Week 2 (part 2)
Visceral; information coming to or from smooth or cardiac muscle, or glands (organs)
2nd letter V = _____; what are it's characteristics?
Reflexive, postural, or voluntary
3 motor responses of the spine
Phagocytosis
Astrocytes = ______
Synapse
Communicates with another neuron or an effector cell
Endoneurium
Connective tissue surrounding each myelinated axon
Peripheral process
Connects peripheral receptor to cell body
Perineurium
Continuation of arachnoid mater
Special senses (hearing, vision, smell, and taste)
Cranial nerves convey _______
Motor and sensory
Cranial nerves have various _____ and _____ functions
medial and lateral
Dorsal primari rami split into a _____ and _____ branch
Posterior primary
Dorsal rami go to which division
Dorsal rootlets
Dorsal roots divide into 6-8 segments called ______
Epineurium
Dura mater continuation
CSF
Ependymal cells make ______
Special
General vs. ______
Efferent neuron
Generally motor; convey information from the CNS to the periphery (exiting)
Afferent neuron
Generally sensory, convey information from the periphery into the CNS
According to the spinal cord segment they arise from and the IVF they exit from
How are spinal nerves identified?
Via the PNS (the bodies peripheral nerves)
How does the CNS communicate with it's surrounding environment?
12 (24 total)
How many *pairs* of cranial nerves are there?
31 (62 total)
How many *pairs* of spinal nerves are there?
Oligodendroglia, astrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglia
In the CNS, neuroglia include
12 pairs of cranial; 31 pairs of spinal
In the PNS, how many pairs of cranial and spinal nerves are there?
Anterior primary
Larger ventral rami go to which division?
Interneurons
Majority of neurons in CNS; communication *between* neurons in the CNS
C2 to T7
Medial branch of the dorsal primary rami provides cutaneous innervation from ____ to ____
one axon and 2 or more dendrites
Multipolar have ____ axon and ____ or more dendrites
Peripheral Nervous System
Nerve fibers and cell bodies outside the CNS that conduct impulses toward or away from the CNS is referred to as the _____
Perineurium
Nerve fibers are grouped into fascicles called _______
Autonomic nervous system
Nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs
System of cells, tissues, and organs that regulates the body's responses to internal and external stimuli. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and parts of the receptor and effector organs.
Nervous system
Schwann cells and satellite cells
Neuroglia in the PNS
Schwann Cells (PNS)
Neurolemma, myelin producers
Multipolar, Pseudounipolar/unipolar, and bipolar
Neurons structural classification
Schwann Cells
Oligodendrocytes vs ______
Myelin producers
Oligodendrodria provide _____
Central process
Projects from cell body through the dorsal root into dorsal horn of the spinal cord
Satellite cells (PNS)
Provide nutrition
single process; containing an axon and a dendrite.
Pseudounipolar/unipolar are ______ process neurons containing an _____ and a ______ that fuse together
Visceral
Somatic vs. ______
Motor and sensory fibers
Spinal nerves carry ____ and ____ fibers
Motor and sensory
Spinal nerves carry both _____ and _____ fibers
Myotome (muscle)
The muscle mass receiving innervation from the fibers conveyed by a single spinal nerve
the sacrospinalis group of deep back muscles
The lateral branch of the dorsal primary rami innervates ______
S or V
The second letter is ____ or _____ in nerve classification
Ventral roots
The spinal cord integrates and responds with a motor neuron that exits the ____ ____
A or E
The third letter is ____ or ____ in nerve classification
sympathetic system and parasympathetic system
The visceral efferent fibers include which 2 systems?
Most sensory neurons, and dorsal root nerve ganglion (DNRG)
Types of unipolar neurons
Dermatome (skin)
Unilateral area of skin innervated by the sensory fibers of a single spinal nerve
Afferent; dorsal roots
_____ sensory information is carried into the spine via ______
Somatic nervous system
the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles
General; found in all spinal nerves and some cranial nerves
1st letter G = _____; where are they found?
Special; found in some cranial nerves
1st letter S = _____; where are they found?
Visceral afferent fibers and visceral efferent fibers
2 subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system
Somatic sensory system and somatic motor system
2 subdivisions of the somatic nervous system
Somatic; information coming to or from *s*kin or *s*keletal muscle
2nd letter S = ____; what are its characteristics?
Afferent; information coming towards the CNS.
3rd letter A = _____; what are its characteristics
Efferent; information going AWAY from the CNS (multipolar)
3rd letter E = ____; what are it's characteristics?
Tract
A collection of axons inside the CNS
Nerve
A collection of axons outside the CNS
Nucleus
A collection of neuronal cell bodies inside the CNS
Ganglion
A collection of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS
Rami (Dorsal and Ventral)
A trunk that contains both motor and sensory neurons
Efferent
Afferent vs. ____
Epineurium
All the fascicles are bundled into the nerve, which is encased in _____
Nutrition
Astrocytes produce _____
Satellite cells
Astrocytes vs ______
Myelin; Schwann cells
Axons are insulated by layers of ______ produced by _________
one; one
Bipolar neurons have _____ axon and _____ dendrite
Olfactory (S)
CN 1
Vagus (innervates damn near everything) (Both)
CN 10
Spinal Accessory (M)
CN 11
Hypoglossal (M)
CN 12
Optic (S)
CN 2
Oculo*motor* (M)
CN 3
Trochlear (M)
CN 4
*Tri*geminal (Both)
CN 5
Abducens (M)
CN 6
Facial (Both)
CN 7
Vestibulocochlear (S)
CN 8
Glossopharyngeal (Both)
CN 9
Axon
Carries information *away from the cell body*, mostly myelinated
Dendrites
Carries information *toward the cell body*, typically non-myelinated
Axolemma
Cell membrane surrounding axons
G or S
The 1st letter is _____ or _____ in nerve classification
Brain and spinal cord
The CNS is made up of....
Somatic and Autonomic
What are the 2 functional classifications of the nervous system?
V1=Opthalmic, V2=Maxillary, V3=Mandibular
What are the 3 parts of the Trigeminal nerve?
Cell body (soma/perikaryon), dendrite, axon, and synapse
What are the parts of a neuron? (SAD Cell body)
Sensory unipolar or pseudounipolar
What are the types of neurons involved with afferent classification?
Deep back muscles, skin on the back, and facet joints
What do dorsal primary rami innervate?
All the structures except deep back muscles and skin on the back
What do ventral primary rami innervate?
Motor information to skeletal muscles and viscera
What do ventral roots convey?
integrates it and responds with motor output.
What does the brain/spinal cord do with sensory information that it receives?
It extends back to the PNS to the effector cell (skeletal/smooth muscle or gland), causes the desired motor response
What does the motor output of the brain/spinal cord do?
Endoneurium
What is the equivalent to pia mater?
Integrates and coordinates incoming and outgoing neuronal signals to carry out higher mental functions
What is the purpose of the CNS?
Sensory
What neurons are involved with afferent classification?
Multipolar motor neurons
What type of neurons are central roots?
Psedounipolar neuron
What type of neurons are dorsal roots?
Motor, interneurons, propriospinal, and tract
What type of neurons are multipolar?
They split into dorsal rami and larger ventral rami
When spinal nerves exit the IVF what happens to them?
Only in special senses
Where are bipolar neurons found?
Ventral horn of the spinal cord
Where are cell bodies located in ventral roots?
Dorsal root ganglion
Where are cell bodies located?
The spinal cord's ventrolateral sulcus as ventral rootlet's which merge into one ventral root
Where do axons emerge from in ventral roots?
Neural tube
Where do cell bodies develop from in the ventral roots?
Neural crest
Where do cell bodies develop from?
Through the cranial foramen
Where do the 12 pairs of cranial nerves exit the skull?
Through the IVF's (Intervertebral foramina)
Where do the spinal nerves exit the vertebral column?
Axon hillock
Where the axon arises from the cell body