Virology Final Exam
Characteristics of Coronaviruses include 1) antigenic shift 2) antigenic drift 3) antigenic stability 4) segmented RNA virus 5) 2 & 4
2
Which of the following statement is true for both rubella virus and Zika virus? 1) Arboviruses 2) congenital infections 3) vaccines are available 4) worldwide distribution 5) none of the above
2
You apply a virus stock solution containing 6x106 virus particles to 3x105 cells. What is the multiplication of infection (MOI) of this infection? (2 pts) 6x10^6 virus particles/3x10^5 cells=20. So the MOI is
20
Bluetongue virus is 1) a ss RNA virus 2) transmitted by mosquitoes 3) an arbovirus 4) 1 & 2 5) 1 & 3
3
Characteristics of Paramyxoviruses include 1) nonenveloped 2) antigenic stability 3) antigenic drift 4) SS segmented RNA virus 5) all of the above
3
Characteristics of Arenaviruses include 1) rodents as reservoirs 2) ambisense RNA 3) enveloped 4) antigenic drift 5) all of the above
5
Characteristics of Ebola virus include 1) antigenic drift 2) antigenic shift 3) single stranded RNA with multiple mRNA transcripts 4) 1 & 2 5) 1 & 3
5
If 0.1ml of this stock is used to infect 10.0ml of Hela cells containing 105 cells/ml, what is the multiplicity of infection (MOI) in this case? (4 pts) Titer is 5x107 PFU/ml 0.1ml x 5x107 PFU/ml/10ml x 105cells/ml=5 PFU/cell.
5
This question is based on Case Study Chase Quiz 3. Considering where this woman lived what virus infection(s) could cause the symptoms 1) Japanese encephalitis virus 2) Eastern equine encephalitis virus 3) Dengue fever virus 4) 1 & 2 5) 1 & 3
5
This question is based on Case Study for Quiz 3. Based on the serology results, the virus that the patient had been recently exposed to was 1) Japanese encephalitis virus 2) SARS 3) Dengue virus 4) 1 & 2 5) 1 & 3
5
Yellow Fever and Dengue Fever Viruses both use a cycle A and cycle B transmission cycles. The genus and species of the arthropod vector responsible for cycle B transmission is 1) Culex tarsalis 2) Culicoides varipennis 3) Dermacenter andersoni 4) Aedes albopictus 5) Aedes aegypti
5
A stock of poliovirus is measured by plaque assay on a lawn of Hela cells. When 0.1 ml of a 10-5 dilution of this stock is plated, an average of 50 plaques are observed. What is the titer (pfu/ml) of this stock? (4 pts) 50 PFUx105/0.1ml= 5x107PFU/ml.
5x107 PFU/ml
Match: Influenza virus A Aerosol(respiratory tract), Mosquito bites, Contaminated needles, Rodents, Fecal-oral, Urogenital tract (mucosal), Vertical transmission (mother to baby)
Aerosol
Rabies virus encodes a RNA dependent RNA polymerase (L gene) and a glycoprotein (G gene). Following a normal infection in an animal with rabies virus, which protein (polymerase or glycoprotein) would most likely generating an antibody response? (2 pts)
Antibody response to glycoprotein is more likely developed in host
List two mechanisms used by cytotoxic T cells to kill virus-infected cells (bonus question) (2pts).
Apoptosis by fas-fas ligand; secrete granzymes and perforins to poke holes on cell membrane.
Match: HIV-1 Importation of monkeys, New methods for detection, Spontaneous mutation of virus, Integrated bird/pig agriculture, mobile population, Blood transfusion, drug abuse, sexual transmission
Blood transfusion, drug abuse, sexual transmission
Circle the virus families that belong to the Arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses), which could be isolated from arthropods. (4 pts). Bunyaviridae Picornaviridae Arenaviridae Rhabdoviridae Flaviviridae Coronaviridae Togaviridae Reoviridae
Bunyaviridae, Flaviviridae, Togaviridae, Reoviridae
Name the two major cell types that are susceptible to HIV-1 infection in vivo (2 pts).
CD4 T lymphocytes and Macrophages
Match: Papillomavirus 16 Diarrhea, Cervical cancer, Encephalitis, Hemorrhagic rashes, Common "cold", Pneumonia
Cervical cancer
Match: Rhinovirus Diarrhea, Cervical cancer, Encephalitis, Hemorrhagic rashes, Common "cold", Pneumonia
Common cold
Match: Hepatitis B Aerosol(respiratory tract), Mosquito bites, Contaminated needles, Rodents, Fecal-oral, Urogenital tract (mucosal), Vertical transmission (mother to baby)
Contaminated needles
Match: Rabies virus Diarrhea, Cervical cancer, Encephalitis, Hemorrhagic rashes, Common "cold", Pneumonia
Encephalitis
Both P53 and Rb (retinoblastoma) are gene regulatory proteins that suppress tumor formation. Peoples with genetic defects and mutations in either Rb or P53 develop tumors. However, there are some cases with no genetic defects in the two genes. What other factors besides viruses could have an additive effect on the development of tumors? (2 pts)
Environmental factors such as radiation and other chemical carcinogens. Genetic factors such as cellular oncogene translocation or mutations in tumor suppressor genes etc.
True or False: All RNA viruses encode RNA dependent RNA polymerase.
False
True or False: All hemorrhagic fevers are caused by arboviruses only?
False
True or False: All oncoretroviruses encode viral oncogenes to cause cancer.
False
True or False: All viral encephalitis is caused by arboviruses.
False
True or False: All viral oncogenes (v-onc) are identical to cellular oncogenes (c-onc).
False
True or False: All viruses replicate in the nuclei of cells.
False
True or False: Any arthropod that carries a virus is a biological vector regardless if the virus replicates in the arthropod.
False
True or False: Any arthropod that carries a virus is a biological vector regardless if the virus replicates in the arthropod.
False
True or False: Both RT-PCR and ELISA are commonly used to diagnose prion diseases such as mad cow disease and human variant CJD
False
True or False: Cellular protein (PrPc) is predominantly of beta sheet structure while the diseased form of prion protein (PrPsc) is predominantly of alpha-helix structure.
False
True or False: Defective interfering particles generated during the in vitro passage of vesicular stomatitis virus share no similarity to vesicular stomatitis virus.
False
True or False: Different viruses always use different receptors or co-receptors for virus attachment and entry.
False
True or False: Each virus particle counted under electron microscope equals one plaque-forming unit (one infectious virus particle) for all viruses.
False
True or False: For most viruses, one electron microscopic particle equals to one plaque forming unit.
False
True or False: HIV-1 is a double-stranded RNA virus.
False
True or False: Hepatitis B virus directly kills hepatocytes and causes liver pathology.
False
True or False: Just like bacteria, virus particles grow or undergo division.
False
True or False: Like most of the DNA viruses, poxvirus replicates in the nucleus of a cell.
False
True or False: Most of the cases of chikungunya virus, the host will develop hemorrhagic fever.
False
True or False: Poliovirus replicates in the nuclei of cells.
False
True or False: St. Louis encephalitis virus is the most common cause of hemorrhagic syndrome in the US.
False
True or False: The avian influenza virus subtype H5N2 is responsible for the outbreak in Asia.
False
True or False: The use of MMR vaccine has been a very effective control program in the prevention of mumps, measles and rabies
False
True or False: Ultraviolet light (UV) treatment will inactivate the infectious prions (PrPsc).
False
True or False: Virus lacks metabolic activities. Therefore virus is not a living entity, but an inert chemical complex.
False
True or False: Virus particles can generally be seen under light microscopes.
False
True or False: Viruses are submicroscopic, obligate intracellular parasites. This simple definition excludes all other types of microorganisms.
False
True or False: Viruses grow and reproduce by binary division.
False
True or False: Viruses replicate in non-permissive cells.
False
True or False: Zika virus and hepatitis C virus are flaviviruses that are not spread by arthropod vectors.
False
Put the following names in order, starting from the smallest to the biggest (2 pts). Bacteria, Animal cells, H2O molecule, Virus.
H2O molecule, virus, bacteria, animal cells
Briefly describe why it was possible to eradicate smallpox worldwide (4 pts).
Human only reservoir, acute infection (patients die or recover with life-long immunity), effective vaccine available
List the factors that constrain virus evolution process (bonus question) (3pts)
Icosahedral capsid structure has limited packing capacity; virus replication depends on cellular factors; too efficient virus kills its host and eliminates itself.
Match: Ebola virus Importation of monkeys, New methods for detection, Spontaneous mutation of virus, Integrated bird/pig agriculture, mobile population, Blood transfusion, drug abuse, sexual transmission
Importation of monkeys
Match: Influenza virus Importation of monkeys, New methods for detection, Spontaneous mutation of virus, Integrated bird/pig agriculture, mobile population, Blood transfusion, drug abuse, sexual transmission
Integrated bird/pig agriculture, mobile population
A patient exhibited symptoms of hepatitis virus infection. The initial test indicated that the person had no IgM to hepatitis A virus (HAV), but had IgM to HBcAg of hepatitis B virus (HBV). No antibody against hepatitis C virus (HCV) was detected. How you will interpreter the test results and what additional tests are needed to confirm your diagnosis. (6 pts)
It appears that the patient may have acute HBV infection. But to exclude HAV and HCV, RT-PCR could be done to ensure that no concurrent acute HAV and HCV infection. HBV sAg could also be tested to confirm the HBV infection.
List the specific strategies used by viruses to escape host's immune defense mechanisms (bonus question, 1 pt per strategy, up to 5 pts).
Latent infections by herpesviruses, HIV-1 mutation and recombination, genetic shift of influenza virus, antagonize the function of interferons, MHC I etc
List two of the vaccine strategies that are being investigated for the HIV-1 vaccine development (2 pts)
Live virus vectors such as vaccinia virus and adenovirus, recombinant protein gp120, DNA vaccines etc
The polymorphisms of MHC class I and II molecules are one of the major genetic determinants of the host's susceptibility to viral diseases. Briefly describe the functions of these molecules in the host's immune defense, indicating the distributions of these two molecules in cells, what type of T cells they activate and what types of antigens they usually interact with? (6 pts)
MHC I: all nucleated cells, endogenous antigen, CD8 T cells MHC II: antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells, exogenous antigens, CD4 T cells
Match: Yellow fever virus Aerosol(respiratory tract), Mosquito bites, Contaminated needles, Rodents, Fecal-oral, Urogenital tract (mucosal), Vertical transmission (mother to baby)
Mosquito bites
Match: Norwalk virus Importation of monkeys, New methods for detection, Spontaneous mutation of virus, Integrated bird/pig agriculture, mobile population, Blood transfusion, drug abuse, sexual transmission
New methods for detection
Fill in the blank. Results from the following experiment demonstrated that there is no ________ _____ associated with prion infectivity (2pts).
Nucleic acid
Viruses are often studied using tumor-derived cell lines. Name two properties, which differentiate tumor-derived cell lines from normal, primary cells. (4 pts)
Primary cells are anchorage-dependent and have normal copies of the chromosome. Tumor cells are not anchorage-dependent and have aberrant copies of chromosome
Rabies virus RNP core is infectious. What are the components of the RNP core (8 pts)?
RNA genome, nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
If a virus has a negative-sense RNA genome, what enzymatic activity will be found as part of virion? Is the RNA genome itself infectious? (4 pts)
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The RNA genome itself is not infectious
What are the two common mechanisms viruses used for penetration into cells after their attachment to receptors? (4 pts)
Receptor mediated endocytosis and membrane fusion.
The initial steps of HIV-1 infection involve the binding of the viral envelope glycoprotein (gp120) to the cell surface receptor. This is followed by its binding to a co-receptor on the cell surface. Name the receptor and two co-receptors (3 pts).
Receptor: CD4, co-receptors: CCR5 and CXCR4
Match: Hantavirus Aerosol(respiratory tract), Mosquito bites, Contaminated needles, Rodents, Fecal-oral, Urogenital tract (mucosal), Vertical transmission (mother to baby)
Rodents
Describe either in words or by drawing how retroviruses and hepatitis B virus replicate their genomes. Indicate the similarities and differences between the two processes. (6 pts)?
Similarity: RT, nucleus. Differences: HIV: RNA-DNA-RNA, integration into chromosome, HBV: DNA-RNA-DNA, no integration
Match: Canine parvovirus Importation of monkeys, New methods for detection, Spontaneous mutation of virus, Integrated bird/pig agriculture, mobile population, Blood transfusion, drug abuse, sexual transmission
Spontaneous mutation of virus
True or False: Aerosol transmission applies to all members of Orthomyxoviridae and Paramyxoviridae.
True
True or False: Both DNase and RNase treatment cannot inactivate the infectious prions (PrPsc).
True
True or False: Clathrin-coated vesicles are important for endocytosis of viruses.
True
True or False: DNA sequencing can be used to identify novel viruses and to perform epidemiological studies.
True
True or False: DNA viruses have either dsDNA or ss DNA as genome
True
True or False: Ebola virus is transmitted by contact with blood or other body fluids.
True
True or False: Flaviviruses and Togaviruses both have a single polyprotein that is postranslationally processed
True
True or False: Following reinfection with dengue virus, the host may develop hemorrhagic fever.
True
True or False: Foot-and-mouth virus can infect humans and is a zoonotic agent.
True
True or False: Hepatitis delta virus is dependent of hepatitis B virus for replication.
True
True or False: Human papillomavirus only replicates in differentiated epithelial cells.
True
True or False: In addition to protecting the genome from physical, chemical or enzymatic damage, the outer shells of a virus particle initiate the process of infection by binding to receptors on host cell.
True
True or False: JC and BK viruses do not cause tumors in humans.
True
True or False: Most viruses enter cells by receptor mediated endocytosis.
True
True or False: Nucleic acids are sensitive to physical damage such as shearing by mechanical forces and to chemical modification.
True
True or False: Nucleoside analogs (anti-viral drugs) target viral RT or viral DNA polymerase and block viral DNA replication by causing DNA chain termination.
True
True or False: Only enveloped viruses have carbohydrate and lipids.
True
True or False: Poliovirus is capable of shutting off host protein synthesis.
True
True or False: Poliovirus shut off host protein synthesis to facilitate its own protein synthesis.
True
True or False: RNA dependent RNA polymerase is used to make both mRNA and viral RNA genome.
True
True or False: RNA viruses have either ssRNA or ds RNA as genome.
True
True or False: Rabies virus can infect all warm-blooded animals.
True
True or False: Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine is produced based on the hepatitis B viral surface antigen (HBsAg).
True
True or False: Rhabdoviridae is a member of the mononegavirales.
True
True or False: Rodents are the primary reservoirs for hantavirus and some members of the arenaviridae.
True
True or False: Some enveloped viruses enter cells by fusion with cell membrane.
True
True or False: Spike proteins on the enveloped virus are used for virus attachment to cell surface receptors.
True
True or False: The pestiviruses and hepatitis C virus are flaviviruses that are not spread by arthropod vectors.
True
True or False: The transcription and translation of herpesvirus-encoded genes occur in a regulated, sequential order.
True
True or False: There is an opportunity for genetic reassortment when animals or humans are simultaneously infected with two different rotaviruses.
True
True or False: There is currently no treatment and vaccine available for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).
True
True or False: There is no vaccine available for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), one of the common cold viruses of children.
True
True or False: Viral capsid is usually composed of many copies of protein subunits.
True
True or False: Virus particles cannot generally be seen using light microscopes.
True
True or False: Viruses absolutely depend on host cells for its replication.
True
True or False: Viruses are filterable agents.
True
True or False: Viruses have either helical or icosahedral capsid.
True
True or False: Viruses have no metabolic activity.
True
True or False: Viruses that infect bacteria are called bacteriophages.
True
True or False: Viruses which infect bacteria are called bacteriophages.
True
True or False: Wild animals serve as reservoirs for rabies virus.
True
Animals infected with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) exhibit the same clinical symptoms as a. Foot-and-mouth virus infection b. Rabies virus infection c. Rhinovirus infection d. Hepatitis A virus infection
a
Causes chickenpox and shingles a) Varicella Zoster Virus b) Pseudorabies virus c) Epstein Barr virus (EBV) d) Marek's Disease Virus e) Human herpesvirus 8 f) Human cytomegalovirus g) Herpes simplex virus 1 h) Human herpesvirus 7 i) Human herpesvirus 6 j) Monkey B virus k) Bovine malignant catarrhal fever virus l) Herpes simplex virus 2
a
Hepatitis A virus is usually transmitted through which of the following a. Ingestion of contaminated water and food. b. Aerosol transmission c. Blood transfusion d. Close contact
a
Latent in sensory ganglions a) Varicella Zoster Virus b) Pseudorabies virus c) Epstein Barr virus (EBV) d) Marek's Disease Virus e) Human herpesvirus 8 f) Human cytomegalovirus g) Herpes simplex virus 1 h) Human herpesvirus 7 i) Human herpesvirus 6 j) Monkey B virus k) Bovine malignant catarrhal fever virus l) Herpes simplex virus 2
a
Which of the following DNA viruses encode tumor "T" antigen? (1 pt) a. Polyomavirus b. Papillomavirus c. Adenovirus d. Parvovirus
a
Which of the following cell types is the target cell of human papillomavirus? (1 pt) a. Squamous epithelial cells b. Fibroblast cells c. Muscle cells d. Lymohocytes
a
Which of the following characteristics differentiates latent infection from chronic infection (1 pt) a) No virus replication b) No mRNA transcription c) None of the above d) Both a and b
a
Which of the following cytokines are important in promoting Th2 response? (1 pt) a) IL-4 b) IL-1 c) IL-12 d) Tumor necrosis factor alpha
a
Which of the following human viruses causes tumors in rodents, but not in humans? (1 pt) a. Human adenovirus b. Human papillomavirus c. Human hepatitis B virus d. Human herpesvirus 6
a
Which of the following viral vectors cannot be easily manipulated to target specific tissue or cell type a. Herpesvirus b. Adenovirus c. Retrovirus d. All of the above
a
Which of the following viral vectors only infecting dividing cells a. Retrovirus b. Adenovirus c. Vaccinia virus d. Herpesvirus
a
Which of the following viral vectors only transiently express the transgene inserted a. Adenovirus b. Retrovirus c. Adeno-associated virus d. None of the above
a
Which one of the following proteins has a 42% alpha helical conformation? a. Normal prion protein (PrPc) b. Infectious prion protein (PrPsc) c. both 1 and 2 d. none of the above
a
Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus a. Antigenic drift b. reservoir is small birds c. Crossprotection by Porcine respiratory coronavirus d. Reassortment e. Forms syncytia
a b
Which two proteins of human adenovirus are able to cause tumor formation in animals (2 pts)? a. E1A b. E1B c. E3 d. E4
a b
Circle the emerging viruses that are associated with bats (3 pts) a) SARS virus b) Hendra virus c) Ebola virus d) Hantavirus
a b c
Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus a. Antigenic drift b. reservoir is small birds c. Crossprotection by Porcine respiratory coronavirus d. Reassortment e. Forms syncytia
a c
Hanta virus a. Antigenic drift b. reservoir is small birds c. Crossprotection by Porcine respiratory coronavirus d. Reassortment e. Forms syncytia
a d
Influenza B virus a. Antigenic drift b. reservoir is small birds c. Crossprotection by Porcine respiratory coronavirus d. Reassortment e. Forms syncytia
a d
Which of the following immune cells belong to the professional antigen-presenting cells? (2 pts) a) Macrophages b) Neutrophils c) Natural killer d) Dendritic cells
a d
Hepatitis C a. RNA virus b. DNA virus c. Viroids d. Parenteral transmission e. Oral-fecal transmission f. Recombinant vaccines g. Killed virus vaccine h. Chronic infection i. Hepatocellular carcinoma
a d h i
Respiratory Syncytial Virus a. Antigenic drift b. reservoir is small birds c. Crossprotection by Porcine respiratory coronavirus d. Reassortment e. Forms syncytia
a e
Hepatitis A a. RNA virus b. DNA virus c. Viroids d. Parenteral transmission e. Oral-fecal transmission f. Recombinant vaccines g. Killed virus vaccine h. Chronic infection i. Hepatocellular carcinoma
a e g
Interferon-gamma
adaptive cytokine, made exclusively by activated T calls, NK cells
Circle the two major types of human papillomaviruses that are responsible for 70% of the cervical cancer? (1 pt) a. Human papillomaviruses 6 and 11 b. Human papillomaviruses 16 and 18 c. Human papillomaviruses 31 and 33 d. Human papillomaviruses 5 and 11
b
Influenza virus a. ss+ RNA nested mRNA b. ss- RNA segmented genome c. ds RNA non-enveloped d. ss- RNA ambisense segmented e. ss- RNA nonsegmented enveloped f. ss +DNA segmented enveloped g. ss +RNA polyprotein enveloped
b
Most viruses enter their target cells by (1 pt) a) Phagocytosis b) Endocytosis c) Direct translocation d) None of the above
b
Naked or non-enveloped viruses are released from cells through (1 pt) a) Budding b) Cell lysis c) None of the above
b
Negris bodies can be used as diagnostic marker for a. Poliovirus infection b. Rabies virus infection c. Hepatitis A virus infection d. Foot-and-mouth disease virus infection
b
Swine herpesvirus a) Varicella Zoster Virus b) Pseudorabies virus c) Epstein Barr virus (EBV) d) Marek's Disease Virus e) Human herpesvirus 8 f) Human cytomegalovirus g) Herpes simplex virus 1 h) Human herpesvirus 7 i) Human herpesvirus 6 j) Monkey B virus k) Bovine malignant catarrhal fever virus l) Herpes simplex virus 2
b
Which of the following are important determinants of the tissue tropism of viruses? (2 pts) a) Viral glycoproteins b) Cellular proteins and enzymes c) Viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase d) Cellular RNA polymerase II
b
Which of the following emerging virus is due to the spontaneous mutation of a feline panleukopenia virus a. Norwalk/gastroenteritis virus b. Canine parvovirus c. Rift valley fever virus d. Human T-cell leukemia virus
b
Which of the following toll-like receptor recognizes primarily dsRNA and viruses? (1 pt) a) TLR2 b) TLR3 c) TLR4 d) TLR9
b
Most (-) RNA viruses have (2 pts) a) Icosahedral capsids b) Helical capsids c) Envelopes d) None of the above
b c
The genes encoded by the virus primarily determine the virulence or the pathogenicity of a virus, and these genes are called virulent genes. Which of the following viral genes may belong to the virulent genes? (2 pts) a) Genes encode nucleocapsid proteins b) Genes encode proteins to inhibit the induction of type I interferons c) Genes encode protein to shut-off host protein synthesis d) RNA dependent RNA polymerase encoding gene
b c
Type I interferon molecules block virus replication by (2 pts) a) Blocking virus entry b) Activating RNase L to degrade mRNA c) Activating dsRNA dependent protein kinase to inhibit protein translation d) Inhibiting virus assembly
b c
When used in diagnostic purposes of viral infections, immunofluorescence staining (IFA) is often used to detect ( ), while ELISA is mainly used to detect ( ) and PCR, RT-PCR are used to detect ( )(6 pts). a. Viral nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) b. Viral antigens (pathogens) c. Virus specific antibodies
b c a
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) depends on the help of which of the following viruses for replication? (2 pts). a. Parvovirus b. Herpesvirus c. Poxvirus d. Adenovirus
b d
Circle the virus vector systems that are capable of integrating their genomes into cellular chromosome (2 pts) a) Adenovirus b) Retrovirus c) Vaccinia Virus d) Adeno-associated virus
b d
Which two proteins are responsible for the transformation of cells by papillomavirus? (2 pts) a. E5 b. E6 c. E2 d. E7
b d
Hepatitis B a. RNA virus b. DNA virus c. Viroids d. Parenteral transmission e. Oral-fecal transmission f. Recombinant vaccines g. Killed virus vaccine h. Chronic infection i. Hepatocellular carcinoma
b d f h i
All RNA viruses EXCEPT RETROVIRUSES encode what kind of polymerase? (1 pt) a) RNA polymerase II b) DNA polymerase c) RNA dependent RNA polymerase d) Reverse transcriptase
c
Fruits bats serve as a carrier host for which of the following emerging viruses that cause high mortality in animals and humans? a. Nipah Virus b. Hedra virus c. All of the above d. None of the Above
c
HAART combination therapy has been very effective in preventing the progression of HIV-1 infection to AIDS. Which of the following defines the HAART therapy? (1 pt). a. Combination of two protease inhibitors b. Combination of one reverse transcriptase inhibitor and two protease inhibitors c. Combination of two reverse transcriptase inhibitors and one protease inhibitor d. Combination of one reverse transcriptase inhibitor, one protease inhibitor, and one fusion inhibitor
c
Latent in B cells a) Varicella Zoster Virus b) Pseudorabies virus c) Epstein Barr virus (EBV) d) Marek's Disease Virus e) Human herpesvirus 8 f) Human cytomegalovirus g) Herpes simplex virus 1 h) Human herpesvirus 7 i) Human herpesvirus 6 j) Monkey B virus k) Bovine malignant catarrhal fever virus l) Herpes simplex virus 2
c
Nucleoside analogs have been developed and used as anti-viral drugs for HIV-1 and herpes simplex virus. They inhibit virus replication by (1 pt) a) Degrading viral mRNAs b) Serving as a competitive binding partner for DNA polymerase c) Causing DNA chain termination d) Inhibiting the activity of DNA polymerase
c
Papillomavirus, polyomavirus and adenovirus cause cell transformation by a. Insertional activation of cellular oncogenes b. Insertional inactivation of tumor suppressor genes c. Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes by directly binding to them and sequestering or degrading them d. All of the above
c
Rotavirus a. ss+ RNA nested mRNA b. ss- RNA segmented genome c. ds RNA non-enveloped d. ss- RNA ambisense segmented e. ss- RNA nonsegmented enveloped f. ss +DNA segmented enveloped g. ss +RNA polyprotein enveloped
c
The advantages of using viruses as a delivery vehicle for gene therapy for genetic disorders include all of the following except a. Efficiency in transferring viral DNA or RNA into cells b. Easy genetic manipulation in targeting specific tissue or cell type c. Immunogenicity of viral proteins d. All of the above
c
The highly effective antiviral drugs for hepatitis C virus are composed of a. Viral protease inhibitor b. Viral RNA polymerase inhibitor c. All of the above d. None of the above
c
The key molecule in the replication of all viruses is (1 pt) a) RNA b) DNA c) mRNA d) None of the above
c
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is being explored as a potential gene delivery vehicle for gene therapy and cancer treatment due to the following a. VSV causes a mild disease in animals and humans b. VSV has a simple genome and it is easy to be manipulated genetically c. both 1 and 2 d. none of the above
c
Which of the following DNA virus contains an incomplete dsDNA as its genome? (1 pt). a. Poxvirus b. Adenovirus c. Hepatitis B virus d. Herpesvirus
c
Which of the following cell type is primarily responsible for the initial spread of HIV-1 from mucosal surfaces to its target cells in the lymphoid organs? (1 pt). a. B lymphocytes b. T lymphocytes c. Dendritic cells d. Macrophages
c
Which of the following system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE)? a. Reproductive system b. Respiratory system c. Lymphoid system d. None of the above
c
Which of the following virus is used as a vaccine for the eradication of small pox? (1 pt) a. Cowpox b. Monkey pox c. Vaccinia d. Variola
c
Which of the following viruses are responsible for the recent death of seals along the East Coast of USA? a. Phocine Distemper virus b. Influenza virus c. All of the above d. None of the above
c
Which of the following viruses causes Burkitt's lymphoma? (1 pt) a. Human herpesvirus 8 b. Human cytomegalovirus c. Epstein barr virus d. Varicella zoster virus
c
Which of the following viruses integrates its genome into host cell chromosomes in the absence of helper viruses? (1 pt) a. Herpesvirus b. Adenovirus c. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) d. Papillomavirus
c
which of the following viruses contains ambisense RNA genome? a. Bunyaviridae b. Arenaviridae c. All of the above d. None of the Above
c
Hepatitis D a. RNA virus b. DNA virus c. Viroids d. Parenteral transmission e. Oral-fecal transmission f. Recombinant vaccines g. Killed virus vaccine h. Chronic infection i. Hepatocellular carcinoma
c d
Which of the following viral proteins are essential for HIV-1 replication (2 pts) a. Nef b. Vpu c. Tat d. Rev
c d
What is the intracellular site of replication of most RNA viruses? (1pt). Name one exception (1 pt)
cytoplasm, influenza virus
Bolivian hemorrhagic fever a. ss+ RNA nested mRNA b. ss- RNA segmented genome c. ds RNA non-enveloped d. ss- RNA ambisense segmented e. ss- RNA nonsegmented enveloped f. ss +DNA segmented enveloped g. ss +RNA polyprotein enveloped
d
Causes tumors in chickens a) Varicella Zoster Virus b) Pseudorabies virus c) Epstein Barr virus (EBV) d) Marek's Disease Virus e) Human herpesvirus 8 f) Human cytomegalovirus g) Herpes simplex virus 1 h) Human herpesvirus 7 i) Human herpesvirus 6 j) Monkey B virus k) Bovine malignant catarrhal fever virus l) Herpes simplex virus 2
d
Functional classes of oncogenes include which of the followings a. Growth factor/ Growth factor receptor b. Serine/threonine kinases c. Transcription factors (nuclear proteins) d. All of the above
d
How viruses avoid host selection pressures a. Mutation and recombination b. Latent infection c. Evade host's defense mechanisms d. All of the above
d
Most protease inhibitors inhibit virus replication by (1pt) a) Blocking virus entry b) Blocking viral protein synthesis c) Blocking virus budding d) Blocking virus maturation
d
The RNP core of the Rhabdoviridae consists of the following a. RNA genome b. RNA dependent RNA polymerase c. Nucleocapsid protein d. All of the above
d
Viruses may cause cancer by which of the following ways a. Carry a viral oncogene b. Activate a cellular oncogene by insertional activation c. Inactivate a tumor suppressor gene d. All of the above
d
Which of the following DNA viruses is NOT known to cause cancer (tumor) in animals or humans a. Papillomavirus b. Adenovirus c. Herpesvirus d. Pox virus
d
Which of the following characteristics distinguish the new variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease (CJD) from the sporadic CJD? a. Strikingly early age (14 years and up). b. No cases in non- Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) countries described c. Likely cause is BSE d. All of the above
d
Which of the following emerging viruses are associated with bats a. Rabies b. Hedra virus and Nipah virus c. SARS virus d. All of the above
d
Which of the following emerging viruses are associated with birds a. West Nile virus b. Influenza A virus c. SARS virus d. both 1 and 2
d
Which of the following emerging viruses are associated with primates a. Dengue virus b. HIV c. Influenza virus d. Both 1 and 2
d
Which of the following emerging viruses are associated with rodents a. Hantaan virus b. Sin Nombre virus c. Junin virus d. All of the above
d
Which of the following factors constrain virus evolution a. Packing capacity of icosahedral capsid b. Viral genome replication depends on host cellular components c. Too efficient virus mutant will kill the host and also eliminate itself d. All of the above
d
Which of the following is true for quasispecies RNA viruses a. Lack of the proof-reading mechanism of RNA dependent RNA polymerase. b. High mutation rate, 1 in 10,000 nucleotides c. Common in RNA viruses d. All of the above
d
Which of the following proteins are not oncogenes? (1 pt) a) Src b) Myc c) Sis d) T (tumor) antigen of simian virus 40
d
Which of the following represents the characteristics of virus evolution a. Simplest genetic components b. Spectacular diversity c. Large number of progeny d. All of the above
d
Which of the following statement about Orthomyxoviridae is correct? a. single stranded, (-) sense with 6-8 segments of RNA b. Replicate in the nucleus of a cell c. Capable of hemagglutinating red blood cells d. All of the above e. None of the above
d
Which of the following virus causes small pox? (1 pt) a. Cowpox b. Monkey pox c. Vaccinia d. Variola
d
Which of the following virus contain a segmented genome (1 pt) a) HIV-1 b) Rotavirus c) Influenza virus d) Coronavirus
d
Which of the following virus contain an ambisense RNA genome (1 pt) a) Herpes simplex virus-1 b) Pox virus c) Rabies virus d) Hantavirus
d
Which of the following virus contains a dsRNA genome (1 pt) a) HIV-1 b) Influenza virus A c) SARS virus d) Reovirus
d
Which of the following viruses contains double-stranded RNA genome? a. Filoviridae b. Bunyaviridae c. Paramyxoviridae d. Reoviridae
d
Which of the following viruses only replicates in dividing cells or cells in "S" phase? (1 pt) a. Adenovirus b. Herpesvirus c. Papillomavirus d. Parvovirus
d
Which of the followings are the major hurdles in gene therapy a. Gene delivery tool b. Understanding gene function c. High cost d. All of the above
d
Which of the followings provide the evidence that virus co-evolved with host a. The distribution of distinct human papillomavirus genome is congruent with the racial and geographic distribution of the human population b. Divergence of herpesviruses coincides with the well-established divergence of vertebrate hosts (based on the sequence analysis of uracil-DNA glycosylase) c. Use of high virulent rabbit myxoma virus to control populations of European rabbits in Australia leads to the emergence of less virulent strains of the virus d. All of the above
d
Circle all the DNA virus families that are naked (without envelope and glycoproteins) (4 pts). a. Hepadnaviridae b. Poxviridae c. Herpesviridae d. Adenoviridae e. Polyomaviridae f. Papillomaviridae g. Parvoviridae
d e f g
Infects T cells a) Varicella Zoster Virus b) Pseudorabies virus c) Epstein Barr virus (EBV) d) Marek's Disease Virus e) Human herpesvirus 8 f) Human cytomegalovirus g) Herpes simplex virus 1 h) Human herpesvirus 7 i) Human herpesvirus 6 j) Monkey B virus k) Bovine malignant catarrhal fever virus l) Herpes simplex virus 2
d h i
Match: Rotavirus Diarrhea, Cervical cancer, Encephalitis, Hemorrhagic rashes, Common "cold", Pneumonia
diarrhea
Why fetus and newborn animals are generally more susceptible to the parvovirus infection than adult animals? (2 pts)
dividing cells
Associated with Kaposi's Sarcoma a) Varicella Zoster Virus b) Pseudorabies virus c) Epstein Barr virus (EBV) d) Marek's Disease Virus e) Human herpesvirus 8 f) Human cytomegalovirus g) Herpes simplex virus 1 h) Human herpesvirus 7 i) Human herpesvirus 6 j) Monkey B virus k) Bovine malignant catarrhal fever virus l) Herpes simplex virus 2
e
Infects endothelial cells a) Varicella Zoster Virus b) Pseudorabies virus c) Epstein Barr virus (EBV) d) Marek's Disease Virus e) Human herpesvirus 8 f) Human cytomegalovirus g) Herpes simplex virus 1 h) Human herpesvirus 7 i) Human herpesvirus 6 j) Monkey B virus k) Bovine malignant catarrhal fever virus l) Herpes simplex virus 2
e
Mumps a. ss+ RNA nested mRNA b. ss- RNA segmented genome c. ds RNA non-enveloped d. ss- RNA ambisense segmented e. ss- RNA nonsegmented enveloped f. ss +DNA segmented enveloped g. ss +RNA polyprotein enveloped
e
Which of the following virus families contain segmented genome RNA? a. Bunyaviridae b. Reoviridae c. Arenaviridae d. Orthomyxoviridae e. All of the above f. None of the above
e
Smallpox Virus is a(n) enveloped, non-enveloped RNA, DNA
enveloped, DNA
HIV-1 is a(n) enveloped, non-enveloped RNA, DNA
enveloped, RNA
Influenza Virus is a(n) enveloped, non-enveloped RNA, DNA
enveloped, RNA
Causes congenital defects a) Varicella Zoster Virus b) Pseudorabies virus c) Epstein Barr virus (EBV) d) Marek's Disease Virus e) Human herpesvirus 8 f) Human cytomegalovirus g) Herpes simplex virus 1 h) Human herpesvirus 7 i) Human herpesvirus 6 j) Monkey B virus k) Bovine malignant catarrhal fever virus l) Herpes simplex virus 2
f
Latent in hematopoietic stem cells a) Varicella Zoster Virus b) Pseudorabies virus c) Epstein Barr virus (EBV) d) Marek's Disease Virus e) Human herpesvirus 8 f) Human cytomegalovirus g) Herpes simplex virus 1 h) Human herpesvirus 7 i) Human herpesvirus 6 j) Monkey B virus k) Bovine malignant catarrhal fever virus l) Herpes simplex virus 2
f
Match: Rotavirus Aerosol(respiratory tract), Mosquito bites, Contaminated needles, Rodents, Fecal-oral, Urogenital tract (mucosal), Vertical transmission (mother to baby)
fecal-oral
Yellow fever virus a. ss+ RNA nested mRNA b. ss- RNA segmented genome c. ds RNA non-enveloped d. ss- RNA ambisense segmented e. ss- RNA nonsegmented enveloped f. ss +DNA segmented enveloped g. ss +RNA polyprotein enveloped
g
Causes rashes in infants a) Varicella Zoster Virus b) Pseudorabies virus c) Epstein Barr virus (EBV) d) Marek's Disease Virus e) Human herpesvirus 8 f) Human cytomegalovirus g) Herpes simplex virus 1 h) Human herpesvirus 7 i) Human herpesvirus 6 j) Monkey B virus k) Bovine malignant catarrhal fever virus l) Herpes simplex virus 2
h i
Match: Dengue virus Diarrhea, Cervical cancer, Encephalitis, Hemorrhagic rashes, Common "cold", Pneumonia
hemorrhagic rashes
Which of the following description about the genomes of viruses are CORRECT: i. Either DNA or RNA depending on different viruses ii. Doubled-stranded DNA only iii. Single-stranded RNA only iv. Both DNA and RNA for all viruses
i
Which of the following is required to grow cells but not bacteria: i. 5% CO2 supplies ii. 37oC temperature iii. Amino acids iv. Carbohydrates
i
To grow up virus for human vaccine preparation, which cell culture system one should use: i. Cell lines derived from human tumors ii. Normal human cells immortalized with tumor virus iii. Primary human or primates cell culture iv. Human cells mutated by chemical carcinogens
iii
Describe Interferon-beta
innate cytokine, made by all cells, mainly by fibroblast cells
Describe Interferon-alpha
innate cytokine, made by all cells, mainly by leukocytes
Baltimore system of virus classification is based on: i. Viral genome ii. Viral capsid iii. Size of the virus particle iv. Virus replication strategy
iv
Cell lines can be stored for a very long period of time at the following temperature i. 37oC ii. 4oC iii. -70oC iv. -140 to -198oC (Liquid nitrogen)
iv
The cytopathic effects caused by viruses can be: i. Cell lysis ii. Giant cells (syncytia formation) iii. Inclusion bodies iv. All of them
iv
Which of the following human prion diseases has been shown to be likely caused by the direct ingestion of bovine spongiform encephalopathy tainted beef: i. Kuru ii. Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) iii. Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI) iv. New variant CJD
iv
Which of the following statement about viruses is INCORRECT: i. Filterable agents ii. Infectious agents iii. Obligate intracellular organisms iv. Free living organisms
iv
Zoonotic (high mortality in human) a) Varicella Zoster Virus b) Pseudorabies virus c) Epstein Barr virus (EBV) d) Marek's Disease Virus e) Human herpesvirus 8 f) Human cytomegalovirus g) Herpes simplex virus 1 h) Human herpesvirus 7 i) Human herpesvirus 6 j) Monkey B virus k) Bovine malignant catarrhal fever virus l) Herpes simplex virus 2
j
Wildebeest is the native host a) Varicella Zoster Virus b) Pseudorabies virus c) Epstein Barr virus (EBV) d) Marek's Disease Virus e) Human herpesvirus 8 f) Human cytomegalovirus g) Herpes simplex virus 1 h) Human herpesvirus 7 i) Human herpesvirus 6 j) Monkey B virus k) Bovine malignant catarrhal fever virus l) Herpes simplex virus 2
k
Genital herpes a) Varicella Zoster Virus b) Pseudorabies virus c) Epstein Barr virus (EBV) d) Marek's Disease Virus e) Human herpesvirus 8 f) Human cytomegalovirus g) Herpes simplex virus 1 h) Human herpesvirus 7 i) Human herpesvirus 6 j) Monkey B virus k) Bovine malignant catarrhal fever virus l) Herpes simplex virus 2
l
Infects B lymphocytes a) Varicella Zoster Virus b) Pseudorabies virus c) Epstein Barr virus (EBV) d) Marek's Disease Virus e) Human herpesvirus 8 f) Human cytomegalovirus g) Herpes simplex virus 1 h) Human herpesvirus 7 i) Human herpesvirus 6 j) Monkey B virus k) Bovine malignant catarrhal fever virus l) Herpes simplex virus 2
l
Describe the cons of killed virus vaccines
multiple doses, adjuvant needed, expensive, allergic reactions
Poliovirus is a(n) enveloped, non-enveloped RNA, DNA
non-enveloped, RNA
What is the intracellular site of virus replication of most DNA viruses? (1 pt) Name one exception (1pt)
nucleus, pox virus
Describe the pros of attenuated live vaccines
one dose, both antibody and T cell response, no adjuvant needed, cheap.
Match: Influenza Virus Diarrhea, Cervical cancer, Encephalitis, Hemorrhagic rashes, Common "cold", Pneumonia
pneumonia
Give two examples of subviral agents that are of great importance in animals and/or human health (2 pts).
prions and hepatitis delta virus
Describe the cons of attenuated live vaccines
revert to virulence
Describe the pros of killed virus vaccines
safe, both antibody and T cell response.
Match: Herpes simplex virus-2 Aerosol(respiratory tract), Mosquito bites, Contaminated needles, Rodents, Fecal-oral, Urogenital tract (mucosal), Vertical transmission (mother to baby)
urogenital tract
Briefly describe how most (+) RNA viruses make their mRNAs for protein synthesis (indicating the enzymes involved and template used to make mRNAs)
use RdRp and anti-genomic (-) RNA as a template to make subgenomic mRNAs.
Briefly describe how most (-) RNA viruses make their mRNAs for protein synthesis (indicating the enzymes involved and template used to make mRNAs)
use RdRp and genomic (-) RNA as a template to make mRNAs dsRNA viruses use RdRp and genomic (-) RNA as a template to make mRNAs
Briefly describe how most ds RNA viruses make their mRNAs for protein synthesis (indicating the enzymes involved and template used to make mRNAs)
use cellular RNA polymerase II and ds DNA as a template to make mRNAs
Match: Rubella virus (German measles) Aerosol(respiratory tract), Mosquito bites, Contaminated needles, Rodents, Fecal-oral, Urogenital tract (mucosal), Vertical transmission (mother to baby)
vertical transmission
Both P53 and Rb (retinoblastoma) are gene regulatory proteins that suppress tumor formation. Peoples with genetic defects and mutations in either Rb or P53 develop tumors. However, there are some cases with no genetic defects in the two genes. a) Describe how some viruses could cause tumors?
viral oncogenes, insertional activation of cellular oncogenes, inhibit the function of tumor suppressor genes such as P53 and Rb