VIBS 277 Exam 2
Neocortical Structure-Function Relationships - people
- Leah Krubitzer: Primary sensory areas, secondary sensory areas, motor areas - Jon Kaas: Expansion of secondary sensory areas
Tract (Zone) of Lissauer's (= Dorsolateral fasciculus for animals) and Substantia Gelatinosa - function
Ascending pain/temperature pathway
Neurotransmitters and the Pharmacology of Autonomic Function
Better understanding of drug mechanisms influencing synaptic transmission (vs. CNS)
cervical enlargement of spinal cord
C5~T1
Lumbar Puncture:
A procedure of taking fluid (the cerebral spinal fluid) from the spine in the lower back through a hollow needle for diagnostic purposes or anesthesia.
All Preganglionic Neurotransmitter:
Acetylcholine
Postganglionic neurons: Parasympathetic system releases
Acetylcholine (ACh).
Enteric division function:
Control physiological processes involved in transport, digestion of food
Parasympathetic system affects which sections of the spinal cord?
Craniosacral
Fissures in the human brain
Central fissure/sulcus (of Rolando), Sylvian fissure (Lateral fissure/sulcus), longitudinal fissure, transverse cerebral fissure, parieto-occipital fissure.
enteric division: inputs
From brain via axons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
insula
Growth continues after forming the temporal lobe, and it rolls in upon itself - only in humans
gray matter of spinal cord shape
H-shape, divided into "horns"
Red nuclei
In the midbrain, there are two large round nuclei adjacent to the midline important for motor function
The midbrain is separated into dorsal and ventral parts.
Dorsal/ on top: Tectum ventral/ on bottom: Tegmentum.
Lumbar enlargement of spinal cord
L2-S3
There are three types of nerve fibers in the white matter:
Long ascending Long descending Short propriospinal
Sympathomimetic:
Mimic or promote NE actions or inhibit muscarinic actions of ACh
Parasympathomimetic:
Mimic or promote muscarinic actions of ACh or inhibit actions of NE
Diencephalon (natural derivatives and cavity)
Neural derivatives - Thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus, retina Cavity - 3rd ventricle
Postganglionic neurons: Sympathetic system releases
Norepinephrine (NE)
Degeneration of substantia nigra is the main character of
Parkinson's disease
The white matter is customarily divided into three columns (funiculi):
Posterior (Dorsal), Lateral and Anterior (Ventral).
Function of solitary nucleus
Receives and integrates sensory information from all internal organs and coordinates output
Proencephalon divides into what secondary vesicles
Telencephalons Diencephalons
Rhomencephalon (hindbrain) secondary vesicles
metencephalon myelencephalon
Gray matter: Ventral (anterior) horn; Ventral Gray Column -> what function?
motor
central sulcus
divides frontal and parietal lobes
White matter is where the
myelinated axons (nerve fibers) travel from the spinal cord up to the brain, or from the brain traveling down to the spinal cord.
Telencephalon (natural derivatives and cavity)
neural derivatives - Cerebral cortex, Basal ganglia, olfactory system, corpus striatum, white matter cavity - lateral ventricles
Myelencephalon (neural derivatives and cavity)
neural derivatives - medulla oblongata cavity- 4th ventricle; central canal
In humans, there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, and each composed of
dorsal and ventral roots
What areas of the spinal cord are enlarged?
cervical and lumbar section
Order of the spinal cord (top to bottom)
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
The Human Ventricular System
filled with CSF
The caudal end of the cord is anchored to the end of the dura tube by the
filum terminale
cerebral cortex developmental pattern sequence
frontal lobe -> parietal lobe -> occipital lobe -> temporal lobe
white matter has 3
funiculin (*Ventral (Anterior) Funiculus (Column) *Lateral Funiculus (column) *Dorsal (Posterior) Funiculus (Column))
cerebral aqueduct
goes through the midbrain, and it connects the 3rd ventricle (above) and the 4th ventricle (below)
Ventral horn (Anterior horn) neurons
alpha motor neurons small gamma motor neurons
The white matter contains largely ____ and _____ myelinated nerve fibers
ascending and descending
temporal lobe function
hearing
Gray matter: Intermediate zone (lateral horn); Intermediate Gray Column - which system?
automatic system
Basal ganglia is also called
corpus striatum
There are numerous folds, or _______, separated by deep fissures or shallow sulci on the cerebral cortex.
cortical gyri
Each spinal cord segment innervates a
dermatome (except C1; C1 only has dorsal root for sensory information to come in).
Major descending tracts: White matter
in the lateral funiculus and ventral funiculus.
Small γ (gamma) motor neurons:
innervate the intrafusal muscle fibers of muscle spindles; also called fusimotor neurons.
Short propriospinal fibers
interconnecting various spinal cord levels (Fasciculus proprius).
The cell bodies in the dorsal horn consist of
interneurons and projection neurons that transmit many types of sensory information (somatic and visceral).
The pituitary body (gland)
is hanging ventrally from the hypothalamus through the pituitary stalk. important part of endocrine system
α (alpha) motor neurons:
large motor neurons that supply skeletal muscles via the ventral roots; also called lower motor neurons (LMNs).
starting from Thoracic cord; there is no
lateral horn in the upper to mid-cervical cord
pre-central gyrus
location of primary motor cortex
Metencephalon (neural derivatives and cavity)
pons, cerebellum cavity - 4th ventricle
post central gyrus
primary sensory cortex
Long descending fibers
projecting from the cerebral cortex or from brain stem nuclei to the spinal cord white matter.
Long ascending fibers
projecting to the thalamus, cerebellum or various brain stem nuclei.
Cauda equina is the place where you can obtain
safe sampling of cerebrospinal fluid
Mesencephalon (secondary vesicle, neural derivatives, and cavity)
secondary vesicle - mesencephalon neural derivatives - Tectum (superior and inferior collicului), tegmentum, Cerebral peduncles cavity - Cerebral aquaduct
spinal cord is
segmented
Gray matter: Dorsal (posterior) horn; Dorsal Gray Column -> what function?
sensory
transverse fissure
separates cerebrum from cerebellum
longitudinal fissure
separates left and right hemispheres
choroid plexus
structure that produces the cerebrospinal fluid
lying right on the top of the Cerebral peduncles are the
substantia nigra (heavily pigmented nuclei)
thalamus and hypothalamus location
thalamus (dorsal; on top) hypothalamus (ventral; on bottom)
There is the Lumbar Cistern:
the end of the spinal cord at the vertebral level L1 ~ L2 to the vertebral level S2 filled with collections of dorsal and ventral roots, which is called cauda equina.
Substantia Gelatinosa: containing
the first synapses for the sensory information coming from the dorsal roots.
Propriospinal tract (fasciculus proprius):
thin layer surrounding the gray matter.
Sympathetic system affects which sections of spinal cord?
thoracolumbar
The spinal cord is shorter than the
vertebral canal (bones)
occipital lobe function
vision
reticular formation
within the tegmentum
Gray matter is where
the neuronal cell bodies (soma) are, as well as where the "synapses" take place.
The Enteric Division: Location
Lining of esophagus, stomach, intestines, pancreas, and gallbladder
Ascending tracts are found in: white matter
all the funiculi
Lissauer's tract (Tract / Zone of Lissauer) is
fibers from the dorsal root ganglions.
Sympathetic and parasympathetic overview:
1. Pre-ganglionic neurons are located in the CNS. 2. Post-ganglionic neurons are located in the peripheral ganglia. 3. Sympathetic ganglia - located near the CNS (closed to the spinal cord, the sympathetic ganglion chain) 4. Parasympathetic ganglia - located near the organs. 5. Pre-ganglionic neurons of both systems: release Acetylcholine. 7. Sweat glands and limb vasculature receive only sympathetic innervations. 8. Parasympathetic controls pupil and bladder. 9. In males, erection: parasympathetic; ejaculation: sympathetic.
how many spinal cords segments do humans have? Dogs?
31;35
all mammals have how many cervical cords?
8
Sympathetic system (division)
• Increased heart rate and blood pressure • Depressed digestive function • Mobilized glucose reserves • For "Fight or Flight"; energy needs to be expanded
Autonomic system is a ____ system
"motor"
These ascending and descending fibers are organized into bundles called ____ which occupy specific regions of the white matter.
"tracts"
Connections for autonomic control
-Periventricular zone connections to brain stem and spinal cord nuclei -Nucleus of solitary tract (N. solitary tr.)
Intermediate zone (Lateral horn; intermediolateral cell column): sections
1. It is the "lateral horn" from T1 to L3 (thoracolumbar system). Pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons. 2. Sacral parasympathetic Nucleus : S2 to S4 (craniosacral system). Pre-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons to innervate pelvic viscera.
There are choroid plexus lining in the
Lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles
third ventricle, Foramina of monroe, and lateral ventricle relationship
The third ventricle opens into both right and left hemispheres as the 2 Foramina of Monroe. Each foramen expands immediately into a lateral ventricle, which follows the growth pattern of the surrounding cerebral cortex, having a frontal horn, a body, occipital and temporal horns.
Enteric division composition
Two complicated nerve networks- myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus and submucous (Meissner's) plexus
Parasympathetic system (division)
• Slower heart rate, fall in pressure • Increased digestive functions • Stop sweating • For enhancing energy storage