Vision and Visual Poskey Lifespan 1 Finals

Visual Attention STRATEGIES: Remedial

- Develop attention maintaining behaviors - Develop awareness - Assist child with completing assignments and gradually decrease assistance

Visual impairment signs: Infant

- No fixation on parent's face - No interest in brightly colored objects - Abnormalities in movement of child's eyes - Eyes gaze in one direction - Eyes do not blink - Children press their eyes

Visual Information Processing

- Reception - Organization - Assimilation

Visual Attention STRATEGIES: Compensatory/adaptations

- Remove visual auditory stimuli from environment - use interesting or stimulating activities - positive reinforcement for attending

Binocular dysfunction

- Strabismus - Phoria

Visual Cognitive Functions influences

- Visual attention - Visual imagery - Visual discrimination - Visual memory

Cognitive function: Visual attention

- alertness - selective attention - visual vigilance - divided/shared attention

visual imagery: developmentally

- be able to visualize things based on sound or smell (what does a cat say?) - be able to picture what words in a book say

Visual Memory STRATEGIES: Compensatory/adaptations

- copy letters instead of writing from memory, you show the example - reduce amount of written information on the page to easily remember - make written instructions simple, allow child to refer back to the instructions

Depth perception STRATEGIES

- discuss safety: curbs, cars, pools - use bright tape to mark surface changes - block patterns: identify which color is in front/back

role of vision in social development

- facial expression communicate emotion - attentive responses to visual information - parents eyes, smiles, scans parent's face

Cognitive function: Visual discrimination OBJECT PERCEPTION

- form constancy - visual closure - figure-ground

Topographic orientation STRATEGIES

- go on treasure hunt with a map - practice finding their way back in a big store

Visual-Cognitive component

- organizes, structures and interprets visual information - gives meaning to what is seen

Visual Memory STRATEGIES: Remedial

- play memory game - present a sequence, mix it up and have child put it back together - practice letter/ number recognition

Visual Spatial relationship STRATEGIES

- play simon says or mother may i with directional terms - obstacle course/navigate the environment - block patterns (take picture of a different block patterns, have the child imitate the picture with the blocks)

Cognitive function: Visual discrimination SPATIAL PERCEPTION

- position in space/orientation - depth perception - topographic orientation

Figure Ground STRATEGIES

- practice selecting items off a shelf at grocery store - find items in a messy drawer - wheres waldo - teach organization skills

Form constancy STRATEGIES

- sorting and matching - select a shape and identify similar shapes in the environment

as a result of pathology or processing problems in one or more components of the visual system

- structures of the eye - visual pathways - brain

Visual field cuts

- traumatic brain injury - half vision in one eye, cant see periphery

visual impairment is a loss or deficit in

- vision - visual perception - interpretation of visual input

Visual Closure STRATEGIES

-Identify a shape or picture with part of it covered -Identify shapes, pictures, letters with a portion erased - dotted lines -Match outlines of words with the word

By ___ year, can shift visual attention and share joint attention on an object

1 year

Spatial relationships: improves at

10 years

Receptive functions: 6 years

20/30 acuity

Discriminate happy vs sad faces by

3 months

Figure ground perception: Improves between ages

3-5 years

Stereopsis

3D vision, binocular depth perception

Form constancy: DRAMATIC improvement

6 and 8 years

Respond primarily to facial expression up to

6 months

Figure ground perception: DRAMATIC improvement

6-7 years

accommodative disorders

60 to 80% of children with vis. efficiency problems have this disorder

Position in space: complete

7-9 years

____% of our sensory receptors are aligned with vision

70%

Figure ground perception: LESS improvement

8-9 years

Form constancy: LESS improvement

8-9 years

Visual discrimination

Ability to distinguish small differences in visual stimuli, ability to distinguish same or different photos/objects

Fixation

Ability to maintain steady fixation on an object

Form constancy (object perception)

Ability to match figures that vary on one or more discriminating features

Topographic orientation (spatial vision)

Ability to orient oneself within the environment and to navigate through it to specific destination

Depth perception (spatial vision)

Ability to perceive the relative distance of objects in one's visual field

Visual Closure (object perception)

Ability to recognize a stimulus figure when it has been incompletely drawn

Figure Ground (object perception)

Ability to see specified figures even when they are hidden in confusing, complex backgrounds

Convergence

Both eyes turn inward from medial plane (bring pencil to nose) - Enables binocular vision

How to screen for: Accommodation

Child shifts from near point and far point

Binocular vision

Combine images from 2 eyes into 1 form (normal vision), mentally create 1 image

Astigmatism

Curvature of the front of the eye, distorts lights

WMI output

Ex: eye-hand coordination, handwriting

VP output

Ex: matching, sorting

Strabismus

Eye turns in/out due to muscular imbalance

How to screen for: Acuity

Far point copying or reading task

Hyperopia

Farsightedness (cannot see close up)

How to screen for: Convergence and Divergence

Finger to nose

Receptive functions: Infant

Fixate briefly on face soon after birth

How to screen for: Steropsis

Identify 2D and 3D objects Identify with objects are in front or behind

How to screen for: Binocular fusion

Identify pictures or objects in a book with one or two eyes

Perceptual learning

Increases with experiences and practice

Divergence

Movement of eyes away from each, both eyes turn outward from a medial plane (pencil pulled away from nose)

Alterness

Natural state of arousal

Types of visual discrimination

Object perception Spatial perception

Accommodation

Obtain clear vision as distance changes, the ability to change focus from near to far objects

Saccades

Rapid, ballistic movements that change the point of fixation, to look from one object to another (quickly moving object in different directions)

Visual receptive functions: Interventions

Recommend to another health care professional - school nurse - pediatrician - optometrist - ophthalmologist

Acuity

See fine detail

Receptive functions: 3 months

Steady fixation and tracking at near range, eyes should be straight

Alerting

Transition from being awake to being attentive

Laterality:

Understanding left and right. relates to own body until 6-7 years

Directionality:

Understanding objects position in space in relation to self, other things have a left and side side too

Spatial vision: order of development

Vertical > horizontal > oblique (6 yrs) > diagonal dimension

Receptive functions: 3-4 years

Vision can be objectively measured with 20/40 acuity or better

Receptive functions: 6 mo - 6 yrs

Visual ACUITY improves

Processing

Visual Cognitive

Input

Visual Receptive

The dynamic interaction of ______ & ______ helps us understand what we see

Visual receptive and visual cognitive

Pursuits

Voluntary, slow and smooth tracking with continues fixation, ability to follow a moving object, continuous clear vision of moving objects (following a bird flying in the sky)

Object (FORM) vision

What things are Identification of objects by color, texture, shape, size Used for object identification and visual learning

Spatial Vision

Where things are Visual location of the object Used for location of the object needed to guide action

Selective attention

ability to choose relevant information, conscious & focused

Visual discrimination: categorization

ability to determine categories based on visual similarities and differences

Cognitive function: visual imagery

ability to picture using mental eye

Cognitive function: visual memory

ability to remember/retain an image for immediate recall - integration of visual information with previous experience - short term (30 seconds that you retain)

divided or shared attention

ability to respond to 2+ tasks simultaneously

Some abilities present at birth and develop through

adolescence

visual attention

attend to a visual stimulus and ignoring competing stimuli

visual efficiency

how well a person can use sight

Toddlers will imitate an action as long as the object is

identical

Social limitation transitions from a reaction to facial expressions to

initiation of another's expressions and actions

Visual vigilance

mental effort to concentrate on a visual task

Note: visual and auditory learning become

more important as kinesthetic learning decreases

Refractive errors

myopia hyperopia astigmatism

Myopia

nearsightedness (cannot see far away)

Visual discrimination: matching

note visual similarities

vision enables the gathering and the means to

organize the information received from other senses

Visual discrimination: recognition

relate key features of an object to memory

Visual Receptive component

sensory functions - pulls out and organizes information from the environment

Visual spatial relationships, position in space/visual spatial orientation

the ability to organize two dimensional space in regard to proper size and orientation of symbols, figures or objects. It is the perception of two or more objects in relation to self and each other

Visual Perception

the total process responsible for the reception and cognition of visual stimuli

Spatial vision: learns in relation to self and then

translates to symbols and words

what is foundational for reading comprehension and spelling

visual imagery