Verbs

Identify and label the verbs in the sentence: The dog accidentally fell in the pond.

fell; lexical

You need to focus on [keeping] it warm.

gerund

When the Simple Present Tense interacts with stative verb the simple present clearly indicates present tense (as in "now") for example, "I need a bandage". "She needs a bandage". Versus when simple present tense interacts with an action or process verb it indicates ---, meaning it refers to a time span that includes "now," but is not necessarily "now".

habitual (occurs on a regular basic) or generic aspect (perspective) (ex: I walk to school. He walks to school. Lions roar.

Identify and label the verbs in the sentence: The cute little brown kitten had a cute little nose.

had; lexical

What are some examples of intransitive verbs?

Dream, bark, flow, remain, go, smile, sit, look. ( all these verbs do not require an object to convey their meaning.

- verbs are inflected for Tense and Agreement (person/number)

Finite Verbs

Have to, want to, got to= what type of auxiliary verb

Semimodals

— future verbs describe actions or states of being that will occur at one particular time in the future. The future tense (unlike the present and past tense) is viewed by some as a compound tense, meaning that 2 or more words are needed to reflect the time of action or the state of being. We use the auxiliary verbs will and shall with the present tense of the verb to form the —- future tense (I will walk, I shall walk).

Simple

—- past verbs convey actions or states of being that occurred at one particular time. The —- past tense for first, second and third person is typically formed by adding -d or -ed to the verb stem ( I walked, you walked and he walked)- verbs that follow this pattern are called regular verbs. Other verbs are irregular, because their past tense is formed by a more significant spelling change (break-broke, run-ran, take-took).

Simple

—- present verbs describe actions or states of being that exist now. The simple present tense is typically indicated using the verb stem for first and second person ( I walk, you walk) and by adding -s or -es to the verb stem for third person ( he walks). On occasion a minor spelling change occurs ( study- studies)

Simple

It will rain every Sunday. The bear will eat bark. Will rain and will eat= what tense?

Simple future

Will be, shall be=

Simple future (verb Be tense)

It rained every Sunday. The bear ate bark. Rained and ate= what tense?

Simple past

Was, were=

Simple past (verb Be tense)

It rains every Sunday. The bear eats bark. Rains and eats= what tense?

Simple present

is, am, are=

Simple present (verb Be tense)

True or false. Participles can occur in either the present or the past tense. Both tenses are formed by using a verb stem. The present participle is formed by adding -ing to the verb stem and is used to form the progressive tenses. The past participle is used to form the perfect tenses for either regular verbs (adding -d or -ed) or irregular verbs (changing the spelling ex: buy- bought)

True

You can often tell if a verb is transitive if you can logically put the word "something" after it, as in, "you send something" and " I want something"

True

You can tell the difference between present participles and gerunds because gerunds can be preceded by "the" and followed by "of" (which are sometimes present in the sentence and sometimes simply assumed).

True

You can think of the Copula be as a type of = sign

True (it equates the subject with another noun i.e., predicate nominative, EX: "Chris is my brother. Chris = brother)

Copula be can indicate the location of the subject. EX: Chris is under the couch. His father was in France.

True. (The copula is followed by a prepositional phrase indicating location)

The -ing in and of itself is just a progressive, not labeled as present progressive.

True. (The progressive -ing occurs with past, present and future tenses Ex: I was jogging. I am jogging. I will be jogging.)

I am helping. vs I'm helping.

Uncontracted auxiliary (I am) and contracted auxiliary (I'm)

I am happy. vs. I'm happy.

Uncontracted copula ( I am) and contracted copula (I'm)

uncontractible copula or Uncontractible auxiliary He was asking.

Uncontractible auxiliary

— are derived from verbs, but function in different ways. They include infinitives, gerunds and participles.

Verbals

The — of a verb is modified to indicate whether the subject (the noun(s) or pronoun(s) to which it refers is doing the action or receiving the action.

Voice

Identify and label the verbs in the sentence: I am a vegetarian, so I do not eat any meant.

am; copula, do; auxiliary, eat; lexical

Identify and label the verbs in the sentence: I am scared of horses, yet I have four of them.

am; copula, have; lexical

Identify and label the verbs in the sentence: My sister baked a scrumptious chocolate cake for my birthday.

baked; lexical

He [is] sure my condition will not improve.

copula

It [is] uncertain whether the wedding day will be sunny.

copula

Tell him that anxiety [is] a natural phenomenon.

copula

The unmarked or base form of the verb that may be used by itself or with the particle "to", but it cannot be a main verb in this case. * Also referred to as the non-infinite form a verb

infinitive

Please help Mary (to) fix the toaster. (The (to) is omitted here)

infinitive verb

The only person that gets inflected in English is the 3rd person when its in a - present tense. It is zero marked for the 1st and 2nd person. (Lexical verbs page)

simple (without auxiliary)

uncontractible copula or Uncontractible auxiliary I was there.

uncontractible copula

Katherine will talk. Katherine may talk. Katherine can talk. Katherine should talk. Will, may, can, should = — verbs

Auxiliary

She [was] not coming until we asked her.

Auxiliary

As soon as school gets out, I'M heading to the lake. I'm= what type of verb? a. Lexical b. Modal Auxiliary Verb c. Infinitive Verb d. Copula Verb e. Auxiliary Verb

Auxiliary Verb

I DO not want to go to the haunted house because it scares me. do= what type of verb? a. Lexical b. Modal Auxiliary Verb c. Infinitive Verb d. Copula Verb e. Auxiliary Verb

Auxiliary Verb

Is the bolded word in the sentence an auxiliary "be" verb or a copula "be" verb? She IS never going to college.

Auxiliary be Verb

Is the bolded word in the sentence an auxiliary "be" verb or a copula "be" verb? They WERE moving to Nebraska.

Auxiliary be Verb

Is the bolded word in the sentence an auxiliary "be" verb or a copula "be" verb? Why ARE we traveling to Washington?

Auxiliary be Verb

Is the bolded word in the sentence an auxiliary "be" verb or a copula "be" verb? He WAS just thinking about all the work he still has to do.

Auxiliary be verb

Is the bolded word in the sentence an auxiliary "be" verb or a copula "be" verb? I AM helping my sister move today.

Auxiliary be verb

These verbs are sometimes called helping verbs and are conjoined with main verbs to clarify the action or state of being that is depicted by the main verb.

Auxiliary verbs

Am, are, be, been, *can, *could, did, get, had, has, have, is, *may, *might, *must, need, ought, *shall, *should, was, were, *will, *would. These words are all common —- verbs, and the ones with a star (*) are —

Auxiliary, modal auxiliary verbs

True or false, some verbs are both transitive (require an object) and intransitive (don't require an object), such as Ask, eat, hit, drink, open, read, stop

True

—- verbs require an object. When this verb is used it means that the action or state of a subject carries over to an object, as in: Jonathan KICKED the ball.

Transitive ( the verb "kicked" is transitive and requires an object)

Terry may not COME to the play with Annie. come= what type of verb? a. Lexical b. Modal Auxiliary Verb c. Infinitive Verb d. Copula Verb e. Auxiliary Verb

Lexical Verb

What are the types of Auxiliary verbs?

1. Be auxiliary forms (am, is was, were, are) 2. Modal verbs (will, could, can, should, might) 3. Do aux verbs (used for questions= do, does, did, can be used to place emphasis ex: "Dummy do")

- are most verbs, and serve as the principle descriptor of an action, mental process or a state of being.

Lexical verbs

What are the types of Non-finite verbs?

1. Infinitive (base form e.g., to be, to run, to want) 2. Participle 3. Gerund (progressive form used as a noun)

Provide info about certainty, intention, command and emphasis Are not inflected Can indicate future (but not always)

Modal Aux Verbs

Verbs that are used when something is not absolutely definite, not in the past tense or present tense. Don't know if something will happen even if we intend it to. (Examples include, might, can, could, should, would)

Modal Aux Verbs

COULD Linda carry the groceries? Could= what type of verb? a. Lexical b. Modal Auxiliary Verb c. Infinitive Verb d. Copula Verb e. Auxiliary Verb

Modal Auxiliary Verb

Verbs have a critical role in sentence structure. They provide us with information regarding. Specifically verb inflections (modifications to the verb form itself) give us clues about person, tense, voice and mood. 1.—- ( he walks, he walked, he will walk), 2. ——( He may walk, he might walk, He must walk) 3. —- ( He is walking, They are walking.)

1. Time 2. Intention 3. Number

We CAN miss the concert. can= what type of verb? a. Lexical b. Modal Auxiliary Verb c. Infinitive Verb d. Copula Verb e. Auxiliary Verb

Modal Auxiliary Verb

can, may, will, must, ought, should, would, could, might

Modal Verbs

Jenny said she will lend me the down payment. Jenny said she might lend me the down payment. The words will and mighty = —- verbs

Modal auxiliary

"You cannot OPEN the door". ( open= intransitive or transitive verb?)

Transitive (open requires an object in this sentence (the door is what you cannot open))

A non-finite (or infinitive) form of a verb is NOT tensed. Whereas a finite form of a verb IS tensed.

True

An infinitive clause can occur with the particle "to" or without "to".

True

In the future tense Lexical verbs get (will + V) (will show, will love), could be another model such as (might love, might show)

True

In the past tense Lexical verbs get the -ed or irregular (showed, loved, thought)

True

—— are a special type of auxiliary verb, like auxiliaries they cannot stand alone ( they have no meaning by themselves) and they are used to clarify the action or state of being expressed by a main verb. The name means "mood" and as such provides information about certainty, intention, command and emphasis.

Modal auxiliary

Will, would, should, shall, might, may, can, could= —- verbs

Modal auxiliary verbs

- Verbs are not inflected for Tense & Agreement

Non-finite

Lexical verbs are inflected for tense through (present, past, future) and inflected for person (3rd person when simple present tense, nothing marked for 1st and 2nd person)

True

Lexical verbs get marked in the present when there is a ----, so we get an -s (sings, plays, deliberates), (and is zero marked for all other present tense verbs, except for present progressive with -ing, but in that case it's the auxiliary verb that carries the tense)

3rd person singular

The __ occurs in the simple present tense with a 3rd person singular subject.

3rd person singular -s

The __ marks agreement between the subject and the verb in terms of person (3rd- He, She, It, They, or some noun).

3rd person singular -s present tense

Miguel is eating the apple. vs The apple is being eaten by Miguel.

Active voice vs passive voice

The bear grabbed the boy. vs The boy was grabbed by the bear.

Active voice vs passive voice

When emphasis of a sentence is on the subject as the doer of an action, the sentence is said to be in the —- voice.

Active.

What are some examples of transitive verbs ( verbs which require an object)

Admire, cut, like, put, send, want, watch.

I will help. They shall come. will and shall are ___ verbs.

Auxiliary

The structure of "to" followed by a verb ("to write") is a useful clue for recognizing an infinitive. However sometime the "to" may be omitted and the infinitive becomes a —, such as in the following examples: Help Ruby GET the coffee ready. Help Heather PREPARE the manuscript.

Bare infinitive

This verb takes many forms such as, am, is, are, was, being, were and been and of course be.

Be verbs

Out of the following list of auxiliary verbs, which ones are modal auxiliary verbs Am, are, be, been, can, could, did, get, had, has, have, is, may, might, must, need, ought, shall, should, was, were, will, would.

Can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would

Hafta, wanna, gotta= are —- and are informal variations of semimodals.

Catenatives

By the time she got to the airport, Linda HAD MISSED a the plane. They HAD EATEN before they left the house. Which type of tense?

Past perfect

— — verbs are formed by combining had and the past participle form of a verb; they indicate actions or states of being that were completed before another action or state of being that occurred in the past.

Past perfect

The term —- refers to the verb be, serves as the main verb and can stand alone

Copula

They [were] not happy about having to take care of the bill.

Copula

I AM the oldest cousin in my family. am= what type of verb? a. Lexical b. Modal Auxiliary Verb c. Infinitive Verb d. Copula Verb e. Auxiliary Verb

Copula Verb

Ivy IS a famous chef in Chicago. is= what type of verb? a. Lexical b. Modal Auxiliary Verb c. Infinitive Verb d. Copula Verb e. Auxiliary Verb

Copula Verb

Is the bolded word in the sentence an auxiliary "be" verb or a copula "be" verb? I AM the pitcher on my baseball team.

Copula be Verb

Is the bolded word in the sentence an auxiliary "be" verb or a copula "be" verb? IS the clock broken?

Copula be Verb

Is the bolded word in the sentence an auxiliary "be" verb or a copula "be" verb? The lasagna WAS delicious.

Copula be Verb

Is the bolded word in the sentence an auxiliary "be" verb or a copula "be" verb? Thirty dolphins ARE in the water.

Copula be Verb

The boys WERE not tired.

Copula be Verb

By the time she gets to the airport, Linda WILL HAVE MISSED the plane. They WILL already HAVE EATEN when they leave the house. Which type of tense?

Future perfect

— — verbs are formed by combining will have or shall have and the past participle; they convey actions or states of being that will be or shall be completed before a particular time in the future.

Future perfect

Will have been, shall have been=

Future perfect (verb Be tense)

[Purchasing] the ring made her forgot about what was to come.

Gerund

[The HANDLING of wild animals] is for experts. [CLEANING] is not my favorite activity. The only thing he doesn't like is [COOKING]. She never thinks about [WATCHING television]. The - is in all caps and the entire - phrase is in brackets.

Gerund (*note how the gerunds can be preceded by "the" and followed by "of").

READING is important, so I like to take careful notes to help me recall important points. Reading= gerund or present participle?

Gerund (reading is a noun)

— use the form of the present participle (the -ing form of a verb) to take the place of a noun or pronoun in a sentence.

Gerunds

Had been=

Past perfect (verb Be tense)

Was being, were being =

Past progressive (verb Be tense)

T or F. Verbals are essentially words that are in other syntactic categories that are derived from verbs.

True

The — MOOD is used to give command or make a request. Often the you is simply implied, not stated, as the following example illustrates: TELL that terrier to stop barking.

Imperative

Verbs can also contain information about MOOD, which depicts the speaker's state of mind (level of intention). The three moods include???

Indicative, imperative, and subjunctive

That dog IS a terrier. = — mood which is used when stating a fact or requesting information.

Indicative.

He went [to get] a pen.

Infinitive

People don't like [to eat] bones.

Infinitive

The truck driver slammed the door and swore never [to return].

Infinitive

[To eat] to my heart's content is my plan for the day.

Infinitive

Tucker is happy TO BE home. to be= what type of verb? a. Lexical b. Modal Auxiliary Verb c. Infinitive Verb d. Copula Verb e. Auxiliary Verb

Infinitive Verb

I have TO GO to the post office immediately. to go= what type of verb? a. Lexical b. Modal Auxiliary Verb c. Infinitive Verb d. Copula Verb e. Auxiliary Verb

Infinitive verb

John is calling. John is telling us about the class. John is calling TO TELL us about the class. = what type of verbal?

Infinitive. (used to embed the first 2 sentences together.)

The — form is characterized by "to + verb" (eg., to go, to call). They can be used as nouns, adjectives and adverbs. ** used for efficiency, allow you to avoid repeating the subject in a sentence. They allow you to embed one sentence into another, which helps clarify meaning.

Infinitives

What are the 3 types of verbals?

Infinitives, gerunds, and participles

—— verbs which may stand by themselves and don't need an object. Examples, He sleeps. She dreams.

Intransitive

The garage door does not OPEN with this.(open= intransitive or transitive verb?)

Intransitive ( the word open does not require an object and instead is followed by a prepositional phase (with this), making it intransitive)

Verbs in the — tense describe actions or states of being that happened in the past, and they generally suggest that the action or state of being happened before some other action or other state of being.

Perfect

True or False. Finite verbs present a greater difficulty for younger children or children with a language delay

True

True or False. The 3rd person singular present is considered to mark the simple present.

True

What are the types of finite verbs?

Lexical (Main), Auxiliary, Copula (Main)

I PAID Carrie, whose leather work is excellent, to make me a belt. paid= what type of verb? a. Lexical b. Modal Auxiliary Verb c. Infinitive Verb d. Copula Verb e. Auxiliary Verb

Lexical Verb

READING the text, I paused regularly to make careful notes about the important points. (Reading= gerund or present participle?)

Present Participle (reading is a verb)

Linda HAS MISSED the plane. They HAVE EATEN. What type of tense?

Present perfect

— — verbs are formed by combining have or has and the past participle form of a verb; they reference action or states of being that occurred in the past.

Present perfect

Have been, has been=

Present perfect (verb Be tense)

Is being, are being=

Present progressive (verb Be tense)

The — MOOD is used in dependent clauses that follow independent clauses expressing wishes and demands or conditions that are improbable, doubtful, or contrary to fact. This mood often reflects fantasizing and hypothesizing, as in: I wish I WERE a little bit taller. We demand that we BE heard.

Subjunctive mood

Information in the verb that indicates the relationship between event time and speech time.

Tense

Verb — refers to the time of an action or a state of being

Tense ( English has 3 basic tenses: present, past and future)

Finite Verbs are inflected for - and -

Tense and Agreement (person/number)

Eat, walk, run, think, muse, perceive like are examples of - verbs

lexical

A main verb can be __ or __

lexical or copula

I want [to go] to the store. Main verb= to go=

main verb= Want to go= infinitive

Gerunds and Participles (especially the present participle) can take the identical form. For instance "reading" could either be a gerund or a participle, depending on the way it is used. This can be very tricky to differentiate. AS A RULE, try to remember that gerunds are -ing forms that are a kind of __ whereas present participles are -ing forms that are a kind of -.

noun, verb