VN 131 STUDY GUIDE CH. 16,17,18 CARDIO

What event causes the pulmonic valve to open? a. the P wave b. an increase in the pressure within the right ventricle c. "lupp-dupp" d. contraction of the chordae tendineae

b. an increase in the pressure within the right ventricle

all arteries directly or indirectly emerge from which large artery? a. pulmonary b. aorta c. vena cava d. subclavian

b. aorta

what are the blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart? a. veins b. arteries c. capillaries d. venules

b. arteries

Excess vagal stimulation to the sa node is most likely to cause a. hypertension b. bradycardia c. tachycardia d. anemia

b. bradycardia

which term refers to the amount of blood pumped by the heart in 1 minute? a. stroke volume b. cardiac output c. starlings law of the heart d. inotropic effect

b. cardiac output

Vagal stimulation to the heart causes. a. a (+) inotropic effect b. heart rate to slow c. cardiac output to increase d. stroke volume to increase

b. heart rate to slow

A drug (e.g. atropine) that blocks the vagus nerve. a. stops the heart b. increases heart rate c. decreases cardiac output d. decreases stroke volume

b. increases heart rate

what is the "main vein that drains the brain"? a. carotid b. brachial c jugular d. saphenous

c jugular

Digoxin, a drug used in the treatment of heart failure, increases contractile force and is therefore called a . a. diuretic b. (+) dromotropic agent c. (+) inotropic agent d. (+) chronotropic agent

c. (+) inotropic agent

which of the following contains 70 mL? a. the cardiac output b. the volume of a ventricle c. an average stroke volume d. the amount of blood that flows through the pulmonary capillaries in one minute

c. an average stroke volume

Under what condition is blood most likely to flow "backward" (e.g. from the left ventricle back into the left atrium)? a. pulmonary artery hypertension b. left ventricular hypertrophy c. an insufficient mitral valve d. pulmonary edema

c. an insufficient mitral valve

Decreased blood flow through the coronary arteries is most likely to cause a. valve damage b. pulmonary edema c. angina pectoris d. bradycardia

c. angina pectoris

The correct sequence is: blood flows from the pulmonary capillaries to the pulmonary veins to the left atrium to the left ventricle to the a. vena cava b. pulmonary artery c. aorta d. circle of willis

c. aorta

Which of the following semilunar valves "sees" oxygenated blood? a. mitral b. bicuspid c. aortic d. pulmonic

c. aortic

P wave

atrial depolarization

what are the conducting fibers that rapidly spread the electrical signal throughout the ventricles? a. Bundle of His b. Purkinje fibers c. SA node d. AV node

b. Purkinje fibers

systole

contraction of the heart muscle

Where does the cardiac action potential (cardiac impulse) normally originate? a. AV node b. purkinje fibers c. ectopic focus d. SA node

d. SA node

Which of the following is most likely to relieve an anxiety-induced tachycardia? a. vagolytic drug b. beta1-adrenergic agonist c. sympathomimetic d. beta1-adrenergic blocker

d. beta1-adrenergic blocker

The carotid and vertebral arteries supply the a. heart b. liver c. lungs d. brain

d. brain

In which condition is the pedal pulse absent? a. occlusion of the arteries of the leg b. cirrhosis of the liver c. portal vein hypertension d. occlusion of the carotid artery

a. occlusion of the arteries of the leg

Which slinglike structure supports the heart? a. pericardium b. chordae tendineae c. myocardium d. endocardium

a. pericardium

which artery carries unoxygenated blood? a. pulmonary b. aorta c. carotid d. jugular

a. pulmonary

QRS complex

ventricular depolarization

T wave

Ventricular repolarization

which layer of the heart has actin, myosin, and intercalated discs? a. myocardium b. endocardium c. epicardium d. pericardium

a. myocardium

Which structure "sees" oxygenated blood? a. tricupsid valve b. pulmonary artery c. pulmonary veins d. right semilunar valve

c. pulmonary veins

What are ventricles "doing" during atrial contraction? a. pumping blood into the great vessels b. closing their av valves c. relaxing d. opening their semilunar valves

c. relaxing

Most of the symptoms of acute left-sided heart failure are a. relieved by morphine b. cured by an antibiotic c. respiratory in nature (e.g. dyspnea, orthopnea) d. confined to the lower extremities, as in pedal edema

c. respiratory in nature (e.g. dyspnea, orthopnea)

stenosis of which valve causes right ventricular hypertrophy? a. mitral b. tricuspid c. right semilunar d. left semilunar

c. right semilunar

Which of the following is least related to the mitral valve? a. left heart b. bicuspid c. semilunar d. chordae tendineae

c. semilunar

Which of the following must precede ventricular contraction? a. ventricular relaxation b. "lupp-dupp" c. ventricular depolarization d. closing of the AV valves

c. ventricular depolarization

Which of the following electrical events is caused by the outflow (efflux) of K+? a. P-R interval b. depolarization c. QRS complex d. repolarization

d. repolarization

which cavity first receives unoxygenated blood from the vena cava? a. right ventricle b. left atrium c. left ventricle d. right atrium

d. right atrium

a drug causes a (+) inotropic effect, a (-) dromotropic effect, and a (-) chronotropic effect. what drug response would you expect to observe a. tachycardia b. low blood pressure c. ankle edema d. slow heart rate

d. slow heart rate

Vagal stimulation on the heart. a. increases the force of myocardial contraction b. increases the amount of blood that flows into the heart from the vena cava. c. causes tachycardia d. slows the heart rate

d. slows the heart rate

what term refers to the amount of blood pumped by the ventricle in one beat. a. cardiac output b. blood volume c. hematocrit d. stroke volume

d. stroke volume

The purpose of the right heart is to pump blood a. to the systemic circulation b. into the aorta c. to the left anterior descending and circumflex arteries. d. t he lungs for oxygenation.

d. t he lungs for oxygenation.

which of the following is not true of the heart? a. the heart is located within the mediastinum b. the apex is located left of the sternal midline at the level of the fifth intercostal space. c. the base of the heart is located at the level of the second rib d. the pericardium is composed of actin and myosin

d. the pericardium is composed of actin and myosin

ischemia

lack of oxygenated blood flow to the muscles

which of the following is most likely to increase stroke volume? a. A (+) inotropic drug b. A vagolytic drug c. A (-) chronotropic drug d. A beta1-adrenergic blocker

a. A (+) inotropic drug

Which of the following is most likely to increase ejection fraction? a. activation of beta1-adrenergic receptors b. vagal discharge c. blockade of beta1-adrenergic receptors d. activation of the muscarinic receptors

a. activation of beta1-adrenergic receptors

Chordae tendineae are not associated with which valve? a. aortic b. mitral c. tricuspid d. bicuspid

a. aortic

Cells that spontaneously depolarize from resting membrane potential to threshold potential? a. are called pacemaker cells b. normally arise within the chordae tendineae c. are restricted to the SA node d. are stored within the pericardium

a. are called pacemaker cells

During ventricular contraction, the a. av valves close in response to intraventricular pressure b. ECG is displaying the T wave. c. semilunar valves close, causing S1. d. ECG is displaying the P-R interval

a. av valves close in response to intraventricular pressure

What is located at the second rib and fifth intercostal space? a. base and apex of the heart b. semilunar valves c. av valves d. sa node and av node

a. base and apex of the heart

which term refers to a heart rate less than 60 beats/min? a. bradycardia b. heart block c. fight-or-flight response d. tachycardia

a. bradycardia

In normal sinus rhythm (NSR), the a. cardiac impulse originates in the sinoatrial node b. action potential originates in the av node c. av node activates the sa node d. action potential is generated by the sympathetic nerve

a. cardiac impulse originates in the sinoatrial node

Sympathetic nerve stimulation of the myocardium a. causes a (+) inotropic effect b. decreases cardiac output c. decreases heart rate d. decreases stroke volume

a. causes a (+) inotropic effect

an accumulation of excess fluid in the pericardial space. a. causes external compression of the heart. b. depresses the sa node, thereby eliminating pacemaker activity c. causes valvular stenosis d. causes a left-to-right shunt

a. causes external compression of the heart.

What is the cause of the heart sounds "lupp-dupp"? a. closing of the heart valves b. flow of blood through the coronary arteries c. the electrical signal as it moves through the av node d. the firing of the autonomic nerves to the sa node

a. closing of the heart valves

Which of the following supplies oxygenated blood to the heart muscle? a. coronary arteries b. pulmonary artery c. pulmonary veins d. cardiac veins

a. coronary arteries

Which of the following is the most likely consequence of a very rapid heart rate? a. decreased ventricular filling (with blood) b. failure of the av valves to open c. failure of the sa node to fire d. failure of the cardiac impulse to enter the his-purkinje system

a. decreased ventricular filling (with blood)

The correct flow of blood is: thoracic aorta, abdominal aorta, common iliac artery, a. femoral artery b. carotid artery c. portal vein d. celiac axis

a. femoral artery

The heart a. lies within the mediastinal, thoracic, and ventral cavities b. only beats in response to stimulation by the autonomic nerves c. is located within the pleural cavity d. is located between the 5th and 12th ribs in the left thoracic region

a. lies within the mediastinal, thoracic, and ventral cavities

the semilunar valves a. receive blood from the contracting ventricles b. are anchored by chordae tendineae c. "see" only oxygenated blood d. "see" only unoxygenated blood

a. receive blood from the contracting ventricles

Which of the following is a function of a valve? a. regulates the direction of the flow of blood through the heart b. regulates the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin c. regulates heart rate d directs the movement of the cardiac impulse

a. regulates the direction of the flow of blood through the heart

The pacemaker of the heart is located in the upper wall of the a. right atrium b. right ventricle c. left atrium d. left ventricle

a. right atrium

Jugular vein distention is most associated with a. right-sided heart failure b. aortic valve stenosis c. left wall infarct and left ventricular failure d. low volume shock right-sided heart failure

a. right-sided heart failure

All of the following are electrical terms except a. sarcomere b. depolarization c. action potential d. repolarization

a. sarcomere

What is the term that refers to an increase in stroke volume in response to the stretching of the heart? a. starling's law of the heart b. a positive inotropic effect c. heart block d. angina pectoris

a. starling's law of the heart

What happens during ventricular diastole? a. the ventricles are filling with blood b. all semilunar valves are open c. both av valves are closed d. blood is pumped to the lungs and systemic circulation

a. the ventricles are filling with blood

Which of the following is true of the structure of the electrical conduction system? a. the av valve is the pacemaker b. in normal sinus rhythm, the electrical signal arises within the sa node. c. the his-purkinje system spreads the electrical system from the right atrium to the left atrium d. the purpose of the av node is to increase the speed at which the cardiac impulse moves from the atria to the ventricles

b. in normal sinus rhythm, the electrical signal arises within the sa node.

Sympathetic stimulation to the heart a. decreases stroke volume b. increases heart rate c. causes bradycardia d. decreases cardiac output

b. increases heart rate

Increased return of blood to the heart stretches the heart muscle, thereby a. stimulating the vagus nerve b. increasing stroke volume c. closing the atrioventricular valves d. increasing coronary blood flow.

b. increasing stroke volume

Which layer of the heart allows it to act as a pump a. epicardium b. myocardium c. pericardium d. endocardium

b. myocardium

which of the following is descriptive of the vagus nerve? a. fight-or-flight b. parasympathetic c. sympathetic d. adrenergic

b. parasympathetic

which of the following "sees" oxygenated blood? a. vena cava b. pulmonary veins c. right atrium d. pulmonic valve

b. pulmonary veins

Cardiac output is determined by heart rate and a. systemic vascular resistance b. stroke volume c. hematocrit d. hemoglobin concentration

b. stroke volume

S2 is a. caused by the closure of the AV valves at the beginning of ventricular contraction. b. the second heart sound c. the heart sound caused by the sliding of actin and myosin d. all of the above are true.

b. the second heart sound

Which condition is caused by defective valves in the lower leg veins? a. portal hypertension b. varicose veins c. absent pedal pulse d. ascites

b. varicose veins

Referring to the ECG, the P wave represents a. atrial contraction b. ventricular relaxation c. atrial depolarization d. atrial repolarization

c. atrial depolarization

which of the following is least true of the aortic valve? a. it is also called the left semilunar valve b. it "sees" oxygenated blood c. blood flows from the ventricle through his valve into the pulmonary artery. d. an incompetent aortic valve allows blood to leak from the aorta back into the left ventricle.

c. blood flows from the ventricle through his valve into the pulmonary artery.

Which of the following is a result of ventricular contraction? a. the av valves open b. the semilunar valves close c. blood is pumped into the pulmonary artery and the aorta d. blood flows back into the atria

c. blood is pumped into the pulmonary artery and the aorta

which blood vessels have very thin walls and are called the exchange vessels? a. arterioles b. veins c. capillaries d. arteries

c. capillaries

Heart rate and stroke volume determine? a. hematocrit b. total blood volume c. cardiac output d. the size of the heart valves

c. cardiac output

an ejection fraction of 30% is a. normal b. characteristic of a healthy person who is engaged in aerobic exercise c. characteristic of a failing heart d. the amount of oxygenated hemoglovin in the blood in the left ventricle

c. characteristic of a failing heart

Which of the following is most likely to cause portal vein hypertension? a. carotid artery occlusion b. defective valves in the deep veins of the legs c. cirrhosis of the liver d. ruptured aortic aneurysm

c. cirrhosis of the liver

With which of the following is "lubb-dupp" associated? a. myocardial contraction b. ventricular depolarization c. closing of heart valves d. diffusion of O2 from the lungs to the blood in the pulmonary capillaries

c. closing of heart valves

The purkinje fibers a. open valves b. pull on the cusps of the valves c. conduct electrical signals throughout the ventricles d. close valves

c. conduct electrical signals throughout the ventricles

what are the two phases of the ventricular action potential (cardiac impulse)? a. systole and diastole b. filling and ejecting c. depolarization and repolarization d. p wave and t wave

c. depolarization and repolarization

which of the following does not happen to a ventricle? a. activation of the beta1-arenergic receptors b. discharge of sympathetic nerves c. discharge of the vagal nerve d. binding of norephiephrine to its receptor

c. discharge of the vagal nerve

The pericardium is a part of the a. myocardium b. diaphragm c. epicardium d. endocardium

c. epicardium

Furosemide (lasix), a potent diuretic, is administered in acute ventricular failure to. a. strengthen myocardial contractile force b. increase plasma K+ levels c. excrete excess water and relieve the edema d. relieve pain

c. excrete excess water and relieve the edema

The saphenous vein a. is the shortest vein in the body b. is part of the hepatic-portal system c. extends from the foot to the thigh d. joins with the mesenteric vein to form the portal vein

c. extends from the foot to the thigh

Systole and diastole describe the function of the a. pericardium b. sa node c. myocardium d. mediastinum

c. myocardium

which of the following most accurately describes the vagus nerve? a. fight-or-flight b. norephinephrine c. parasympathetic d. causes tachycardia

c. parasympathetic

Which of the following blood vessels brings unoxygenated blood to the liver? a. celiac trunk b. jugular vein c. portal vein d. hepatic vein

c. portal vein

Which of the following is the same as end-diastolic volume? a. stroke volume b. cardiac output c. preload d. cardiac reserve

c. preload

The right ventricle pumps blood to the a. right atrium b. pulmonary veins c. pulmonary artery d. aorta

c. pulmonary artery

which of the following structures "sees" unoxygenated blood? a. aorta b. left ventricle c. pulmonary artery d. pulmonary veins

c. pulmonary artery

The correct sequence is: blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery to the a. pulmonary veins b. coronary arteries c. pulmonary capillaries d. vena cava

c. pulmonary capillaries

Which of the following is the most likely consequence of acute left ventricular failure? a. jugular vein distention b. hepatomegaly and splenomegaly c. pulmonary edema d. pedal edema

c. pulmonary edema

Vessels that carries blood from the pulmonary capillaries to the left atrium is the a. aorta b. pulmonary artery c. pulmonary veins d. vena cava

c. pulmonary veins

Which artery is most often used to evaluate the pulse? a. carotid b. brachial c. femoral d. radial

d. radial

The purpose of which structure is to delay the spread of the signal from the atrium to the ventricles? a. SA node b. purkinje fibers c. bundle of his d. AV node

d. AV node

Which structure connects the cusps of the AV valves to the ventricles? a. purkinje fibers b. AV node c. Bundle of His d. Chordae tendineae

d. Chordae tendineae

which of the following is most related to "lupp" (of the lubb-dubb duo) a. called S1 b. caused by the closure of the AV valves c. occurs in response to ventricular contraction d. all of the above

d. all of the above

which of the following is true of the myocardium? a. contains thick and thin filaments b. contains actin and myosin c. is thicker in the left ventricle than in the right ventricle d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

Which of the following refers to a positive inotropic effect? a. heart block b. a slow heart rate c. a rapid heartbeat d. an increased myocardial contractile force

d. an increased myocardial contractile force

The pulmonic and aortic valves a. are atrioventricular valves b. "see"only oxygenated blood c. are attached to the ventricular walls by chordae tendineae d. are semilunar valves

d. are semilunar valves

The mitral and the bicuspid valves a. are semilunar valves b. are both located on the right side of the heart c. "see" only unoxygenated blood d. are the same valves

d. are the same valves

The atrioventricular node (AV node) a. is the pacemaker of the heart b. is located in the upper part of the right atrium c. has a rate that is normally faster than the SA node d. delays the electrical signal coming rom the atria into the ventricles

d. delays the electrical signal coming rom the atria into the ventricles

Referring to the ECG, the QRS complex represents ventricular a. contraction b. repolarization c. relaxation d. depolarization

d. depolarization

which of the following is an electrical event? a. "lupp-dupp" b. actin and myosin interaction c. murmur d. depolarization

d. depolarization

Which of the following is responsible for the starling effect? a. sympathetic nerve firing b. vagal discharge c. activation of the beta1-adrenergic receptors d. end-diastolic volume (EDV) or preload.

d. end-diastolic volume (EDV) or preload.

Increased return of the blood to the heart stretches the muscle, therby a. stimulating the sympathetic nerve b. activating the beta1-adrenergic receptors c. closing the av valves d. increasing stroke volume

d. increasing stroke volume

cardiac output a. is determined by heart rate and pulse b. decrease in response to sympathetic nerve stimulation c. increases in response to vagal discharge d. is determined by heart rate and stroke volume

d. is determined by heart rate and stroke volume

The aorta receives blood from the a. right ventricle b. pulmonary veins c. pulmonary artery d. left ventricle

d. left ventricle

What is the hardest working cardiac chamber and therefore has the thickest myocardium? a. right atrium b. right ventricle c. left atrium d. left ventricle

d. left ventricle

Which of the following is least descriptive of the myocardium? a. cardiac muscle composed of actin and myosin arranged in sarcomeres b. thicker in the ventricles than the atria c. thicker in the left ventricle then the right ventricle d. thicker in the left atrium than the right venticle

d. thicker in the left atrium than the right venticle

Blood flows from the right atrium through which atrioventricular valve to the right ventricle a. bicuspid b. mitral c. pulmonic d. tricuspid

d. tricuspid

what is the name of the valve that prevents backflow of blood into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts? a. mitral b. pulmonic c. semilunar d. tricuspid

d. tricuspid

During ventricular filling, the a. semilunar valves are open b. av valves are closed c. QRS complex is "happening" d. ventricles are relaxed

d. ventricles are relaxed

diastole

relaxation of the myocardium