west civ chapter 17 study guide

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Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, defined the Enlightenment as

"man's leaving his self-caused immaturity."

In reaction to significant elements of rationalism and deism, in what two countries did some ordinary Protestant churchgoers chose new religious movements?

England and Germany.

The scientist-philosopher who provides a link between the scientists of the 17th century and the philosophes of the next was

Fontenelle.

Who was the leader of the Physiocrates?

Francios Quesnay

Deism

God created the world and was not involved

The eighteenth century musical composition that has been called one of those rare works that appeal immediately to everyone, and yet is indisputably a masterpiece of the highest order is

Handel's Messiah.

Who wrote Messiah

Handel; it represents religious peace

How did the work of Fontenelle announce the Enlightenment?

He popularized skepticism toward the claims of religion.

What were French philosophes and what class did they emerge from?

Literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality; included people from the nobility and the middle-class

The Spirit of the Laws

Montesquieu; represents the separation of powers

Persian Letters

Montesquieu; was a method that allowed him to criticize the Catholic Church and the French monarchy.

Which city was considered the capital of the Enlightenment?

Paris

Who wrote Marriage of Figaro

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart; most innovative opera for that time period

Concerning the European legal system, by the end of the eighteenth century

corporal and capital punishment were on the decline.

High culture in eighteenth-century Europe was characterized by the

enormous impact of the publishing industry.

The Rococo artistic style of the eighteenth century was

evident in the masterpieces of Balthasar Neumann.

The growth of reading and publishing in the 18th century was aided and characterized by the development of

magazines for the general public.

What did Rousseau consider to be the source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes?

private property

Johann Sebastian Bach

produced religious music as a way to worship God.

The punishment of crime in the eighteenth century was often

public and very gruesome.

Voltaire was best known for his criticism of

religious intolerance.

An early female philosopher who published a translation of Newton's Principia and who was the mistress of Voltaire was

the Marquise du Chatelet.

The purpose of Diderot's encyclopedia, according to him, was to

was to change the general way of thinking

The Jews of eighteenth-century Europe

were mostly free in participating in banking and commercial activities in tolerant cities.

Diderot's most famous contribution to the Enlightenment's battle against religious fanaticism, intolerance, and prudery was his

28-volume Encyclopedia compiling articles by many influential philosophers

Who argued that government should not be involved in people's economic choices?

Adam Smith

The French Rococo painter who portrayed the aristocratic life as refined, sensual, and civilized was

Antoine Watteau.

Return from Cythera

Antoine Watteau; it depicts two lovers about to leave Cythera where they went to pay homage to Venus

Who was Beccaria and what did he stand for?

Argued that punishment should only serve as a deterrent, not as an exercise in brutality

What is Carnival?

Celebrations in the weeks leading up to Lent

The Progress of the Human Mind

Condorcet; said that humans had completed 9 stages of history and were beginning the 10th

Encyclopedia

Diderot; its purpose was to change the general way of thinking

What are salons?

Elegant drawing rooms in the urban house of the wealthy

European music in the later eighteenth century was well characterized by

Haydn and Mozart, who shifted the musical center from Italy and Germany to the Austrian Empire.

Who was James Cook and why is he important?

Inspiration for travel literature; he discovered the Pacific island of Tahiti, New Zealand, and Australia

Who said that individuals "will forced to be free"?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Emile

Jean-Jacques Rousseau; considered Enlightenment's most important work on education and child rearing

Principia

Marquise du Chatelet

Who wrote A Serious Proposal to the Ladies

Mary Astell; argued that women needed to become better educated

The strongest statement and vindication of women's rights during the Enlightenment was made by

Mary Wollstonecraft.

The religious denomination founded by John Wesley in England to provide a more emotionally fulfilling religious alternative to the Church of England was

Methodism.

Why are Enlightened thinkers considered to be secularists?

They are considered to not be religious; they changed the way people think. They looked for other reasons to understand the world.

Denying Descartes' belief in innate ideas, John Locke argued that every person was born with

a blank slate.

For Rousseau, the "general will" was

a social consensus to which the individual must bow.

Pogroms were

instances of massacring and looting of Jewish communities.

Eighteenth-century writers, especially in England, used this new form of literary expression to attack the hypocrisies of the era and provide sentimental entertainment to growing numbers of readers:

novels

Isaac Newton and John Locke

provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society.

European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by the emergence of

secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life.

In eighteenth-century Europe, churches, both Catholic and Protestant,

still played a major role in social and spiritual areas

The belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to

the social sciences.

A key new type of enlightened writing fueling skepticism about the "truths" of Christianity and European society was

travel reports and comparative studies of old and new world cultures.


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