VAH 101 Final Exam
What are the two major trends of Post-Impressionist art?
A strong sense of formal structure, as exemplified by Cezanne; and, an exploration of emotion, as exemplified by Van Gogh.
Which of the following statements is true about the Rococo style? A. It is characterized by pastel colors, curving lines, and elegance. B. The subject matter is almost always political in nature. C. It's compositions are highly structured and reliant on one-point linear perspective. D. The seriousness of its subject matter reflects the growing concerns of the lower classes.
A. It is characterized by pastel colors, curving lines, and elegance.
Which of the following statements is false about the works shown above? A. They were both originally painted. B. They are both devotional images meant to evoke pity in the viewer. C. They share the same subject matter. D. They are both examples of carving sculpture technique.
A. They were both originally painted.
Why was the Scull Auction of 1973 so important? (Check all correct answers.) A. It was the first time modern works of Abstract Expressionism and Pop Art were sold in an auction, like how traditional art styles were. B. Robert Scull made over $220 million, but was later arrested for embezzlement. C. It is considered by many to be the start of the modern art market. D. It was the largest primary market auction in the US up until that time. E. It exposed the gap between what an artist makes selling an artwork and what a collector makes selling the same artwork. F. It was the first auction in which works of street art were auctioned publicly.
A. It was the first time modern works of Abstract Expressionism and Pop Art were sold in an auction, like how traditional art styles were. C. It is considered by many to be the start of the modern art market. E. It exposed the gap between what an artist makes selling an artwork and what a collector makes selling the same artwork.
Many early 20th century art movements appropriated the forms of ________________ art in hope of investing their work with a kind of primal truth and expressive energy, as well as the touch of the exotic.
African
Artists Thomas Hart Benton and Grant Wood worked in ______________________.
American Regionalism
What famous Pop artist created the work shown, Soup Cans from 1962?
Andy Warhol
Which of the following statements regarding nonrepresentational art is false? A. Nonrepresentational art does not represent the natural world. B. Nonrepresentational art recreates the natural world like fractured space. C. In nonrepresentational art, no objects are identifiable. D. Nonrepresentational art seeks to evoke ideas and emotions.
B. Nonrepresentational art recreates the natural world like fractured space.
Which of the following statements is true about the cyanotype process? A. It uses silver-based materials B. It uses iron-based materials C. It is optimized while used in a camera obscura equipped with lenses. D. It it is the only early photographic process invented by a woman.
B. It uses iron-based materials
Which of the following controversial works/exhibitions were paid at least in part with US government funding, as discussed in class? (Check all that apply.) A. Kara Walker's My Complement, My Enemy, My Oppressor, My Love B. Robert Mapplethorpe's 1989 retrospective A Perfect Moment C. David Cerny's Shark D. Andres Serrano's Piss Christ E. Ai Weiwei's So Sorry F. Richard Serra's Tilted Arc
B. Robert Mapplethorpe's 1989 retrospective A Perfect Moment D. Andres Serrano's Piss Christ F. Richard Serra's Tilted Arc
_____________________ are used in photomechanical reproduction where images are reproduced by the color and the placement of dots during printing.
Benday dots
Which of the following artists was not one of Los Tres Grandes? A. David Alfaro Siqueiros B. Diego Rivera C. Frida Kahlo D. José Clemente Orozco
C. Frida Kahlo
Which of the following statements is true regarding Rembrandt's self portraits? A. It's believed that none are faithful representations of Rembrandt. B. He imitated the appearance of 19th-century portraits. C. He produced far more (over 100) than most artists typically do. D. He routinely mixed oil paint and tempera on the surface of his paintings.
C. He produced far more (over 100) than most artists typically do
Which of the following statements regarding the Parthenon Marbles is false? A. By 1800, only about 1/2 of the original sculptures remained on the Parthenon. B. The Greek government began requesting the restitution of the marbles in the 1920s. C. In 2015, the International Court of Justice at The Hague ordered the restitution of all sculptures from the Parthenon held at the British Museum. D. Lord Elgin removed pieces from the Parthenon with the permission of the Ottoman authorities.
C. In 2015, the International Court of Justice at The Hague ordered the restitution of all sculptures from the Parthenon held at the British Museum.
Which of the following statements about Jan van Eyck's Arnolfini Double Portrait is false? A. The meaning of this work is disputed. B. The mirror on the back wall may symbolize the all-seeing eye of God. C. Scholarship has determined that the woman shown, Giovanna Cenami, was pregnant at the time of the commission. D. This work is full of iconography, including the dog, which often references loyalty.
C. Scholarship has determined that the woman shown, Giovanna Cenami, was pregnant at the time of the commission.
What are characteristics common to daguerreotypes? A. Some details are lost B. Multiples are possible C. Process announced on August 19, 1839 D. Startlingly clear image E. Process patented in February of 1841 F. Multiples are not possible G. Durable (metal) H. Fragile (paper)
C. Process announced on August 19, 1839 D. Startlingly clear image F. Multiples are not possible G. Durable (metal)
_____________________ is a sculpture process that uses a molten material poured into a mold, which is then allowed to harden or fired in a kiln.
Casting
Which of the following artworks caused a controversy at Art Basel Miami in June of 2019?
Cattelan's Comedian
_________________ is the control and often suppression of information, ideas, or images considered to threaten a government, church, or society.
Censorship
________________________ 1863 essay, The Painter of Modern Life, argued that artists should paint passing moments and modern subjects, and that they should use new approaches when representing the visual world.
Charles Baudelaire's
Which of the following works were principally influential to the Realist painters?
Communist Manifesto
In visual arts and architecture, __________ refers to the organized arrangement of the elements of art.
Composition
Joseph Kosuth's work One and Three Chairs from 1965 forms the basis for the _____________________ movement, which stresses the idea of a work of the craftsmanship.
Conceptual Art
Which of the following works of art was at the center of a court case questioning the definition of "art" in 1936?
Constantin Brancusi's Bird in Space
El Lissitzky's Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge is a ______________________ work of propaganda supporting the Bolshevik party.
Constructivist
While studying Rene Magritte's painting The Lovers II from 1928, I make the assertion that this painting is about Magritte's feelings of shock and confusion following the sudden death of his mother while he was a child. In this example, I am discussing the _______________ of the painting.
Content
__________________ occurs when there is a great difference between light and dark, an effect that usually creates a greater sense of drama.
Contrast
Which of the following is not an argument made by the British Museum for keeping the Parthenon marbles in London? A. Greece does not have the financial means to properly store and care for them. B. They are technically part of British cultural heritage. C. They were acquired legally. D. They were created by northern European artisans, most likely from the region surround modern-day London.
D. They were created by northern European artisans, most likely from the region surround modern-day London.
Which of the following artists was not associated with the NY Art Students League? A. Hans Hofmann B. Thomas Hart Benton C. Mark Rothko D. Yoko Ono
D. Yoko Ono
What is a motivation for working with earthworks (land art)? A. A desire to reshape the earth. B. A desire to expand the definition of sculpture. C. A desire to raise awareness about environmental issues. D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Consider these works by Cezanne of Mont Sainte-Victoire from 1887 (first) and 1906 (second)? Which of the following statements is true about them? A. Over time, Cezanne rejects Impressionism outright in favor of Neoclassicism. B. Cezanne's style moves away from abstraction over time in favor of realism. C. Cezanne becomes increasingly interested in accurately representing the observable world over time. D. Cezanne's style shows a progression away from representational space towards more abstracted, fractured space.
D. Cezanne's style shows a progression away from representational space towards more abstracted, fractured space.
Based on what you've learned this semester, who do you think created the artwork shown above?
Damien Hirst
_________________ lines, as frequently found in artwork from the Romantic period, communicate a feeling of instability, action, and movement.
Diagonal
Though his style is typically called Pointillism, Seurat called his technique _________________.
Divisionism
Who is remembered today for his pioneering studies in animal locomotion, particularly horses? Hint: He killed a guy.
Eadweard Muybridge
Identify the work shown.
Edvard Munch, The Scream
_______________ in art refers to the avoidance of evidence of the artist's hand, such as brushstrokes.
Facture
A successful composition cannot have more than one focal point.
False
Even though multiple copies of Maurizio Cattelan's work Comedian sold in 2019, only the first sale is considered "original" since all the other are actually just copies.
False
Once you learn the iconography of a culture you will be able to always understand the meaning of a work because iconography is just a form of language that needs to be read.
False
The definition of art is objective and unchanging over time.
False
What is Arturo di Modica's primary complaint regarding the placement of Kristen Visbal's work Fearless Girl?
Fearless Girl alters the meaning of his work, Charging Bull, making it seem menacing and threatening and not strong and optimistic.
The work of Cuban-born artist ________________ at times invites viewers to physically take things from his work, as in Untitled (Death by Gun) from 1990, in which viewers were invited to take sheets of paper with the names of people killed by gun violence in the US in a single week in 1989.
Felix Gonzales-Torres
______________ refers to stopping the exposure in the photographic process.
Fixing
_____________________, as seen in the work of Italian artist Andrea Mantenga, occurs when part of an object or figure is significantly closer to the picture plane than the rest, causing a distortion in the form.
Foreshortening
Describing the colors used, the shape and size of the wave, the scale of Mt Fuji as compared to the wave in Hokusai's Great Wave off Kanagawa all refer to ______________.
Form
Jacques-Louis David is considered by many to be the greatest Neoclassical painter in history, but as a young man he studied under which famous Rococo artist?
François Boucher
_______________, whose painting is pictured above, was a Mexican surrealist painter.
Frida Kahlo
Who was the Renaissance-era artist who first recorded the biographies of important artists, increasing the prestige of artists and altering the role of the artist in society.
Giorgio Vasari
The Pantheon in Athens, Greece relies on the __________________, in which the smaller parts relate to the larger parts, which in turn relate to the whole.
Golden Section
Which of the following was not a major art movement of the Revolutionary Age?
Gothic
Who painted this iconic painting, American Gothic?
Grant Wood
The ___________________ was a movement in which African American left the rural South to the urban North, between the years of about 1916 and 1970.
Great Migration
The ____________________ use flyers, posters, and billboards to convey their message of gender inequality in art history and art establishments.
Guerilla Girls
________________________ art is typically an installation that has
Guerrilla
Barnet Newman's style as seen in the painting Vir Heroicus Sublimis from 1950-1951 is sometimes called ______________________ on account of his use of straight, precisely painted lines and geometric designs.
Hard-Edge or Post-Painterly Abstraction
________________________ painting is characterized by an openness of design, a clarity of line, and an avoidance of spatial illusion.
Hard-edge
Why did Damien Hirst's 2008 auction Beautiful Inside My Head Forever cause controversy in the art industry?
He circumvented the established method of selling artwork (through dealers to collectors) and sold his new work directly through Sotheby's.
Caravaggio caused controversy around the year 1605 with his work The Death of the Virgin Mary. What was the primary complaint regarding this work?
He didn't follow established visual traditions in representing the Virgin Mary (she looks too realistic).
Which of the following statements regarding Marcel Duchamp's work Fountain is false?
He was challenging the role of labor unions in creative processes.
Which of the following statements about tempera is false? A. It has a chalky, matte finish. B. It is usually applied to a wood support. C. It dries very quickly. D. It is only found in the ancient world, never after about 1000 CE.
It is only found in the ancient world, never after about 1000 CE.
What was the biggest problem with Thomas Edison's kinetoscope?
It only allowed a single person to view the movie at a time.
What was the ultimate fate of Sam Durant's Scaffold?
It was buried.
Why did Damien Hirst's installation In and Out of Love cause controversy in 2012 at the Tate in London?
It was reported that nearly 9000 butterflies died during the 23-week run of the show.
An abstract expressionist painter, ________________, made work that are often described as __________, such as Autumn Rhythm pictured below.
Jackson Pollock, action painting
__________ was a leader in the Harlem Renaissance and was concerned with documenting racial inequality and social injustice.
Jacob Lawrence
Which of the following artists was politically involved in the French Revolution?
Jacques-Louis David
Who invented hyposulphite of soda (hypo) in 1819, significantly contributing to the invention of photography.
John Herschel
American artist ____________________ is known for her iconic silhouetted figures with over-exaggerated and stereotypical features, such as They Waz Nice White Folks While They Lasted (Sez One Gal to Another) from 2001.
Kara Walker
What American artist gained fame for painting President Obama's portrait?
Kehinde Wiley
How are the works of Franz Kline, such as Mahoning from 1956, fundamentally different from those of Jackson Pollock?
Kline carefully planned his compositions, rejecting automatism in his creative process.
The sfumato technique, which replicates a hazy appearance in painting, is most closely associated with which artist?
Leonardo da Vinci
__________ refers to the system based on geometry developed in the 15th century by Filippo Brunelleschi used for creating the illusion of depth on a two-dimensional surface.
Linear perspective
Hyacinthe Rigaud painted a portrait of Louis XIV in which Louis's legs were prominently displayed. Why did the artist choose to do this?
Louis had been a ballet dancer and Rigaud was trying to accentuate one of his best attributes.
Color-field painting is associated with the artist __________.
Mark Rothko
The work shown above is by which controversial Italian artist?
Maurizio Cattelan
In the detail above from Picasso's Guernica, the figures are meant to recall which famous work of art?
Michelangelo's Pieta
Donald Judd's Untitled (they were all "Untitled") is an example of __________________.
Minimalism
The ___________________ is a government agency established by President Johnson in 1965, which sought to allocate funds for the arts.
National Endowment for the Arts
To which movement does this work belong? (This work was not shown in class. Base your choice on your observations and what you learned about the different movements.)
Neoclassicism
After WWII, the center of the established art world shifted from Paris to ______________________.
New York City
Which of the following statements is true regarding the works shown above?
One is an example of implied motion, while the other is not.
_________________________ is the financial sponsorship of an artist by an individual or an institution.
Patronage
_____________ shapes are those which appear to be in front of a background, or ground, while the space around them is called _____________ space.
Positive; negative
In the late 1800s, the ____________________ used Impressionism as a springboard for developing individual, expressive styles.
Post-Impressionists
The term _________________________ was first used by Marcel Duchamp to describe artworks made from pre-manufactured items, such as Fountain.
Readymade
According to the Lecture Notes, which art movement do I consider to be the first Modern art movement?
Realism
Which American artist famously confronted Robert Scull at the Scull Auction regarding the sale of his work Thaw from 1958, highlighting the disparity in pay between artists and collectors?
Robert Rauschenberg
Who created this massive work in Great Salt Lake, Utah in April of 1970, only to have it disappear beneath rising water levels?
Robert Smithson
After the French Revolution, the ___________ style faded as it was seen as being frivolous and immoral.
Rococo
Based on what you have learned, to which movement does the work shown below belong?
Rococo
French writer and philosopher _______________ questioned the divine right of kings in The Social Contract, published in 1762.
Rousseau
The _____________________________ was held in 1863 in order to exhibit the huge number of works rejected from the official Salon.
Salon des Refuses
The ___________________ auction of 1973 is considered by many to be the start of the modern art market in the West.
Scull
The Surrealists were influenced by the ideas of __________.
Sigmund Freud
Chinese artist Ai Weiwei's large-scale installation _________________ from 2009 examines the response of the Chinese government to an earthquake in 2008 that killed an estimated 60,000 people, including thousands of children.
So Sorry
______________ was the later iteration of Cubism practiced by Picasso and Braque between the years 1912 and 1914. It is characterized by simpler geometric shapes and brighter colors than what came before.
Synthetic Cubism
_________________________ is a lighting technique used in paintings like Artemesia Gentileschi's Judith and Maidservent with the Head of Holofernes seen above, in which extreme contrasts between light and dark create a heightened sense of drama.
Tenebrism
Who is credited with inventing the first practical film?
The Lumiere brothers
The movie Frozen featured a variation of which iconic Rococo painting?
The Swing by Fragonard
Damien Hirst got his start in the 1990s with which group of artists?
The YBAs
Which of the following right is not guaranteed under copyright law for visual arts in the United States?
The artist has the right to receive resale royalties on secondary sales of their work.
Simon Schama's film on Jacques-Louis David talks about an event that occurred in 1783 in which the king and a group of observers watched a hot air balloon demonstration. Several barnyard animals in a hot air balloon had a close call after the balloon was torn by a strong gust of wind. Schama states that this was a "breach of protocol." Why?
The imperfect flight suggested that the king couldn't control nature.
Proportion is defined as:
The size relationship of the parts of an object or image to the whole
In what way were the styles of the Russian Avant-Garde and De Stijl similar?
They both sought to illustrate a utopian promise for the future using simple geometric shapes and a limited color palette.
Extra credit is offered throughout the semester. Because of the ample opportunities for extra credit, your score at the end of the semester is your final grade. Do not expect me to "bump up" your grade. Take advantage of the extra credit.
True
Some things one might consider when discussing form are medium, color, shape, composition, and size.
True
There is a strict late work policy in this course as outlined in the syllabus.
True
In 2012, world-renowned artist Sarah Tangeman created the bronze sculpture _______________ while working with the Frilli Gallery in Florence, Italy. The world has never recovered from this greatness.
Turtle Man
_______________ involves learning how to look at art, how to understand what you are seeing, and how to effectively communicate—with proper vocabulary—what you see & what your perception is.
Visual literacy
Which political figures caused the controversy surrounding the mural Man at the Crossroads by Diego Rivera?
Vladimir Lenin
The work of _______________________, like his 1717 canvas Embarkation for Cythera, is generally considered the first in the new Rococo style.
Watteau
The Abstract Expressionist work of ________________________ (shown above) merges abstraction and figural representation, representing one of the several styles of the movement.
Willem de Kooning
Robert Mapplethorpe's retrospective A Perfect Moment was comprised of three "portfolios" of work. Which portfolio caused the greatest controversy?
X
An American businessman buys a painting from an American artist. After purchasing the work he decides that he would like to cut the painting up into three sections, but the artist tells him not to do it. Is it legal for the businessman to cut up the painting?
Yes. He can do whatever he wants as long as he does not violate copyright laws.
The work above, which appropriates a European Rococo painting, is by Nigerian-British artist _____________.
Yinka Shonibre
What is the subject matter of Henri Matisse's Piano Lesson?
a boy playing a piano
The belief that full power and authority rests in the king is called ____________________.
absolutism
Which of the following is not a type of balance in art?
accented
A value scale without color is said to be ______________________.
achromatic
Hatching, cross-hatching, and outlines are examples of ________________ lines.
actual
The charcoal drawings of William Kentridge often criticize ______________, the racial segregation in South Africa that was in effect until 1991.
apartheid
Van Gogh's style is easily identifiable as his own, making it ________________.
autographic
Frequently used by Surrealist painters, ___________, is a practice in which an artist or writer would write or draw without any preconceived plan or thoughts as a way of connecting to one's subconscious mind.
automatic writing
The _____________________ was a pre-photography tool, often used by artists as an aid for drawing; its name is from the Latin for "dark room."
camera obscura
We can learn a lot about the fresco School of Athens by Raphael because his original drawing, called the _______________, still exists and is on display at a museum in Milan.
cartone
Robert Rauschenberg's Monogram from 1959 is an example of a(n) ______________, in which he used disparate objects in a single work.
combine
Cattelan's works are called ______________________ because they are all about the idea behind the work and not the physical object itself.
conceptual
___________ in art refers to connections and circumstances surrounding a work of art, placing that work into the greater framework of human culture.
context
The announcement of the daguerreotype process in 1839 resulted in an overwhelming public response, termed ______________________.
daguerreotype mania
Neoclassicism emphasized virtue and civic duty and featured an emphasis on ________________,meaning a clear and defined line quality.
disegno
The Impressionists painted __________________, meaning outdoors.
en plein air
According to international law, for state-funded museums to acquire a work of art legally, that museum must make publicly available a Certificate of Authenticity and a Statement of Provenance accounting for a minimum of 50 years prior to the date of acquisition.
false
Cycladic idols, like those pictured above, are typically displayed in museums standing up, as they were intended to be by the original source culture.
false
Despite initially exhibiting independently in 1874, the Impressionists would go on to hold 8 exhibitions in collaboration with the official state-sanctioned Salon before 1886.
false
Due to the nature of the materials, tempera paintings cannot be extremely realistic.
false
During the Middle Ages in Europe, powerful individuals were the primary patrons of arts, commissioning grand cathedrals, financed by the rapidly expanding Silk Road trade routes.
false
Early Americans favored the Neoclassical style of architecture because it stressed the value of passion and emotion, which was needed to inspire the people of the new country.
false
Oil paint was invented by Flemish painter Jan van Eyck in the 15th century.
false
Picasso was living just outside the Guernica city center during the bombing and was directly affected, which explains why the work feels so personal.
false
Richard Serra's Tilted Arc from 1981 was ruled to be protected under the First Amendment in a historic court case called Serra v Re. Its removal was necessitated after extreme vandalism in 1989.
false
The United States is considered a leader and example in the international art world for its generous moral rights granted to visual artists.
false
The earliest films were short, many lasting under one minute, but were remarkably good at syncing sound and action.
false
The landscape in the background of Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa cannot be called naturalistic because Leonardo made up a fanciful landscape that does not actually exist in Italy.
false
The name Impressionists was coined as a compliment by an art critic who was deeply moved by the beautiful simplicity of the paintings he saw at an 1872 exhibition.
false
The primary distinction between representational and nonrepresentational art is that representational art is specific to Western civilizations and is not found in non-Western societies.
false
There is always a clear solution when it comes to the ownership and display of items with cultural significance.
false
Though they had been used since antiquity, synthetic paints like acrylic are most closely associated with the 20th century.
false
Van Gogh was a lifelong artists, reportedly having picked up the brush for the first time at age 5, which accounts for his remarkably prolific career.
false
We can all rest assured that all of the objects that we see in museums were acquired legally and are, therefore, rightfully on display.
false
The word _________________ made particular reference to these artists' brilliant, arbitrary color, more intense than the approach to color found in the works of the Impressionists and Post-Impressionists who came before. It is exemplified in the work shown above by Henri Matisse.
fauvist
Carl Andre termed works of his like Lever from 1966 _____________, in reference to their intended presentation in galleries and museums.
floorpieces
__________________________ is what a work looks like; ________________________ is what a work means.
form; content
In the detail of Rodin's The Thinker, shown above, we can see how the surface of the sculpture is modeled, revealing the artist's sculpture process. This effect, which is similar to visible brushstrokes in painting, is called ____________.
gestural
The illusionistic painting technique that seeks to imitate the appearance of sculpture is called ________________.
grisaille
Joseph Niepce is generally credited with creating the first preserved image, which was taken with a process which he called ______________________, meaning "sun writing."
heliography
In ____________________ objects or figures of greater importance are shown larger than surrounding objects or figures.
hieratic scale
The work shown above from the Pergamon Altar is an example of _______________,
high relief
The sculpture of American artist Duane Hanson is ___________________, meaning that it is highly realistic and close to the observable world.
hyperrealistic
Ai Weiwei is sometimes called a(n) ____________________, meaning one who destroys or attacks cherished beliefs or institutions.
iconoclast
The term ___________________ refers to the symbols or images in a work that carry additional meaning specific to a culture and time.
iconography
David's Death of Marat uses __________________, making something look better than it actually is, to help portray Marat as a young, innocent martyr.
idealism
A very thick application of paint, as seen in the detail above, is called _________________.
impasto
Titian's Assumption from 1518 is _______________, meaning it remains in its original location still to this day.
in situ
Katharina Grosse's work The Horse Trotted Another Couple of Metres, Then it Stopped from 2018 is what kind of sculpture?
installation
The thin layer of plaster that is painted on in the fresco process (directly under the paint) is called the ____________________.
intonaco
In his work, The Agnew Clinic, Thomas Eakins uses the technique of _______________ to create emphasis and focus the viewer's attention on the doctors in the foreground.
isolation
Works of Jeff Koons' Banality series are often called ______________ , meaning that they are meant to recall cheap, garish, or tacky collectibles that appeal to the middle class.
kitsch
What does the word "photography" actually translate to in Greek?
light writing
Vorticism, Cubism, Impressionism, and Dada are all examples of _________________, artistic trends, tendencies, or attitudes shared by a group of artists as determined by the participating artists.
movement
Analogous colors are colors which are:
next to each other on the color wheel.
The Doryphoros by Greek theorist Polykleitos was meant to illustrate the principles presented in his Kanon, which:
outlined perfectly harmonious and balanced proportions in the human figure, according to the Greek view.
Jacques-Louis David's painting Oath of the Horatii sought to inspire __________.
patriotism and loyalty
In Renaissance Florence, the powerful and wealthy Medici family commissioned many works, like the fresco above. In this example, the Medici are the ___________________.
patrons
A ______________ in art is a specific segment in history, based on historical eras and can
period
Gustave Courbet and Jean-Francois Millet, while both Realist painters, were different in their approach in that Courbet tended to be more _______________ in his view on modernity and labor while Millet tended to show a more _______________ view of the lower class.
pessimistic; optimistic
A major development in the visual arts attributed to Dada was the introduction of ___________________, which is created by cutting up and pasting together various types of media, including photographs, posters, advertisements, and other type of two-dimensional media.
photomontage
Frenchmen Gilles-Louis Chrétien invented the _____________________, which allowed for the tracing and sizing of a silhouette.
physionotrace
Marat's pose in David's famous painting, Death of Marat, imitates the ______________, a standard devotional image showing the Virgin Mary mourning the death of Christ.
pieta
The _________ is a standard image from Christian art which depicts Mary, the mother of Christ, holding Jesus in her arms after his crucifixion.
pietà
Pablo Picasso's work Les Demoiselles d'Avignon from 1907 is an example of _____________________ in art.
primitivism
Duchamp believed that art should shift from what he called the _________, meaning pleasing to the eye, to the ____________, meaning in the service of the mind.
retinal; intellectual
A ___________________ is an exhibition of an artist's work created over a period of time, such as Mapplethorpe's show The Perfect Moment in 1989.
retrospective
Which of the following is not an element of art?
rhythm & pattern
Which of the following components is not required for linear perspective?
shading
The theory of the ___________, developed by Edmund Burke in 1757, refers to an overwhelming greatness in nature that cannot be imitated.
sublime
The Egyptians often used ________________________, a sculpture technique in which the image is carved below the surface of the material.
sunken relief
Masaccio's Holy Trinity is an example of which balance arrangement?
symmetrical
Based on what you can see in the detail above, what is the paint medium used for this painting?
tempera
In the United States, artists have _______________ as their primary means of defending the intellectual property of their artwork.
the Visual Artists Rights Act (VARA)
The term ________________________________, from the French for "fools the eye," is a representation technique which seeks to trick the viewer into seeing something which isn't actually there.
trompe l'oeil
American artist Jeff Koons employs a large studio full of assistants in order to finish is large-scale works.
true
Bronze Crowd by Polish artist Magdalena Abakanowicz speaks to the artist's biography, particularly her time living in Poland under Hitler's rule.
true
Casting is a sculpture process which can create either solid or hollow forms.
true
Damien Hirst has publicly discussed his fear of glass, the result of a bad "magic mushroom experience" when he was younger.
true
Despite being considered one of the greatest works of revolutionary France, Jacques-Louis David's The Oath of the Horatii was actually a royal commission.
true
Goya's Disasters of War were not published until 1863, long after Goya's death, because it wasn't safe for him to publish these images during his lifetime.
true
In response to the Robert Mapplethorpe's show The Perfect Moment and Andres Serrano's photograph Piss Christ, the US House of Representatives cut $45,000 from the budget of the National Endowment for the Arts.
true
Linear perspective and atmospheric perspective are fundamentally different in that linear perspective is based on geometry and atmospheric perspective is based solely on optics.
true
Manet was different from the Impressionists because his works tended to have a darker subject matter that often contained implicit social commentary.
true
One of the complaints regarding the work of Damien Hirst is that he doesn't actually make his work himself, but instead employs others to bring his plans to fruition.
true
One of the greatest influences on the rise of modern art in the United States was the influx of European artists fleeing war and oppression in Europe in the years leading up to WWII.
true
One of the reasons that images of Buddha are widely recognizable today, is that the iconography of the Buddha has remained consistent over the centuries.
true
One of the things that made David Alfaro Siqueiros different from the other Mexican muralists is that he used nontraditional processes, including the synthetic paint called pyroxyline.
true
The complicated lost-wax process is a highly sophisticated casting technique, often associated with bronze, though that is not the only material which can be used.
true
The earliest museums exhibited works from distant, exotic, and ancient civilizations like those of the ancient Romans or the Egyptians, removing their treasures from their original context and designating them as "art."
true
The nature of freestanding sculpture allows the viewer to move around works like Bernini's 1622 sculpture Apollo and Daphne, reading it as a narrative, watching the story unfold.
true
The work shown above, Picasso's Three Musicians, is representational.
true
The illusion of wispy cloth of a woman's face in Antonio Corradini's sculpture Puritas (above) is an example of _____________ texture in sculpture.
visual
Known for his studies of birds in flight, Frenchman _____________________ invented the photographic rifle, allowing him to take a quick succession of photos. He typically overlapped his exposures.
Étienne-Jules Marey
