VIBS 277 Exam 2

Neocortical Structure-Function Relationships - people

- Leah Krubitzer: Primary sensory areas, secondary sensory areas, motor areas - Jon Kaas: Expansion of secondary sensory areas

Tract (Zone) of Lissauer's (= Dorsolateral fasciculus for animals) and Substantia Gelatinosa - function

Ascending pain/temperature pathway

Neurotransmitters and the Pharmacology of Autonomic Function

Better understanding of drug mechanisms influencing synaptic transmission (vs. CNS)

cervical enlargement of spinal cord

C5~T1

Lumbar Puncture:

A procedure of taking fluid (the cerebral spinal fluid) from the spine in the lower back through a hollow needle for diagnostic purposes or anesthesia.

All Preganglionic Neurotransmitter:

Acetylcholine

Postganglionic neurons: Parasympathetic system releases

Acetylcholine (ACh).

Enteric division function:

Control physiological processes involved in transport, digestion of food

Parasympathetic system affects which sections of the spinal cord?

Craniosacral

Fissures in the human brain

Central fissure/sulcus (of Rolando), Sylvian fissure (Lateral fissure/sulcus), longitudinal fissure, transverse cerebral fissure, parieto-occipital fissure.

enteric division: inputs

From brain via axons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

insula

Growth continues after forming the temporal lobe, and it rolls in upon itself - only in humans

gray matter of spinal cord shape

H-shape, divided into "horns"

Red nuclei

In the midbrain, there are two large round nuclei adjacent to the midline important for motor function

The midbrain is separated into dorsal and ventral parts.

Dorsal/ on top: Tectum ventral/ on bottom: Tegmentum.

Lumbar enlargement of spinal cord

L2-S3

There are three types of nerve fibers in the white matter:

Long ascending Long descending Short propriospinal

Sympathomimetic:

Mimic or promote NE actions or inhibit muscarinic actions of ACh

Parasympathomimetic:

Mimic or promote muscarinic actions of ACh or inhibit actions of NE

Diencephalon (natural derivatives and cavity)

Neural derivatives - Thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus, retina Cavity - 3rd ventricle

Postganglionic neurons: Sympathetic system releases

Norepinephrine (NE)

Degeneration of substantia nigra is the main character of

Parkinson's disease

The white matter is customarily divided into three columns (funiculi):

Posterior (Dorsal), Lateral and Anterior (Ventral).

Function of solitary nucleus

Receives and integrates sensory information from all internal organs and coordinates output

Proencephalon divides into what secondary vesicles

Telencephalons Diencephalons

Rhomencephalon (hindbrain) secondary vesicles

metencephalon myelencephalon

Gray matter: Ventral (anterior) horn; Ventral Gray Column -> what function?

motor

central sulcus

divides frontal and parietal lobes

White matter is where the

myelinated axons (nerve fibers) travel from the spinal cord up to the brain, or from the brain traveling down to the spinal cord.

Telencephalon (natural derivatives and cavity)

neural derivatives - Cerebral cortex, Basal ganglia, olfactory system, corpus striatum, white matter cavity - lateral ventricles

Myelencephalon (neural derivatives and cavity)

neural derivatives - medulla oblongata cavity- 4th ventricle; central canal

In humans, there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, and each composed of

dorsal and ventral roots

What areas of the spinal cord are enlarged?

cervical and lumbar section

Order of the spinal cord (top to bottom)

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

The Human Ventricular System

filled with CSF

The caudal end of the cord is anchored to the end of the dura tube by the

filum terminale

cerebral cortex developmental pattern sequence

frontal lobe -> parietal lobe -> occipital lobe -> temporal lobe

white matter has 3

funiculin (*Ventral (Anterior) Funiculus (Column) *Lateral Funiculus (column) *Dorsal (Posterior) Funiculus (Column))

cerebral aqueduct

goes through the midbrain, and it connects the 3rd ventricle (above) and the 4th ventricle (below)

Ventral horn (Anterior horn) neurons

alpha motor neurons small gamma motor neurons

The white matter contains largely ____ and _____ myelinated nerve fibers

ascending and descending

temporal lobe function

hearing

Gray matter: Intermediate zone (lateral horn); Intermediate Gray Column - which system?

automatic system

Basal ganglia is also called

corpus striatum

There are numerous folds, or _______, separated by deep fissures or shallow sulci on the cerebral cortex.

cortical gyri

Each spinal cord segment innervates a

dermatome (except C1; C1 only has dorsal root for sensory information to come in).

Major descending tracts: White matter

in the lateral funiculus and ventral funiculus.

Small γ (gamma) motor neurons:

innervate the intrafusal muscle fibers of muscle spindles; also called fusimotor neurons.

Short propriospinal fibers

interconnecting various spinal cord levels (Fasciculus proprius).

The cell bodies in the dorsal horn consist of

interneurons and projection neurons that transmit many types of sensory information (somatic and visceral).

The pituitary body (gland)

is hanging ventrally from the hypothalamus through the pituitary stalk. important part of endocrine system

α (alpha) motor neurons:

large motor neurons that supply skeletal muscles via the ventral roots; also called lower motor neurons (LMNs).

starting from Thoracic cord; there is no

lateral horn in the upper to mid-cervical cord

pre-central gyrus

location of primary motor cortex

Metencephalon (neural derivatives and cavity)

pons, cerebellum cavity - 4th ventricle

post central gyrus

primary sensory cortex

Long descending fibers

projecting from the cerebral cortex or from brain stem nuclei to the spinal cord white matter.

Long ascending fibers

projecting to the thalamus, cerebellum or various brain stem nuclei.

Cauda equina is the place where you can obtain

safe sampling of cerebrospinal fluid

Mesencephalon (secondary vesicle, neural derivatives, and cavity)

secondary vesicle - mesencephalon neural derivatives - Tectum (superior and inferior collicului), tegmentum, Cerebral peduncles cavity - Cerebral aquaduct

spinal cord is

segmented

Gray matter: Dorsal (posterior) horn; Dorsal Gray Column -> what function?

sensory

transverse fissure

separates cerebrum from cerebellum

longitudinal fissure

separates left and right hemispheres

choroid plexus

structure that produces the cerebrospinal fluid

lying right on the top of the Cerebral peduncles are the

substantia nigra (heavily pigmented nuclei)

thalamus and hypothalamus location

thalamus (dorsal; on top) hypothalamus (ventral; on bottom)

There is the Lumbar Cistern:

the end of the spinal cord at the vertebral level L1 ~ L2 to the vertebral level S2 filled with collections of dorsal and ventral roots, which is called cauda equina.

Substantia Gelatinosa: containing

the first synapses for the sensory information coming from the dorsal roots.

Propriospinal tract (fasciculus proprius):

thin layer surrounding the gray matter.

Sympathetic system affects which sections of spinal cord?

thoracolumbar

The spinal cord is shorter than the

vertebral canal (bones)

occipital lobe function

vision

reticular formation

within the tegmentum

Gray matter is where

the neuronal cell bodies (soma) are, as well as where the "synapses" take place.

The Enteric Division: Location

Lining of esophagus, stomach, intestines, pancreas, and gallbladder

Ascending tracts are found in: white matter

all the funiculi

Lissauer's tract (Tract / Zone of Lissauer) is

fibers from the dorsal root ganglions.

Sympathetic and parasympathetic overview:

1. Pre-ganglionic neurons are located in the CNS. 2. Post-ganglionic neurons are located in the peripheral ganglia. 3. Sympathetic ganglia - located near the CNS (closed to the spinal cord, the sympathetic ganglion chain) 4. Parasympathetic ganglia - located near the organs. 5. Pre-ganglionic neurons of both systems: release Acetylcholine. 7. Sweat glands and limb vasculature receive only sympathetic innervations. 8. Parasympathetic controls pupil and bladder. 9. In males, erection: parasympathetic; ejaculation: sympathetic.

how many spinal cords segments do humans have? Dogs?

31;35

all mammals have how many cervical cords?

8

Sympathetic system (division)

• Increased heart rate and blood pressure • Depressed digestive function • Mobilized glucose reserves • For "Fight or Flight"; energy needs to be expanded

Autonomic system is a ____ system

"motor"

These ascending and descending fibers are organized into bundles called ____ which occupy specific regions of the white matter.

"tracts"

Connections for autonomic control

-Periventricular zone connections to brain stem and spinal cord nuclei -Nucleus of solitary tract (N. solitary tr.)

Intermediate zone (Lateral horn; intermediolateral cell column): sections

1. It is the "lateral horn" from T1 to L3 (thoracolumbar system). Pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons. 2. Sacral parasympathetic Nucleus : S2 to S4 (craniosacral system). Pre-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons to innervate pelvic viscera.

There are choroid plexus lining in the

Lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles

third ventricle, Foramina of monroe, and lateral ventricle relationship

The third ventricle opens into both right and left hemispheres as the 2 Foramina of Monroe. Each foramen expands immediately into a lateral ventricle, which follows the growth pattern of the surrounding cerebral cortex, having a frontal horn, a body, occipital and temporal horns.

Enteric division composition

Two complicated nerve networks- myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus and submucous (Meissner's) plexus

Parasympathetic system (division)

• Slower heart rate, fall in pressure • Increased digestive functions • Stop sweating • For enhancing energy storage