Vision and Visual Poskey Lifespan 1 Finals
Visual Attention STRATEGIES: Remedial
- Develop attention maintaining behaviors - Develop awareness - Assist child with completing assignments and gradually decrease assistance
Visual impairment signs: Infant
- No fixation on parent's face - No interest in brightly colored objects - Abnormalities in movement of child's eyes - Eyes gaze in one direction - Eyes do not blink - Children press their eyes
Visual Information Processing
- Reception - Organization - Assimilation
Visual Attention STRATEGIES: Compensatory/adaptations
- Remove visual auditory stimuli from environment - use interesting or stimulating activities - positive reinforcement for attending
Binocular dysfunction
- Strabismus - Phoria
Visual Cognitive Functions influences
- Visual attention - Visual imagery - Visual discrimination - Visual memory
Cognitive function: Visual attention
- alertness - selective attention - visual vigilance - divided/shared attention
visual imagery: developmentally
- be able to visualize things based on sound or smell (what does a cat say?) - be able to picture what words in a book say
Visual Memory STRATEGIES: Compensatory/adaptations
- copy letters instead of writing from memory, you show the example - reduce amount of written information on the page to easily remember - make written instructions simple, allow child to refer back to the instructions
Depth perception STRATEGIES
- discuss safety: curbs, cars, pools - use bright tape to mark surface changes - block patterns: identify which color is in front/back
role of vision in social development
- facial expression communicate emotion - attentive responses to visual information - parents eyes, smiles, scans parent's face
Cognitive function: Visual discrimination OBJECT PERCEPTION
- form constancy - visual closure - figure-ground
Topographic orientation STRATEGIES
- go on treasure hunt with a map - practice finding their way back in a big store
Visual-Cognitive component
- organizes, structures and interprets visual information - gives meaning to what is seen
Visual Memory STRATEGIES: Remedial
- play memory game - present a sequence, mix it up and have child put it back together - practice letter/ number recognition
Visual Spatial relationship STRATEGIES
- play simon says or mother may i with directional terms - obstacle course/navigate the environment - block patterns (take picture of a different block patterns, have the child imitate the picture with the blocks)
Cognitive function: Visual discrimination SPATIAL PERCEPTION
- position in space/orientation - depth perception - topographic orientation
Figure Ground STRATEGIES
- practice selecting items off a shelf at grocery store - find items in a messy drawer - wheres waldo - teach organization skills
Form constancy STRATEGIES
- sorting and matching - select a shape and identify similar shapes in the environment
as a result of pathology or processing problems in one or more components of the visual system
- structures of the eye - visual pathways - brain
Visual field cuts
- traumatic brain injury - half vision in one eye, cant see periphery
visual impairment is a loss or deficit in
- vision - visual perception - interpretation of visual input
Visual Closure STRATEGIES
-Identify a shape or picture with part of it covered -Identify shapes, pictures, letters with a portion erased - dotted lines -Match outlines of words with the word
By ___ year, can shift visual attention and share joint attention on an object
1 year
Spatial relationships: improves at
10 years
Receptive functions: 6 years
20/30 acuity
Discriminate happy vs sad faces by
3 months
Figure ground perception: Improves between ages
3-5 years
Stereopsis
3D vision, binocular depth perception
Form constancy: DRAMATIC improvement
6 and 8 years
Respond primarily to facial expression up to
6 months
Figure ground perception: DRAMATIC improvement
6-7 years
accommodative disorders
60 to 80% of children with vis. efficiency problems have this disorder
Position in space: complete
7-9 years
____% of our sensory receptors are aligned with vision
70%
Figure ground perception: LESS improvement
8-9 years
Form constancy: LESS improvement
8-9 years
Visual discrimination
Ability to distinguish small differences in visual stimuli, ability to distinguish same or different photos/objects
Fixation
Ability to maintain steady fixation on an object
Form constancy (object perception)
Ability to match figures that vary on one or more discriminating features
Topographic orientation (spatial vision)
Ability to orient oneself within the environment and to navigate through it to specific destination
Depth perception (spatial vision)
Ability to perceive the relative distance of objects in one's visual field
Visual Closure (object perception)
Ability to recognize a stimulus figure when it has been incompletely drawn
Figure Ground (object perception)
Ability to see specified figures even when they are hidden in confusing, complex backgrounds
Convergence
Both eyes turn inward from medial plane (bring pencil to nose) - Enables binocular vision
How to screen for: Accommodation
Child shifts from near point and far point
Binocular vision
Combine images from 2 eyes into 1 form (normal vision), mentally create 1 image
Astigmatism
Curvature of the front of the eye, distorts lights
WMI output
Ex: eye-hand coordination, handwriting
VP output
Ex: matching, sorting
Strabismus
Eye turns in/out due to muscular imbalance
How to screen for: Acuity
Far point copying or reading task
Hyperopia
Farsightedness (cannot see close up)
How to screen for: Convergence and Divergence
Finger to nose
Receptive functions: Infant
Fixate briefly on face soon after birth
How to screen for: Steropsis
Identify 2D and 3D objects Identify with objects are in front or behind
How to screen for: Binocular fusion
Identify pictures or objects in a book with one or two eyes
Perceptual learning
Increases with experiences and practice
Divergence
Movement of eyes away from each, both eyes turn outward from a medial plane (pencil pulled away from nose)
Alterness
Natural state of arousal
Types of visual discrimination
Object perception Spatial perception
Accommodation
Obtain clear vision as distance changes, the ability to change focus from near to far objects
Saccades
Rapid, ballistic movements that change the point of fixation, to look from one object to another (quickly moving object in different directions)
Visual receptive functions: Interventions
Recommend to another health care professional - school nurse - pediatrician - optometrist - ophthalmologist
Acuity
See fine detail
Receptive functions: 3 months
Steady fixation and tracking at near range, eyes should be straight
Alerting
Transition from being awake to being attentive
Laterality:
Understanding left and right. relates to own body until 6-7 years
Directionality:
Understanding objects position in space in relation to self, other things have a left and side side too
Spatial vision: order of development
Vertical > horizontal > oblique (6 yrs) > diagonal dimension
Receptive functions: 3-4 years
Vision can be objectively measured with 20/40 acuity or better
Receptive functions: 6 mo - 6 yrs
Visual ACUITY improves
Processing
Visual Cognitive
Input
Visual Receptive
The dynamic interaction of ______ & ______ helps us understand what we see
Visual receptive and visual cognitive
Pursuits
Voluntary, slow and smooth tracking with continues fixation, ability to follow a moving object, continuous clear vision of moving objects (following a bird flying in the sky)
Object (FORM) vision
What things are Identification of objects by color, texture, shape, size Used for object identification and visual learning
Spatial Vision
Where things are Visual location of the object Used for location of the object needed to guide action
Selective attention
ability to choose relevant information, conscious & focused
Visual discrimination: categorization
ability to determine categories based on visual similarities and differences
Cognitive function: visual imagery
ability to picture using mental eye
Cognitive function: visual memory
ability to remember/retain an image for immediate recall - integration of visual information with previous experience - short term (30 seconds that you retain)
divided or shared attention
ability to respond to 2+ tasks simultaneously
Some abilities present at birth and develop through
adolescence
visual attention
attend to a visual stimulus and ignoring competing stimuli
visual efficiency
how well a person can use sight
Toddlers will imitate an action as long as the object is
identical
Social limitation transitions from a reaction to facial expressions to
initiation of another's expressions and actions
Visual vigilance
mental effort to concentrate on a visual task
Note: visual and auditory learning become
more important as kinesthetic learning decreases
Refractive errors
myopia hyperopia astigmatism
Myopia
nearsightedness (cannot see far away)
Visual discrimination: matching
note visual similarities
vision enables the gathering and the means to
organize the information received from other senses
Visual discrimination: recognition
relate key features of an object to memory
Visual Receptive component
sensory functions - pulls out and organizes information from the environment
Visual spatial relationships, position in space/visual spatial orientation
the ability to organize two dimensional space in regard to proper size and orientation of symbols, figures or objects. It is the perception of two or more objects in relation to self and each other
Visual Perception
the total process responsible for the reception and cognition of visual stimuli
Spatial vision: learns in relation to self and then
translates to symbols and words
what is foundational for reading comprehension and spelling
visual imagery