began to secede after what event?

The election of Abraham Lincoln.

How did the Civil War end?

The war ended in Spring, 1865. Robert E. Lee surrendered the last major Confederate army to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865. The last battle was fought at Palmito Ranch, Texas, on May 13, 1865.

How did people on both sides react to the draft laws?

They had riots. -Draft riots were in New York (and New Jersey, Boston, Philadelphia, etc.)

What happened to Confederate morale in the last years of the war?

They were sad and just wanted to go home and probably watch some Netflix.

Why did the North and South enact draft laws?

To have more troops-both needed to replenish their troops due to the loss in the war.

How did the Civil War begin?

When the Confederates bombarded Union soldiers at Fort Sumter, South Carolina on April 12, 1861.