Virus and Bacteria test

Number of parents in asexual reproduction:

1

Number of parents in sexual reproduction:

2

Result of asexual reproduction:

2 identical bacteria

What occurs in the process of asexual reproduction?

A cell first duplicates its genetic material and then divides it into two separate, identical cells

Antibiotics

A chemical that can kill bacteria without harming an organism's cells

What is the function of a cytoplasm?

A gel-like material that holds the other organelles (including ribosomes and genetic material)

Antibody

A molecule in the body that targets invading viruses and bacteria for destruction of the immune system

binary fission

A process of bacteria reproduction in which one cell divides to form two identical cells

conjugation

A sexual mode of reproduction in bacteria where one bacterium shares some of its genetic material with another bacterium

Describe what a single bacterial colony growing on a petri dish is comprised of. Your response should discuss the genetic makeup of the colony.

A single bacterial colony is composed of thousands to millions of identical bacteria that can be traced back to a single bacterial cell. they arose from asexual reproduction (binary fission).

bacteria

A single-celled, prokaryotic organism

endospore

A small, rounded, thick-walled, resting cell that forms inside a bacterial cell

Vaccine

A substance introduced into the body to stimulate the production of chemicals that destroy specific disease-causing viruses and organisms

flagellum

A tail-like structure that helps bacteria cells move

virus

A tiny, nonliving particle that enters and then reproduces inside a living cell

bacteriophage

A virus that infects bacteria (it's name means "bacteria eater")

Compare the two main ways that viruses multiply. What is the one major difference?

Active virus: virus attaches to a host cell, injects genetic material, and then immediately uses the host cell to produce new viruses, which eventually burst out of the cell. Hidden virus: same as active virus except that the genetic material incorporates into the host cell's DNA until it is later activated and used to produce viruses.

parasite

An organism that lives on or in a host organism and harms it in some way

host

An organism that provides a source of energy for another organism

Is treat bacterial disease a vaccine, antibiotic, or neither?

Antibiotic

Is taken when a person currently has a disease a vaccine, antibiotic, or neither?

Antibiotic if caused by bacteria

Name of the process of asexual reproduction:

Binary fission

How do bacteria obtain their food?

By making their own via photosynthesis (autotrophs) or by "eating" (absorbing) other molecules found in the environment (heterotrophic).

Name of the process of sexual reproduction:

Conjugation

What is the function of genetic material?

Contains the instructions for all of the cell's functions

What is the function of a cell membrane?

Controls what material pass into and out of the cell

Antibiotic resistance

The ability of bacteria to withstand the effects of an antibiotic

Penicillin

First antibiotic, discovered by Alexander Fleming

In general, what does a virus use its host cell for?

In general, a virus uses its host cell as an energy source or a "factory" by taking control over the cell and using it as resource to create copies of the virus.

What characteristics define the Bacteria Kingdom?

How is food obtained? Bacteria can be autotrophs and or heterotrophs. Autotrophs make their own food using the sun's energy or energy from chemical substances in their environment. Heterotrophs cannot make their own food, so they must consume other organisms or the food that other organisms make, like milk, meat, or decaying leaves on a forest floor. Number of cells: unicellular (One cell/ single-celled) Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? They are prokaryotic because they do not contain a nucleus.

The symptoms of a viral flu are high fever, sore throat, and headache. What treatments would you recommend someone who has viral flu? Explain.

I would recommend for someone who has viral flu to rest, take fluids, eat well-balanced meals, and take Advil or Tylenol to reduce the fever.

What is the function of a flagellum?

Moves the cell

Is treat viral diseases a vaccine, antibiotic, or neither?

Neither

What occurs in the process of sexual reproduction?

One bacterium transfers some of its genetic material into another bacterium through a thin, threadlike bridge that joins the two cells. After the transfer, the cells separate.

Use the 4 steps of natural selection to describe how antibiotic resistance occurs in bacteria. Include the words mutation, antibiotic and resistance in your response.

Overproduction: bacteria reproduce at a rapid rate and this lead to overproduction Variation: individual bacterias in the population have genetic variation, usually from mutation during DNA replication (creating antibiotic resistant bacteria) Selection: those bacteria that have favorable characteristic (antibiotic resistance) to the environment survive longer and produce more offspring with the adaptive trait Adaptation: the favorable trait (antibiotic resistance) becomes more common in the bacteria population, and can lead to a new species

What is the function of ribosomes?

Produce proteins

What is the function of a cell wall?

Protects the cell

Compared to a cell, what size is a virus? Explain why this is important.

The average size of a virus is very small when compared to even the smallest cells-- those of bacteria. Because they are so small, they are measured in units called nanometers (nm). One nanometer is one billionth of a meter (m). The smallest viruses are about 20 nanometers in diameter, while the largest are greater than 200 nanometers in diameter. Their small size is important because viruses can enter cells unnoticed. Viruses must be smaller than cells because they use the cells as hosts, and therefore must be able to fit inside of them.

Describe how a virus uses its outer membrane proteins (keys) to invade a host cell.

The proteins on the surface of a virus play an important role during the invasion of a host cell. Each virus contains unique surface proteins. The shape of the surface proteins allows the virus to attach to certain cells in the host. Like keys, a virus's proteins fit only into certain "locks," or proteins, on the surface of a host's cells. Because the lock-and-key action of a virus is highly specific, a certain virus can attach only to one or a few types of cells. For example, most cold viruses infect cells only in the nose and throat of humans. These cells are the ones with proteins on their surface that complement or 'fit" those on the virus. This explains why each virus has very specific host cells that is able to infect.

Result of sexual reproduction:

The sending bacterium remains the same and the receiving bacterium's DNA has a new combination of DNA.

Name 3 variables and briefly describe how they may influence bacterial growth in a classroom.

Three variables that may influence bacterial growth in a classroom are temperature, food presence, and sunlight. Temperatures too high or low kill bacteria, while temperatures just right promote bacteria growth. When food is present in a classroom, bacteria is more likely to grow, because bacteria requires energy to live and grow. When sunlight is present, autotrophic bacteria is more likely to grow since it depends on the sun's energy to produce food.

List at least 3 ways bacteria can beneficial:

Three ways that bacteria can be beneficial are: 1) Helping you digest your food 2) Making vitamins your body needs 3) Competing for space with disease-causing organisms, preventing the harmful bacteria from attaching to your intestines and making you sick 4) Oxygen production when bacteria converts sunlight to energy 5) Environmental clean-up 6) Decomposing large chemicals to useful ones

Is prevent bacterial disease a vaccine, antibiotic, or neither?

Vaccine

Is prevent viral disease a vaccine, antibiotic, or neither?

Vaccine

Is taken before getting a disease to prevent it a vaccine, antibiotic, or neither?

Vaccine

Are viruses living? Provide one specific reason why or why not.

Viruses are not considered to be nonliving because they do not meet all of the characteristics necessary for life. For example viruses are not cells and do not use their own energy to grow or to respond to their environment. They also do not grow/develop, don't respond to their surroundings, and can only reproduce inside of a living cell.They are like living organisms because they are able to multiply.

List and describe 3 ways that we can help prevent antibiotic resistance.

We can help prevent antibiotic resistance by only taking antibiotics when we have a confirmed bacterial infection, taking the full course of antibiotics, taking antibiotics exactly as prescribed by our physician without skipping doses, and not saving unused antibiotics for the next time we are sick. Patients prescribed antibiotics should use them for their full course- don't stop taking them too early. This will allow resistant bacteria to quickly increase their numbers in your body.

Why might bacteria that undergo conjugation be better able to survive when conditions become less than ideal?

When bacteria undergo conjugation, the result is new bacteria that are genetically different from the parent cells. This new combination of genetic material may enable them to survive in less than ideal conditions.

What two structures do all viruses share, and what are their functions?

a. A protein coat that protects the virus and is important for the invasion of the host cell. The shape of the surface protein enables the virus to attach to certain cells in the host. The virus's protein can only fit into certain "locks" or "proteins" on the surface to help the virus enter a host cell (lock and key method) of a host's cells, so certain viruses can only attach to one or a few types of cells. b. An inner core made of genetic material containing the instructions for making new viruses.