west civ chapter 17 study guide
Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, defined the Enlightenment as
"man's leaving his self-caused immaturity."
In reaction to significant elements of rationalism and deism, in what two countries did some ordinary Protestant churchgoers chose new religious movements?
England and Germany.
The scientist-philosopher who provides a link between the scientists of the 17th century and the philosophes of the next was
Fontenelle.
Who was the leader of the Physiocrates?
Francios Quesnay
Deism
God created the world and was not involved
The eighteenth century musical composition that has been called one of those rare works that appeal immediately to everyone, and yet is indisputably a masterpiece of the highest order is
Handel's Messiah.
Who wrote Messiah
Handel; it represents religious peace
How did the work of Fontenelle announce the Enlightenment?
He popularized skepticism toward the claims of religion.
What were French philosophes and what class did they emerge from?
Literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality; included people from the nobility and the middle-class
The Spirit of the Laws
Montesquieu; represents the separation of powers
Persian Letters
Montesquieu; was a method that allowed him to criticize the Catholic Church and the French monarchy.
Which city was considered the capital of the Enlightenment?
Paris
Who wrote Marriage of Figaro
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart; most innovative opera for that time period
Concerning the European legal system, by the end of the eighteenth century
corporal and capital punishment were on the decline.
High culture in eighteenth-century Europe was characterized by the
enormous impact of the publishing industry.
The Rococo artistic style of the eighteenth century was
evident in the masterpieces of Balthasar Neumann.
The growth of reading and publishing in the 18th century was aided and characterized by the development of
magazines for the general public.
What did Rousseau consider to be the source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes?
private property
Johann Sebastian Bach
produced religious music as a way to worship God.
The punishment of crime in the eighteenth century was often
public and very gruesome.
Voltaire was best known for his criticism of
religious intolerance.
An early female philosopher who published a translation of Newton's Principia and who was the mistress of Voltaire was
the Marquise du Chatelet.
The purpose of Diderot's encyclopedia, according to him, was to
was to change the general way of thinking
The Jews of eighteenth-century Europe
were mostly free in participating in banking and commercial activities in tolerant cities.
Diderot's most famous contribution to the Enlightenment's battle against religious fanaticism, intolerance, and prudery was his
28-volume Encyclopedia compiling articles by many influential philosophers
Who argued that government should not be involved in people's economic choices?
Adam Smith
The French Rococo painter who portrayed the aristocratic life as refined, sensual, and civilized was
Antoine Watteau.
Return from Cythera
Antoine Watteau; it depicts two lovers about to leave Cythera where they went to pay homage to Venus
Who was Beccaria and what did he stand for?
Argued that punishment should only serve as a deterrent, not as an exercise in brutality
What is Carnival?
Celebrations in the weeks leading up to Lent
The Progress of the Human Mind
Condorcet; said that humans had completed 9 stages of history and were beginning the 10th
Encyclopedia
Diderot; its purpose was to change the general way of thinking
What are salons?
Elegant drawing rooms in the urban house of the wealthy
European music in the later eighteenth century was well characterized by
Haydn and Mozart, who shifted the musical center from Italy and Germany to the Austrian Empire.
Who was James Cook and why is he important?
Inspiration for travel literature; he discovered the Pacific island of Tahiti, New Zealand, and Australia
Who said that individuals "will forced to be free"?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Emile
Jean-Jacques Rousseau; considered Enlightenment's most important work on education and child rearing
Principia
Marquise du Chatelet
Who wrote A Serious Proposal to the Ladies
Mary Astell; argued that women needed to become better educated
The strongest statement and vindication of women's rights during the Enlightenment was made by
Mary Wollstonecraft.
The religious denomination founded by John Wesley in England to provide a more emotionally fulfilling religious alternative to the Church of England was
Methodism.
Why are Enlightened thinkers considered to be secularists?
They are considered to not be religious; they changed the way people think. They looked for other reasons to understand the world.
Denying Descartes' belief in innate ideas, John Locke argued that every person was born with
a blank slate.
For Rousseau, the "general will" was
a social consensus to which the individual must bow.
Pogroms were
instances of massacring and looting of Jewish communities.
Eighteenth-century writers, especially in England, used this new form of literary expression to attack the hypocrisies of the era and provide sentimental entertainment to growing numbers of readers:
novels
Isaac Newton and John Locke
provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society.
European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by the emergence of
secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life.
In eighteenth-century Europe, churches, both Catholic and Protestant,
still played a major role in social and spiritual areas
The belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to
the social sciences.
A key new type of enlightened writing fueling skepticism about the "truths" of Christianity and European society was
travel reports and comparative studies of old and new world cultures.
