WESTERN CIV

code of hammarabi

a Babylonian legal code of the 18th century b.c. or earlier, instituted by Hammurabi and dealing with criminal and civil matters.

Exodus

a large-scale departure or flight

Odyssey

a long, adventurous journey

Alexandria

City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemy. It contained the famous Library and the Museum and was a center for leading scientific and literary figures in the classical and postclassical eras.

Pope Boniface VIII

Made Pope before the death of his predecessor (resignation) and faced doubt because people didn't think a pope could simply be replaced like that. Came into conflict with King Phillip IV over taxation of the church and issued the Clericis Laicos and Unam Sanctum Papal bulls

Ahura Mazda

Main god of Zoroastrianism who represented truth and goodness and was perceived to be in an eternal struggle with the malign spirit Angra Mainyu.

Brigands

Raiders that attacked French villages during the war (when they were unprotected)

sola scriptura

Scripture alone, church rules had to be found in bible to be valid

Lollards

Spurred by John Wycliffe? Began to produce bibles in English, which was soon after outlawed.

Why couldn't the advanced poleis of the Greeks pull themselves together into a cohesive country that could have resisted external aggressors?

The Greek polis were unable to band together and become one nation because of the vast differences between each polis, and the tension that lead to civil wars. Each polis was unwilling to fully support a united Greece, even in the face of being conquered.

What factors convinced western leaders to attack Islamic forces in the East? Were the Crusades successful? Why or why not?

The quick advance of Islamic troops (Seljuk Turks) in the west Islamic troops are in the middle of command change Pope wants to use this as a way to elevate church over state Papal reason: -retake the holy land/city -An act of penance for those who go historical animosity toward Islam

What other factors shaped the development of these countries into nations with distinct characteristics?

The way that nations developed their legal rights and checks on the kings became important in shaping the nations they grew into. for example under King John, the implementation of parliament set it apart from the French empire who was based on feutalism.

Plebeians

Common People; No Power in Government until Council of Plebs/ Social Mobility

Council of Pisa

Council organized to elect OFFICIAL pope, chose Alexander V but Clement and Urban ignore... resulting in 3 popes

Tiberius Gracchus

Grandson of General Scipio, Elected tribune in 133BC, Proposed law to take land back from Senators and give it to the landless, Very popular with the masses, Opponents organized a riot where he was killed

In what ways did the emerging poleis (Greek city-states) differ from Mesopotamian cities (like the Sumerians)? Think especially about the forms of government found in the poleis and the role of religion/the gods in the administration of the Greek poleis

Greek cities had a variety of leaders including: Monarchy, Oligarchy, Tyranny, and Democracy while Mesopotamians had mostly kings/dictators. Greek polis ran on the basis of human law while Mesopotamians were more god oriented.

In what way(s) did Greek philosophers represent a sharp break with other ancient cultures in their understanding of the natural world, the gods, the individual, and the body politic?

Greek ideas surrounding gods and how they ran their nation allowed them to spend time on the sciences. Before socrates the naturalists focused on the cosmos and determined that they are controlled by universal laws not the gods. This allowed the greeks to continue research when so many other nations stopped here.

Epicurus

Greek philosopher who believed that the world is a random combination of atoms and that pleasure is the highest good (341-270 BC)

Zeno

Greek philosopher who founded the school of philosophy called Stoicism

Septuagint

Greek translation of the Old Testament

Merchant Guild

Guilds to protect certain trades, gained lots of power in renaissance

Messana

beginning of first punic war; 265 BC, military clash between Rome and Carthage. Sicilian city where Rome and Carthage fought, vital because it linked the island and the mainland

Genisis

beginning or origin

transubstantiation

belief that bread wine actually turn into flesh/blood of christ when blessed

House of Valois

branch of the Capetian dynasty, ruled France

Koine Greek

common dialect which was the official language of the roman empire

Cyrus Cylinder

considered the 1st human rights declaration; chronicles Cyrus' peaceful capture of Babylon

Council of Trent

convened to adress protestant success in Europe, reaffirmed Catholic positions on good works, sacraments, transubstantiation, purgatory, prayers to saints, indulgences and tradition being an equal source to the bible

Boule

council of 500 citizens chosen for 1 year terms

Council of Nicaea/Nicene Creed

council of the church called by Constantine to represent the Christian Community, condemn Arianism and said Jesus was the same substance as God, created creed which delcared their views

How did the Catholic Church respond to the growing threat of the protestant Reform?

counter reformation: -reforming popes -council of Trent: planned to review church documents and check if they are ok...ended up just having the church chnage nothing and think they are perfect. -works and then faith needed -transubstantiation -praying to saints -purgatory/indugences -tradition vs sola scriptura

Merovingian Dynasty

family that ruled the Franks from the 500s to the 700s (before the Carolingian Dynasty); The kingdom of Clovis and Charles Martel spread Christianity throughout France and expanded its territories

Pre-Socratics

group of Greek philosophers, including Thales, Parmenides, and Heraclitus, who rejected the idea that answers can come through storytelling and felt that truth can only be known through reasoning, logic, and observation.

St Benedict

he founded a monastery in nothern italy in the 6th century and wrote a set of instructions gonverning the lives of monks that was used by monasteries and vonbents across europe.

Sophists

itinerant teachers who traveled from city-state to city-state in classical Greece, training people in public speaking

pheidon of argos

king of Argos. At that time, the monarch was nominal with almost no genuine power. Pheidon seized the throne from the reigning aristocracy.

Hammarabi

king of the Babylonian empire; creator of the code of Hammarabi; one of the worlds oldest codes of law

Lycurgus

legendary ruler of Sparta; tradition credits him with the constitution that changed Sparta into a military state.

Apatheia

literally "freedom from passion" -- detachment so that desire and appetite are not determinative in directting or governing life. Apatheia is secured through a battle with the self by way of contemplation and prayer.

Cleisthenes

made athenian assembly-law making body, granted some citizenship to some imms. and former slaves. set-up council of 500, introduced Ostracism

William of Ockham

medieval theologian, believed spirituality/politics should be separate, only 1 government per state, Church should be concerned with spiritual health of people, not politics

Marsilius of Padua

medieval theologian, same ideals as William of Ockham (separation of Church and state)

indulgences

money collected to lessen time spent in purgatory before reaching heaven

textual criticism

new literary science that corrected copyist errors in ancient manuscripts. Challenged conventional world views, created suspicion that mistakes made their way into Church writings/practice

Caecillian

o The new found leader/pope elected for the Orthodox by Constantine when the Donatist Controversy went down, he was not a martyr and was disliked by the Donatists for that reason (no forgiveness)

Mensurius

obeyed the edict from the emperor to stop worship and groups of christians rioted against this order and they were arrested and imprisioned, his assistant bishop was angered by these actions of the christians and attempted to cut off the food supply of the prison to starve them.

Jericho

oldest Neolithic community in the West Bank between Israel and Jordan

Antigonids

one of the regional dynasties that followed the death of Alexander the Great; founded in Macedonia and Greece

What role did the Society of Jesus play in supporting the church through the Reformation years?

opposition to the protestants focus on knowledge and reaching the holy land set up universities and care for the poor evangulize everwhere

Mycenean

people from Greek mainland who conquered central Crete; warring people who grouped themselves into clans and tribes

Daulism

recognizes the possibility of the coexistence of antithetical or complementary principles. In monistic schemes, mind is reducible to matter, or matter is reducible to mind; in dualism, mind and matter both exist.

Julio-Claudian Dynasty

refers to the first five Roman Emperors: Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula (also known as: Gaius), Claudius, and Nero, or the family to which they belonged; they ruled the Roman Empire from its formation, in the second half of the first century until AD 68, when the last of the line, Nero, committed suicide.

Caesarion

son of Julius Caesar and Cleoptra, could not become emperor because he was killed by Octavian

Alexander the Great

son of Philip II; received military training in Macedonian army and was a student of Aristotle; great leader; conquered much land in Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia; goal was to conquer the known world

Tiberius

son-in-law of Augustus who became a suspicious tyrannical Emperor of Rome after a brilliant military career (42 BC to AD 37) He tries to be as smart as octavian politically but ends up being poor at politics and is the first to leave Rome and rule from Kapre until his death.

Lorenzo Valla

textual critic, disproved validity of Donation of Constantine

Rhetoric

the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques.

Atom

the basic unit of a chemical element.

Battle of Hastings

the decisive battle in which William the Conqueror (duke of Normandy) defeated the Saxons under Harold II (1066) and thus left England open for the Norman Conquest

Sidon

the main city of ancient Phoenicia

Latin Right

type of partial citizenship for conquered people; had almost all the rights of a full citizen in exchange for military service. Citizen soldiers.

Council of Chalcedon

was a church council held from 8 October to 1 November, 451, at Chalcedon, a town of Bithynia in Asia Minor.The Council of Chalcedon issued the Chalcedonian Definition, which repudiated the notion of a single nature in Christ, and declared that he has two natures in one person and hypostasis. It also insisted on the completeness of his two natures: Godhead and manhood.

Marcus Crassus

was a rival with Pompey. He was a Roman General that had a key role in the transformation of the Roman Republic to the Roman Empire. Marcus Crassus was the richest man in Roman history. He beat the Spartans in a slave revolt, and shared consulship with his rival Pompey.

Mesopotamia to western civ

wheel plow sailboat and most important first form of writing in cuniform

Zoroastrianism vrs judaism

zoro - evil god , judaism - good god, both monotheistic however.

senex

"the old man"; origin of the word "Senate"

Constantine

312 A.D.; led army into battle Milvian bridge near Rome; flaming cross appeared in sky -beneath fiery letters - "In hoc signo vinces" - "With this as your standard, you will have victory"; ordered soldiers to paint cross on shields; army won battle; credited Christian God; 312 A.D. - became emperor; 313 A.D. issued Edict of Milan; extended toleration to all religions in Roman Empire; 305 - 312 A.D. - civil wars; tried to reinforce Diocletian's reforms; legalized - landowners chaning workers to keep them on farm; declared most jobs heredity; sons had to follow father‟s occupations; 330 A.D.; established new capital city at Byzantium

Darius III of Persia

334 BCE -leader of persian when alexander invades -tries to negotiate but fails -gets killed by his own troops

Caligula

3rd J-C declared himself a god, incest and murder, horse a senator in order to show the senate disrespect, fought the sea when he invaded britain, demands jews worship, killed by Praetorian Guard when he was talking shit about one of the guardsmen.

Usury

3rd lateran council made loaning money against the rules for Christians, Jews stepped up and took over money-lending business and profited greatly. Christians looked down on them for this

Clovis

485-511, 1st King of Franks, united the Franks, killed off all relatives to obtain the throne, and converted to Christianity because of his wife, Clotilde.

Otto the Great

German King, who began rule in 936 AD after defeating the Hungarians and became the emperor of Rome in 962 AD, becoming the greatest Continental ruler since Charlemagne

The Second Triumvirate

Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus create the second triumvirate, Octavian, Marc Antony, Lepidus (Caesar's second-in-command) forms the Second Triumvirate. There was a scramble for power after Julius Caesar's death. They drove out the conspirators and took control of Rome. They split the empire, and Antony took Egypt and Octavian took Italy and Lepidus took Northern Africa. Later on Octavian consumes the eastern empire as well by force.

Hellenistic

Of or influenced by the Greek Empire. A type of culture typically referred to after the conquests of Alexander the Great.

Jaquerie

Peasant revolt due to high taxes on commoners to fund war and the haughty attitude of Lords, lasted 5 years, 20,000 dead

Therapeutae

People that lived outside of Alexandria that lived a life of worship.

Sumeria

People who dominated Southern Mesopotamia through the end of the 3rd Millennium BCE. Responsible for the creation of irrigation technology, cunieform, and religious conceptions.

Messenians

People who lived in a neighboring region to Sparta, after which they were named. When Sparta conquered and took over the land, they became helots. Each year, the Spartans gathered half of the helots' harvest. In about 650 B.C., their hatred and resent ignited into a revolt which was just barely put down by the Spartans. This resulted in Sparta becoming a military state.

Pope Zachary

Pepin the Short received permission from this pope to take the Frank throne. remove merovignians from power

Persopolis

Persepolis—Part of the Persian Empire. Contained palaces, audience halls, quarters for harem, monuments, and carvings. Imperial system.

The Medici

Very affluent, influential Italian banking family

Pope Urban II

Wants to help Alexios, also wants to takeover the Holy Land, calls for great crusade at Council of Clermont

Hundred Years' War

War started between England and France over the rightful heir to the French throne. Actually lasted 116 years. Led to growth of nationalism, disrupted the economy (fight until out of money, take a break to raise money, fight some more, repeat), and created social tension between peasants and nobles

Huns

Warlike people who migrated from Eastern Europe into territory controlled by Germanic tribes, forcing them to move into areas controlled by Rome

Licinius

appointed the Roman ruler of the Eastern Empire; he betrays Constantine by starting a new Christian persecution, and is defeated in battle by Constantine at the Batlle of Adrianople

Peter the Hermit

ascetic, has a vision and thinks he must personally fight crusade. Leads people's crusade

Ostacism

banishing or sending away someone who they thought was a threat..Athenian citizens voted for this

Pepin the Short

became mayor of the palace, and asked the Pope to sanction his palace coup-he overthrew the king, church backed him; gets all the territory of the lambards by defeating them, and gives it to Pope Stevens.

Akkadian Empire

began in 2350 BCE when Sargon - King of Akkad - began conquering Sumerian cities. The empire was the first to unite city-states under a single ruler and ruled for 200 years.

Treaty of Ramala

ends 3rd crusade, acknowledges Islamic control of Palestine/ granting free entry to Christian pilgrims

Helots

enslaved people in ancient Sparta

tradition

equal to the bible as a source of rules for Catholics

printing press

invention that allowed mass production of books/literature. Gutenberg bible now more available to common folk

Urban Commune

small sections, led to competitiveness, local pride, trade

Thales

"Father of Western Philosophy". Greek philosopher who taught that the universe had originated from water.

Sunni

"Traditionalists," the most popular branch of Islam; Sunnis believe in the legitimacy of the early caliphs, compared to the Shiite belief that only a descendent of Ali can lead.

pater familias

"father of the family"; this was generally the eldest man of the house, and he ruled the household; he'd decide marriage for the kids, and what job they would do and he could punish them too; he could even sell them to slavery

Cleopatra

(31 B.C.) - She was the queen of Egypt known as a Ptolemaic ruler. She became queen when her dad died and she and her brother was not old enough to rule. She and Julius Caesar had an affair and they had a child together and named it Caesarion. Caesar and Cleopatra may have wanted to rule together but he was assassinated before they got the chance. Later she became married to Marc Antony which was supposed to be a peace maker between Rome and Egypt and Antony was still going to rule with Octavian. Octavian did not approve and attacked Egypt. Cleopatra and Marc Antony decided to kill themselves rather than having it done by Octavian.

Edict of Milan

(313 CE) Proclamation by the Roman Emperor Constantine outlawing the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire. This legalizes christianity.

Byzantine Empire

(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine.

Nero

(37-68 A.D.) Roman emperor, Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus. Infamous for his cruelty he ordered the murder of hos mother Agrppina in 59 and wantonly executed leading Romans. His rein witnessed a fire that destroyed half of Rome in 64 and it was arguable caused by his command. A wave of uprising in 68 led to his flight from Rome and his eventual suicide. He was the first to persecute christians.

Alaric

(395-401) He became the leader of the Visigoths. He went to Italy to seek food and cash payments when he was denied he marched to the gates and besieged the city forcing Rome to give him 5000p of gold and 30000p of silver.

Plato

(430-347 BCE) Was a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection.

Battle of Marathon

(490 B.C.E.) Battle where the Persians who invaded Greece were defeated on the Plain of Marathon by an Athenian army.

Muhammed

(570-632 C.E.): Born in Mecca, Arabia, he was an illiterate orphan who had visionary experiences. He retreated to Mount Hira, where he felt the presence of the divine instruct him to write the Qur'an, the sacred text of Islam. He had to fight to survive and establish Islam

Charlemagne

(768-814) was the ruler of the Carolingian Empire (Rhineland), he was nicknamed Charles the Great because he was such a powerful leader of the Western Europe. He engaged in almost constant warfare during his reign because he wanted to protect his borders, he wanted to give his people the chance to expand their lands and get more opportunities, and he also felt the need to spread Christianity.During his reign he made many political reforms that would help strengthen the empire with the help of his missi dominici. He was significant because he set up the last strong empire for the next 200 years in Europe. Because there was no central government during this time, the Carolingian empire eventually collapsed but his legacy remained and the many schools he built still remains because he was big into spreading education. *he tried to renovate the roman empire*

Alfred the Great

(849-899) King of Wessex from 871 to 899; he defeated Danish invaders and united Anglo- Saxon England under his control. He compiled a code of laws and promoted learning.

Pliny the Younger

(AD 61-112) - governor in Bithynia (111-113 AD), famous for his letters, especially his account of the Vesuvius eruption, wrote letters to Trajan about what to do about the Christians in his province and was told only to execute them if he had to and not to seek them out sig: one of the main sources of literary evidence in this time period (p. 308)

Caliphs

(Arabic: successors) - the military and political leaders of the Muslim community who succeeded Muhammad after his death

Cyrus the Great

A remarkable leader who managed to reunite he Persian Empire in a powerful kingdom. Under Cyrus, Persia began building an empire larger than any yet seen in the world

Julius Caesar

100-44 BC. Roman general who ended Roman Republic. Conquered Gaul with his powerful army. Made himself Roman dictator in 46 BC. Assassinated by Brutus and others in 44 BC because he was too powerful.

Tacitus

(Christianity) written around year 100, Roman historian, mentions Jesus, A Roman historian who presented the facts accurately. He wrote about the good and the bad of imperial Rome in his Annals and Histories.

William the Conqueror

1000: Duke of Normandy who beats Harold at the Battle of Hastings. He gave out fiefs to get the nobility on his side and isolated them by spreading them all over england.

sol invictus

(Latin, "Unconquered sun") Popular Roman solar deity whose cult was a rival to Christianity in the third and fourth centuries; his birthday was December 25, the probable source of the date of Christmas

Moses

(Old Testament) the Hebrew prophet who led the Israelites from Egypt across the Red sea on a journey known as the Exodus

Judah

(Old Testament) the fourth son of Jacob who was forebear of one of the tribes of Israel

Hannibal

(ca. 247-183 BCE) Carthaginian general who marched an army of tens of thousands of soldiers (and several dozen elephants) from Spain across the Alps into Italy, beginning the Second Punic War. Won 3 major victories and inflicting around 40k casualties to the Romans. Spread devastation around Italy, and many thought Hannibal would be victorious so they rebelled against Rome. Not able to win areas nearby Rome in central Italy as he was undersupplied and Rome fought back.

Arius

(ca. 250-ca. 336) - The originator of Arianism, a form of Christology which asserted that the Son of God was a creation of God and not fully God. Arius was a church leader in Alexandria, Egypt, and his views were condemned at the Council of Nicea in 325.

chi-rho

(sigla) - the letters "X" and "P," representing the first letters of the title "Christos," were eventually put together to form this symbol for Christ ("Chi" is pronounced "Kie"). It is this form of the Cross that Constantine saw in his vision

Charles Martel

-A military general for the Franks, establishes a superior military to fight off the Muslim in the Battle of Tours, in the holy war of the Pyrenees in order to protect the kingdom and Christianity. Became known as "Charles the Hammer."

Treaty of Verdun

-Charlemagne's descendant's treaty that divided the empire into three parts. This weakened the empire and increased invasions.

First Punic War

264 B.C. - 241 B.C., Rome and Carthage fought over island of Sicily, was a naval war, Rome was losing because they did not have a good navy, Romans figured out how to board the Carthage ships and fight them there, Romans gained control of Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia (Islands)

King John

-Henry's son king John raised taxes in England and punished his enemies without trial. Many English noble resented the king's power. They refused to obey him unless he agreed to guarantee certain rights. The nobles forced John to sign a document of rights called the Magna Carta or the great character. The Magna Carta took away some of the king's powers. He could no longer collect taxes. This happen in 1215

Praetorian Guard

-Military unit that served as the personal bodyguard of the Roman emperor

Donatism

-rejected the validity of Sacraments celebrated by priests and bishops who had previously (during persecutions) betrayed their faith. This form of christianity rejected anyone who had previously renounced their faith and was extremely strict in accordance to the bible.

King Solomon

2nd King of the kingdom of Israel (King David's son) who built a great temple in Jerusalem

What was the Holy Roman Empire? How did church and state support each other in the early medieval period?

- The holy Roman Empire was after Pope Leo crowned Charlemagne and created the Carolingian Empire. - Both had an emphasis on education (literacy in monasteries and Charlemagne setting up advance schools for nobility)

Diocletian

..., Roman emperor who was faced with military problems and eventually defeats Persia, when that happend he decided to divide the empire between himself in the east and maximian in the west. he did the last persecution of the Christians

Pompey the Great

..., Roman general and statesman who quarrelled with Caesar and fled to Egypt where he was murdered (106-48 BC), . Caesar, Pompey and Marcus all shared power. caesar wanted more power and defeated them., erected first permanent theater in Rome in 55 BC, military and political leader of the late Roman Republic; allied with Caesar & Crassus in First Triumvirate

Tarquinius Superbus

..., according to legend, the seventh and last Etruscan king of Rome who was expelled for his cruelty (reigned from 534 to 510 BC), 7th king, ordered assassination of Servius Tullius, rule ended after his son Sextus Tarquinius raped Lucretia, his family was expelled from Rome

Etruscans

..., people from Etruria , ( north of Rome) that took control of Rome and Latium. Ruled Rome for more than 100 years. Built up Rome, streets, temples. Skilled metal workers Rome became rich from mining and trade. They created the Arch.

Sulla

...Powerful commander -- earned his men's loyalty; general who used his army for his political advantage -- started a civil war in Rome; killed his enemies; reduced power of tribunes, more power to patricians

Romulus

...Twin sons of Mars, set afloat on the Tiber rivr by a jealous uncle. Rome was named for Romulus, who killed his brother, to become first king.

Magna Carta

1215 document that listed the rights of English citizens and limited the power of the English monarch. Rights included trial by jury, no taxation without representation, protection of the law, and habeas corpus

Medina

City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca

Mecca

City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion.

Unam Sanctum

2nd papal bull issued by Boniface, saying that there are two authorities: church and state but church is superior. Philip has had enough and puts Pope on trial, where he is found guilty by biased judges, mercenaries invade and capture Boniface, try to force him to resign, and humiliate him in public but the common people come to the Pope's aid. He did not return as Pope though

Second Punic War

218 B.C. - 202 B.C., Hannibal decides to attack Rome, Sneaks through Gaul with 60,000 troops and 60 Elephants, Wreaks havoc in Rome for 15 years, Roman general named Scipio attacked Carthage making Hannibal come back to Carthage

Sargon

2340 B.C. leader of the Akkadians who overran the Sumerian city-state and set up the first empire

Pope Leo III

795-816, escaped Rome to Charlemagne's court, crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor, died in 816

Magyars

896, magyars settled in todays Hungary. They overran eastern Europe and moved to plunder germany, france, and italy. But 50 years later they were pushed back to hungary

The Divided Kingdom

931-721 north and south israel

Witenagemont

A Band of nobles that elected the king and acted as advisors

Odoacer

A Germanic leader who ousted the emperor on Rome in 476. Historians later called this event the "fall" of Rome. By then, however, the Roman Empire had already lost many of its territories, and Roman power in the west had ended.

Visigoths

A Germanic tribe who settled primarily in Spain; the first such group to lay siege to Rome.

Themistocles

A Greek military leader who convinced the Athenians to build a navy. This helped Athens win a major battle against Persia, the Battle of Salamis. He was ostracized around 471 BCE.

Pentateuch

A Greek word meaning "five books," referring to the first five books of the Old Testament.

Sadducees

A Jewish sect that believed in accommodating Judaism to modern life. They held most of the positions of power in the priesthood. Sadducees did not believe in the resurrection and denied the existence of angels and spirits.

Pharisees

A Jewish sect, which may have originated during the Maccabean period, that emphasized strict adherence to the purity laws set forth in the Torah.

Cambyses

A Persian king, named after his father Cyrus, expanded the Persian empire by conquering Egypt.

Zarathustra

A Persian prophet, traditionally dated to the sixth or seventh century B.C.E. (but perhaps much older), who founded Zoroastrianism.

polis

A city-state in ancient Greece.

Marius

A Roman general and politician who was elected consul. He defeated Jugurtha and invaded Germanic tribes. After a power struggle with Sulla he was expelled from Italy, but returned to take Rome by force.

Suetonius

A Roman historian of the early second century C.E., best known for a multivolume work giving biographies of the Roman emperors, The Lives of the Caesars.

Shi'a

A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad

Twelve Tables

A collection of laws written on twelve bronze tables. The earliest written collection of Roman Laws, drawn up by patricians about 450 b.c. that became the foundation of Roman law.

Philo of Alexandria

A contemporary of Jesus, a Greek-speaking Jew living in Alexandria, and a philosopher. His understanding of the divine Logos was decisive for early Christianity's ability to articulate an understanding of the relationship between Jesus and God.

John the Baptist

A cousin of Jesus, older by six months. His baptizing and preaching in the wilderness prepared the way for Jesus

Athens

A democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta.

Black death/bubonic plague

A disease that killed 1/3-1/2 of European population, carried by rodents, led to mass panic and superstition amongst most people.

Tyranny

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Monarchy

A government in which power is in the hands of a single person

Satrap

A governor of a province in ancient Persia

Lay Investiture

A great argument developed in the early middle ages over who had the right to name a bishop, a lord or the pope.

Struggle of the Orders

A great political and social conflicts that developed between patricians and plebeians; the plebeians wanted real political representation and safeguards against patrician domination. Over the course of 200 years, plebians gradually gained the rights they wanted, from being able to marry Patricians, serving as Consuls, having full rights within the Senate, and being equal before the law.

Arianism

A heresy common during the first Christian centuries that denied that Jesus was truly God; named after Arius, a priest and popular preacher from Alexandria, Egypt.

Unified Monarchy

A kingdom formed by the unification of the Jews during the reign of King David and continued under the reign of King Solomon. This kingdom was divided by internal strife after the death of Solomon. The resulting kingdoms would be called Israel and Judah (the northern and southern kingdoms). The monarchy, in general, was both a success and failure for Israel.

troy

A kingdom that was destroyed by the Greeks in the Trojan War. It is located on the western coast of Asia Minor

Constantinople

A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul

Normans

A member of a Viking people who raided and then settled in the French province later known as Normandy, and who invaded England in 1066

Patricians

A member of one of the noble families of the ancient Roman Republic, which before the third century B.C. had exclusive rights to the Senate and the magistracies.

Decius

A member of the conspiracy. Decius convinces Caesar that Calpurnia misinterpreted her dire nightmares and that, in fact, no danger awaits him at the Senate. Decius leads Caesar right into the hands of the conspirators. When he took power he decided to force everyone to give sacrifice to the gods to regain their favor, citizens were given a slip when the sacrifice had been performed and this slip was needed to live daily life.

Ramadan

A month of fasting; the 9th month of the Muslim calendar

Hermit

A person who lives a solitary life in order to commit himself or herself more fully to prayer and in some cases to be completely free for service to others

tyre

A popular trading port, this Phoenician city-state was known for its trade in a valuable purple dye.

Sparta

A powerful Greek miliary polis that was often at war with Athens. Used slaves known as helots to provide agricultural labor.

Feudalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land

Democracy

A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

Philistines

A powerful nation that invaded Canaan from the sea and became the most hated enemies of Israel.

Zigguart

A pyrimade shaped temple; rose above each city

Domesday Book

A record of all the property and holdings in England commissioned by William the Conqueror in 1066 so he could determine the extent of his lands and wealth for taxation purposes.

Mesopotamia

A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies. In the Bronze Age this area included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires, In the Iron Age, it was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires.

Islam

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.

Carolingian Dynasty

A series of Frankish rulers including Pepin and Charlemagne lasting from 751 to 987

Ten Commandments

A set of laws for responsible behavior, which, according to the Bible, were given to Moses by God.

linear b

A set of syllabic symbols, derived from the writing system of Minoan Crete, used in the Mycenaean palaces of the Late Bronze Age to write an early form of Greek. It was used primarily for palace records, and the surviving Linear B tablets provide substantial information about the economic organization of Mycenaean society and tantalizing clues about political, social, and religious institutions.

Covenant

A solemn agreement between human beings or between God and a human being in which mutual commitments are made.

religio

A system of beliefs shared by a group with objects for devotion, rituals for worship and a code of ethics

Martin Luther

Augustinian Monk (who had been formerly been educated in law), became obsessed with idea of salvation and how to earn it because he could so know way to be positive, wrote 95 theses attacking Church practices

Consuls

A two-person political unit that commanded the army and directed the government with limited power. Their terms only lasted for one year. Also, one could overrule the decisions of the other.

Anglo-Saxons

A united kingdom of the German Saxons and Angles (both of which had invaded England in the early 5th century); had been united under King Alfred the Great in the late 9th century; invaded by King William of Normandy in 1066, defeating King Harold (Battle of Hastings); intermarriage between the French Normans and Anglo Saxon nobles soon began.

Delian League

Alliance between Athens and many of its allied cities following the first attempted invasion of Perisa into Greece. Caused a lot of wealth to flow into Athens and thus contributed to the Athenian "golden age."

Chaldean Alliance

Alliance of Babylon, Syria, Palestine responsible for the usurpation of the Assyrian Empire by taking over Ninnevah

Gaius Gracchus

Along with Tiberius, tribune who attempted to introduce land and citizenship reform within the Roman republic; killed on the command of the Senate

Cincinnatus

An aristocrat who left his farm to become dictator during an invasion by other tribes and once he defeated them gave up all his power and returned to his farm.

Hugh Capet

Assumes throne after the last of the Carolingians die (Louis the Sluggard). Own small territory centered around Paris.

Sargon II

Assyrian king who succeeded Shalmaneser and conquered the Northern Kingdom

Tiglath-Pileser III

Assyrian leader who reestablihed control over Mesopatamia; led Assyria to height of power; deported Isreal in 722bc.

Shapor I

Attacked the eastern border of the Roman Empire. Successful king of Persia. Captured Tiberius Valerian and used him as a footstool

Socrates

Athenian philosopher (ca. 470-399 B.C.E.) who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investigation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior.

Semitic

Family of related languages long spoken across parts of western Asia and northern Africa. In antiquity these languages included Hebrew, Aramaic, and Phoenician. The most widespread modern member of the this language family is Arabic.

What factors led to the expansion of the church's role in medieval society?

After issues and the assassination of John VIII, the reforming popes expanded the role of the church in society.

Trajan

Adopted by Nerva (previous emperor); One of the "Good Emperors"; Professional soldier from Spain; 1st non-Italian emperor; Brought Rome to it's height in size (about size of US)

Carthage

An ancient city in north Africa, established by traders from Phoenicia. It was a commercial and political rival of Rome for much of the third and second centuries B.C. The general Hannibal attempted to capture Rome by moving his army from Spain through the Alps, but he was prevented and finally defeated in his own country. At the end of the Punic Wars, the Romans destroyed this city, as the senator Cato had long urged.

Epic of Gilgamesh

An epic poem from Mesopotamia, and among the earliest known works of literary writing.

Alcuin of York

An important scholar and cleric appointed by Charlemagne to oversee the school established at his court in Aachen. He emphasized the liberal arts education, dividing education at 'palace school' into Trivium and Quadrivium

superstitio

An irrational religious belief or practice founded on fear or ignorance. Various forms such as good-luck charms, omens, divination, and magic are forbidden by the First Commandment

Council of Constance

Another attempt to depose illegitimate popes, elects Martin V as true pope. Now there are 4 popes. Roman pope resigns, other two now officially deposed. Schism comes to an end

Galerius

Appointed Caesar of the Eastern empire by Diocletian in 293 AD. Became Augustus after the death of Constantius Chlorus in 305. Appointed Maximinus Daia and Severus as Caesars. Passed the Edict of Toleration in 311, legalizing Christianity. Died of disease in 311. Sig: Oversaw the collapse of the tetrarchy, legalized Christianity and paved the way for Constantine to later establish it as the state religion

Charles V

Appointed Holy Roman Emperor but also King of Spain.. awkward position for him. Sentences Martin Luther to death to appease Catholic spaniards though he does not hold too much of an opinion on the matter

Battle of Crecy

Battle in 1st phase of hundred year war where English unveiled the longbow's power

Latifundia

Because of the riches brought into rome, these massive estates were built by rich families. As rome conquered more and more territory, conquered people were forced to work here as slaves. Old consuls were told to govern provinces of rome during this time period, to get a better control of the land that was rome. These estates hurt the small time farmer, who all moved to rome in angry mobs. The rich class was very corrupt at these times.

Why were the anabaptists dissatisfied with the mainstream reformation in Switzerland? How did their views differ from those of Zwingli and Luther? Why was the state so determined to crush the anabaptist movement?

Before the reformation Anabaptist were allowed to live in peace and practice religion with a blind eye turned after the refugees that came in due to the movement were not as forgiving and would force Anabaptist to convert against their will. They differed because they advocated for complete separation of church and state and were a minority. The separation of church and state was threatening to big state because it was new and radical hence them wanting to crush the movement.

Polytheism

Belief in many gods

Henotheism

Belief in one primary God and many secondary ones

Five Pillars of Faith

Belief of Islam: 1. There is no God but Allah and Muhammed is his messenger 2. Pray 5 times a day 3. Give charity to the poor 4. Fast during the month of Ramadan 5. Hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca

humanism

Belief that humans have unlimited potential and can better themselves through education

Mesopotamia like?

Between rivers, fertile, good for neolithic agriculture

Florence

Birthplace of renaissance, comprised of city-states which caused competitive creativity that ushered in age of culture, art, etc.

Persian vrs assyrian compare contrast

Both are heavy military both have strong agriculture, persians did not use horses in war. Assyrian wanted greater war success but persians focused on religion, laws, and invention more.

Alexios I

Byzantine Emperor, wants western forces to reconquer Anatolia, sent emissaries to drive Turks/Islam eastward

Justinian I

Byzantine emperor from 527 to 565; he reunited the parts of the Roman empire, simplified Roman laws with Justinian's Code, and ordered Hagia Sophia built.

Mark Antony

Caesar's right-hand man, teamed with Octavian to punish Caesar's murders, fell in love with Cleopatra, went into civil war, at Battle of Actium, he and Cleopatra fled and committed suicide

Vikings

Came from Scandanavia, also called Northmen or Norsemen, and Danes. Sea warriors, they built amazing ships that held 300 warriors, could hold 30 tons. Raided villages and monastaries. Also traded and farmed. Journeyed to Russia and Constantinople. Gradually excepted Christianity.

Baal

Canaanite storm and fertility god, name means "lord." Chief male god of the Canaanites.

Philip Augustus

Capetian king of France, very successful as a ruler until Innocent decides to assert power

How did the Catholic Church respond to the growing threat of the protestant Reform?

Catholic Church had debates between Protestants and Catholics. Jesuits started free school so many more people receive education where they were unable to before. They became respected members of society and were like a secret weapon in debates against protestants because of their education and respect they demanded

What factors convinced western leaders to attack Islamic forces in the East? Were the Crusades successful? Why or why not?

Christians were gaining confidence and trying to spread as much as possible. At the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II exaggerated the danger that Muslim Seljuk Turks posed for Christianity (said they destroyed and defiled Christian churches which enraged people). Used concept of "just war" to convince people they needed to regain Jerusalem from the nonbelievers. None of the crusades were incredibly successful. Their big goal of conquering Jerusalem was achieved but they did not hold it for long. Made Christians intolerant and violent towards other religions..

Caesaropapism

Church closely tied to state. Initiated by Constantine, whereby the emperor not only ruled as secular lord but also played an active role in ecclesiastical affairs

Fourth Lateran Council

Covers things like transubstantiation, the inquisition, cathedral schools (every Cathedral must have one), clerical reform (no longer allowed to charge for sacraments or visit brothels, etc.), and distinctive dress for non-Christians

The First Triumvirate

Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar. Crassus = richest man in Rome. Pompey returned from successful command in Spain as military hero, Julius also had mil. comm. in Spain. Pompey received command in Spain, Crassus a command in Syria, Caesar a special military command in Gaul (France). Crassus killed in battle and senators ruled Pompey ruling alone is best, voted for Caesar to lay down command. CAESAR REFUSES - illegally crossed Rubicon r. into Italy, into Rome, and started civil war w/ Pompey. Defeated Pompey & left in control of the Roman govt (DICTATOR) REFORMS = gave land to poor and increased senate to 900 ppl filled w/ his supporters. Group of leading sens. assassinated him.

Ingeborg

Danish Princess married to Philip Augustus for 1 day before Philip chose to divorce her. Innocent declares the divorce unofficial since Ingeborg is not dead (she was sent to a convent). Philip would happily ignore the pope but Innocent issues interdict on sacraments in France. Clergy obeys pope, people are frightened, Philip relents and takes Ingeborg back

Ptolemies

Descendents of Macedonian officers under Alexander. Gov't largely took over the system created by Egyptian pharaohs to extract the wealth of the land, rewarding Greeks and Hellenized non-Greeks serving in the military and administration. (p. 138)

Donation of Constantine

Doctrine that churches used above gov. to prove that Constantine gave authority to pope over rome

Enrico Dandolo

Doge of Venice, Tells crusaders he will only lead them to holy land if they attack Constantinople first. They end up staying in Constantinople

Frederick the Wise

Duke of Saxonny, kidnapped Luther (for his own protection) before he could be put to death as a heretic by Charles V

What effect did the balance of power between kings and nobility have on the emergence of England, France, and Germany?

During this time kings were the head of large unified nations and had unchecked power and the nobility had little power.

Johann Tetzel

Dutch friar that earned money for Church by selling indulgences. People no longer confessed because of these indulgences, which outraged Luther and inspired his 95 theses

philip of macedonia

Father of Alexander the Great, conquered all of Greece, was assassinated at his daughter's wedding

Francesco Petrarch

Father of Humanism, poet. Looked back on greco-roman classics as models for writing and life. Spurred search for new classical texts that fed the renaissance

St Antony

Egyptian hermit, the founder of monasticism. During his seclusion in the Egyptian desert he attracted a number of followers whom he organized into a community

Pope Clement VII

Elected "true Pope" by angry excommunicated french Cardinals, two popes (Rome and Avignon)

Pope Urban VI

Elected pope, dedicates himself to reform of things like absenteeism (fill-in clergy), clerical luxury. Rebalanced Curia by adding italian cardinals in place of french ones, angry cardinals declare him illegitimate

longbow

English military innovation that changed warfare forever. End of the era of knights/ cavalry, since longbows could pierce a knights armor before they got close enough to do damage

House of Plantagenet

English ruling dynasty but also contender for French throne due to the unclear line of succession

Princeps

Epithet taken by the emperor Octavian, meaning "first in honor" (because his name appeared first on the censor's list of Roman citizens).

What factors (religious, financial) fueled the ongoing persecution of the Jews in the Medieval West?

Financial factors: Jewish people committed usury which made them appear greedy and immoral to Christians. Religious: Jews were not affected by the plague as badly as most people which caused suspicion and mistrust. Crusades resulted in Christians with intolerance ingrained in their religious teachings and Jews were a minority that was easy to use as a scapegoat for bad occurences

King Saul

First Israelite king, used religion to unite the people

Felix Manz

First martyr of anabaptist movement, killed for baptizing an adult

Anabaptists

Followers of Ulrich Zwingli who wanted speedy reform; did not believe secular council should be allowed to influence theological issues. Broke from Zwingli over disagreement about infant baptism; they believed only adult baptism counted and Church should be the followers of Christ (baptized), not an institution

How did the Great Schism further destabilize the papacy's claim to be the leader of western Christianity?

Following a string of weak popes, the renaissance pushing the merchant class away from religious and secular leaders. With two popes who should the followers listen to, they both claim the other is wrong and continue to reelect new popes when they die. Soon there are three popes in power which leads to them all being removed and replaced with Martin V--This shows

Munster uprising

Forcibly baptized all adults in Munster, Catholics try to fight Anabaptists

Peloponnesian League

Formed from the surrounding city-states near Sparta. It was formed to defeat democracy in Athens.

Ignatius Loyola

Former soldier and founder of Society of Jesus, focusing on the missionary aspect of service, etc. (see society of Jesus)

Lucretia

Found to be the most virtues wife out of the group of men because she was found making quilts. The kings son, tarquinius sextus, tried to make her have sex with him, she refused. She was then blackmailed and raped. She then told her family and killed herself out of shame.

Joan of Arc

French peasant woman who told King Charles that she had a vision from God saying that if he gave her command of the French army, she would lead it to victory in the war. Charles agreed and gave her command over a unit and actually ended up being successful in battle for a while. Then Joan was captured by English and Charles refused to rescue her, so she was burned for heresy

Abraham

Founder of Judaism who, according to the Bible, led his family from Ur to Canaan in obedience to God's command.

What role did the Society of Jesus play in supporting the church through the Reformation years?

Free schools made those seeking knowledge partial to the catholic church. They served the poor which helped alleviate the reformers grievances about the church not focusing on poor and living too lavishly. They stared missionaries and spread the church to places like Africa. Truly soldiers of Christ, systematically demonstrating the value of Catholicism to people in the midst of reformation and anger towards the church

King Phillip IV

French King that decides to tax the church (shifting the balance of power back towards secular)

Lepidus

He joined with Antonius and Octavian in the Second Triumvirate to fight the assassins. They successfully defeated the enemy at Phillippi in 42 BCE, but soon fought among themselves and formed civil wars. Commander of Julius Caesar's cavalry, fought with Octavian and Antony for power after Caesar's death

What factors made Luther's reformation successful in Germany?

He translated the bible into German so it was very accessible. He gained the support of German Dukes because they saw it as an opportunity to claim land owned by the Church. Since Protestant reformers thought the church should not have luxuries, the German dukes were more than happy to relieve them of the land they'd no longer be needing.

Why did Martin Luther think the Catholic church needed to be reformed?

He tried for years to be perfect but it lead him to resent god and his efforts. indugences: pay money to spend less time in purgatory Sola Fide: faith alone is all you need to get gods grace. Faith > Works

Yahweh

Hebrew name for God

Koran

Holy Book of Islam

Illiad

Homer's epic poem of the story of the Trojan War

How were the values of early Greek civilization influenced by the works of Homer? Why is Homer so important for understanding the world of archaic Greece?

Homers works were such a large part of Greek civilization because it because the "sacred" texts on how to live and be a greek. Understanding homer is so important to understanding archaic Greece as it gives the view point and ideas that every greek child was taught. The battles of heroes and mythological gods (ex. Greeks are superior and everyone else are barbarians)

What were the interests and emphases of the Renaissance? How did these interests contribute to this new project, and why did they mark a break with the Medieval period?

Huge interest in art, culture, and pursuit of knowledge. Shift towards humanist ideals instead of Innocent's "humans are debased" ideology. This spurred personal development and education.

The papacy was able to dominate kings and secular rulers during the High Middle Ages. What led to the diminution of his power in the years that followed the reign of Pope Innocent III?

Hundred year war led to increased nationalism which led to less clerical loyalty to Pope which led to the papacy losing power. Interdicts hold no substantial influence if the clergy does not abide by them. Those in France obeyed their secular leader first. The Papacy lost much more of its influence when Boniface was essentially forced to resign. Pope Clement was appointed specifically to cater to the desires of France and even moved the Papacy to Avignon, thus greatly diminishing its power over other European countries.

Neolithic Vrs Paleolithic vrs later societies

Hunter gatherer vrs settlers vrs people later are not self sufficient trade for success.

How does Judaism affect the religious/cultural views of modern Americans? What might we have been like if we had continued to worship the Mesopotamian gods?

If we would have stayed worshiping the Mesopotamian gods our scientific research would have been greatly delayed as we would have explained all natural occurrences as anger or happiness from the gods. Similarly without the beliefs that living righteously rather than sacrificing might have trapped civilization in a more ancient state.

Battle of Plataea

In 479 B.C. The Spartans and the Athenians unite and the Persians flee. This is the last battle.

Philip Augustus

Increased the size of France and centralized power to the monarchy. Important because he laid the groundwork(expansion, power to kings, better courts) for former rulers., (Capetian family) Came into reign in France at 1180, ended up adding lots of territory for both royal domain & vassals, took it from English. Made Paris capital and helped found University of Paris. Adopted English sherrif, but changed it so they weren't local to the area (which meant less loyalty to that area), they were paid, and were called baillis. Beat John of England so bad that John had to sign Magna Carta by his own citizens

Why was Innocent III such a powerful pope? How did he use his powers to establish the papacy as the most potent force in the High Middle Ages?

Innocent was powerful because he asserted religious power over secular. His manipulation of kings using interdicts was effective because clergy, regardless of nationality, obeyed him over their kings. The mindset Innocent had established towards religion is that humans are debased and things like sacraments and church were the only things preventing damnation, which made common people extra sensitive to his interdicts creating pressure on kings to appease their people

Johannes Gutenberg

Invented the printing press, led to the mass production of literature. Cheap, abundant literature fuels the reformation

Asceticism

Involves leading a life of renunciation, in which a person gives up wealth, physcial comforts, and sexual relations to devote himself or herself to spiritual contemplation

Saladin

Islamic general, peacefully dispersed crusaders out of Jerusalem unharmed, overall good guy who put displaced peoples back in their homes, died poor from being so charitable

Octavian

Julius Caesar's grandnephew, later known as Augustus. By defeating Mark Antony, he gained rule of all roman lands. He was Rome's first true emperor.

Richard the Lion-Hearted

King of England, great general. Had a mutual admiration for Saladin during 3rd crusade

King Rehoboam

King of Judah, son of Solomon.

Why did Martin Luther think the Catholic church needed to be reformed?

ML believed that the only true evidence of God's rules for salvation is the bible, yet practices like indulgences were nowhere to be found in it. He believed that people needed to focus on having faith and a personal relationship with God rather than performing works

Conrad Grebel

Leader of anabaptists, baptizes adults

Sack of Constantinople

Led by Enrico Dandolo, the sacking of the city marked the beginning of the Latin Empire and fatally weakened the Byzantine Empire

The People's Crusade

Led by Peter the Hermit, made up of common folk carrying homemade weapons, wiped out by Turks

What were the interests and emphases of the Renaissance? How did these interests contribute to this new project, and why did they mark a break with the Medieval period?

Looking back to the glory of old Greece and Rome, the rise of the merchant class with the trade of luxury goods...merchants separated themselves from the rule of the church and noble class ended time of war and began to make advancements in religion, printing, and philosophy. Left behind old Medieval ideas of science this allowed them to make scientific advances

Sola Fide

Martin Luther's conclusion about salvation, meaning faith alone, basically says that a person's faith, not their actions (confession, sacraments, etc.) earns salvation.

What factors made Luther's reformation successful in Germany?

Mass printing just became available, unententonally his 95 theses were mass printed

What were some of the significant contributions that Mesopotamia made to western civilization?

Mesopotamia made many contributions to western civilization during its time, some were good, others bad. one of the staples of Mesopotamia and the Neolithic period in general was the idea of agriculture as a way of sustaining a city. With the birth of large cities and empires like Babylon larger scale war was introduced (no longer small fights between tribes). The Babylon's also gave us the Code of Hammurabi (steel of Hammurabi: the 7 foot tall stone tower the code was written on, currently in the Louvre) the first code of law for society The first works of literature also came from Mesopotamia in the form of the Epic of Gilgamesh Lastly the idea of polytheistic gods, the afterlife, and Theodicy came from the Mesopotamians

What was Mesopotamian religion like? In what way(s) was it shaped by its environment?

Mesopotamian religion was based around the polytheistic worship of many gods, each with control of their own aspect of life (ex. water, sun, sky). All gods possessed the ability to take human form, although they are normally invisible. Theodicy: Why do good things happen to bad people and vice versa = gods act randomly Worshiped out of large temples called Ziggurats: Made from baked mud, these tall structures protected the upper class from floods. Use to honor the gods with the belief that the gods would protect or favor them. One theory about the environment was that each god controlled a different thing, this was how they explained natural occurrences like floods, eclipses, and storms Ex. pen god likes table god, that is why she moves to the table---this was their explanation for what we know as gravity

Simeon Stylites

Most famous Pillar Saint, tourist attraction because he lived on a 4x4 platform eventually rising to 60ft high. Ate only a few times a week and never bathed.

Innocent III

Most powerful pope to hold office. Made popular by his book "On the Misery of the Human Condition". Asserted himself over kings (Phillip Augustus and John) using interdicts and fierce loyalty by clergy, fear of damnation by common folks. He calls 4th crusade and convenes 4 lateran council

Avignon Papacy

New Papal home established by Clement V, definitely more oriented towards French desires which caused a decline in popularity/respect from Christians in other countries

Corpus Juris Civilis

New code of the Roman Law decided by Justinian I in 529 CE that made Orthodox Christianity the law of the land. It means the "body of civil law".

Pope Clement V

New french pope after Boniface who collaborates with Phillip IV more readily than the previous pope. Relocates the papacy to Avignon France

Equestrians

New social class created by Gaius made of middle-class Roman businessmen. Were the merchants contracted by the senate to carry out new legislature, and therefore emerged as a new, wealthy class that gained its name from the fact that they were those in the military that could afford to buy horses.

Zoroastrianism

One of the first monotheistic religions, particularly one with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia.

In what ways did the philosophical schools we have studied differ? How were they the same?

Our schools on philosophy differ from those in the time of socrates as today we use philosophy to analyze life while socrates was in search for the "perfect" life. Socrates also focused on the universal laws and how to become a better person. Lastly, he encouraged people to examine their own lives, and pushed people to do deep thinking.

John Wycliffe

Oxford theology professor, had radical religious views. Church should serve the people and leaders who fail should be removed. Called for Bible to be translated into English

How did Neolithic people differ from Paleolithic? What distinguished these two prehistoric peoples from later civilizations?

Paleolithic: -"old stone" -lived day to day (lacked the technology to preserve food), following the hearts of animals -their nomadic lifestyle restricted their ability's to advance or learn -used flint for basic tools -relied on fire for food, warmth, light, and security -culture and history based on cave paintings -as they grew spiritually they began to bury their dead -Stonehenge: required some form of communication and time. this indicates it is very unlikely it was made by nomads who would be constantly moving, not settled down Neolithic: -"New stone" -began to settle and master agriculture (plants and animals). This made them the first humans to ever change the world around them, not adapt to the changing world -settling in villages: leads to increased protection, socialization, religious beliefs, and the build up of possessions (ex. Jericho "Joshua 6-1) -as people settled down they had time to learn trades and exchange ideas leading to increased technological advancemnts -out of this came organized governments, large scale wars, and diverse jobs -creation of the wheel and its variety of its uses (Carts, Millers wheel, Potters wheel) -discovery of the bully, irrigation system, plow and yoke, and metallury -metal>stone--> bronze, a mix of tin and copper was still malleable but stiller than an all copper counter part **cylinder seal: earliest form of writing

Clericis Laicos

Papal bull that established that no secular authority (namely Philip IV) had the right to tax the Church without the Pope's consent, Philip apologizes but turns around and bans all movement of money out of France, effectively ignoring the bull and preventing the Papacy from collecting their own "taxes" from France

Hellenic

Purely Greek culture

Selecuids

Persian empire that was founded by Seleucus. (323-83BCE)

Relativism

Philosophy that bases ethical behavior on the opinions and behaviors of relevant other people

What factors (political, biological, economic, and religious) contributed to the end of the Medeival period?

Political: Hundred year war, turning back towards secular power instead of spiritual Biological: Plague

Why was Innocent III such a powerful pope? How did he use his powers to establish the papacy as the most potent force in the High Middle Ages?

Pope Innocent III was well educated which helped him rise to the top of the church rapidly. during this time religious beliefs had become such a large part of society the threat of interdict kept all kings in line. interdict: no one may receive the sacraments, this leads to unrest in the kingdom and revolt by the people by using this power Pope Innocent gains control of all the major kings.

Burrus

Praetorian prefect, 1st century AD. Nero ascended to the emperorship as a kid (17 yrs old), thus the control of the state was left in the hands of Seneca and Sextimus Africanus Burrus. Burrus was an effective bureaucrat, and alongside Seneca, Rome was ruled competently for a number of years. However, Nero grew up. He killed his mother, Agrippina, which Burrus strongly disapproved of. Burrus died in 61 AD, Seneca retired a year later, and the state was left in Nero's (incapable) hands.

Ulrich Zwingli

Priest in Zurich who becomes interested in scripture study. First to read the bible chronologically instead of picking/choosing passages. Urges Zurich council form reformation

Minoan

Prosperous civilization on the Aegean island of Crete in the second millennium B.C.E. Exerted powerful cultural influences on the early Greeks.

Radical Reformation

Response to perceived corruption in Roman Catholic Church and Martin Luther's protestant reformation.

In what ways was the reformation in Switzerland similar to Luther's reformation? In what ways did it differ?

Reliance on the bible, more focus on poor, both reforms believed Church should be far less self-serving, did not follow traditions like fasting. Anabaptists were more radical.. believed in celibacy, whereas ML encouraged religious folk to get married like the Apostle Peter did

What role did leaders like Charlemagne play in improving the lot of the people and reforming the life of the medieval church? Did his reforms make a lasting impact on the Medieval world? Why or why not?

Responsible for turning the tide on education and literacy. Also set up advanced schools for nobility. His reforms had a lasting effect on the mid-evil world as it sparked a mini renaissance and unified all German​ tribes in one nation. Had a lasting impact on Monastic life

Scipio Africanus

Roman general who commanded the invasion of Carthage in the second Punic War and defeated Hannibal at Zama (circa 237-183 BC)

Quaestors

Roman officials responsible for the administration of financial affairs.

King David

Second king of Israel.He united Israel.He also made Israel a powerful nation.

Why was the teaching of John Wycliffe so dangerous for the medieval Catholic church?

Set foundation for the next 100 years of ideas Taught that rulers should be servants to the people like jesus did (washing of the feet) He was ignored by kings and sent home--this lead to his first teachings not leaving his classroom 2 churchs: visible (pope, bishops, and monks) invisible: model to live by-christ Threatened church so they excommunicated him and abnned his bible, those caught with it would be killed

In what way(s) was Zoroastrianism similar to Judaism? In what ways was it different? How did it compare to other Mesopotamian religions?

Similar: Zoroastrianism, like judaism has the beliefs that there is a good and evil force in the world, not a random feeling from the gods. Similar to judaism both religions offer free will: they will show you the right and wrong path, but it is up to us to follow one. Religion for oneself not forced. Ahura Mazda and Ahriman share a relationship similar to that of god and the devil. One is stronger but the lesser finds ways to conduct his evil plans. Different: Judaism differs from Zoroastrianism in the idea that bad things happen because Ahriman is attacking you, not because you are moving away from gods plan. Zoroastrianism also says that god is careless while in judaism believes that god is all powerful and has a plan for everything Zoroastrianism differs from the Mesopotamian religions as it is not a polytheistic system, with free will, and a god who created the world. Thesis two religions are similar in how they perceve bad events, both systems share the idea that bad things are somewhat random.

The Assyrians and Persians formed two of the greatest Mesopotamian empires. In what ways were these two empires similar? In what ways did they differ? Think about the nature and aims of the conquerors as well as the legacy that each left behind.

Similarities: Both began as small nations bullied by larger nations, both began to become militaristic and became two of the largest empires of their time. Both believed in Mesopotamian gods. differences: The Assyrian empire was known for being cruel and violent in war and Daily life, the First Nation to have a standing army. Nations they conquered were divided, enslaved, and exiled. On top of this they replaced other gods with their own, and forced religion on those they enslaved. Used fear to control nations, this lead to constant civil war Persia on the other hand was mostly known for their tolerance when conquering nations, not only did they support freedom of religion, and attempted to end slavery. Instead of using fear to control their empire the Persians brought peace and prosperity to their empire and let all nations thrive under their rule. Legacy: While Assyria has left a legacy of violence, cruelty, and only strived to become the strongest and wealthy only for themselves. Persia on the other had used their power to bring peace and prosperity to their empire through religious tolerance and space too let nations grow and learn to work with the Persian government.

Why did the Sophists pose a problem to contemporary members of their society?

Sophists views on reaiitiveism, atheism, and the rhetoric made them believe everything is a product of our own ideas not a universal or outside standards. Sophist phished people to ignore the ideas of the gods, this made parents worry their children were being taught bad ideals.

ghetto

Specific areas sectioned off for the Jewish population. While this could be considered prejudiced in it of itself, some ghettos were put in place to protect the jews (since many people relied on their financial services)

Cunniform

Sumerian writing;thought to be the first language in history

Enuma Elish

The Babylonian creation myth and the cosmos

How did the Macedonian rise to power alter the balance of power in the Ancient Near East?

The Macedonians rose to power under the rule of Philip of Macedonia. Philip slowly conquered the greek polis as they were weak from civil wars between themselves. Instead of enslaving the greeks Philip created the league of Corinth with the goal of invading Persia. With the rule of Alexander and dismantling of the Persian empire the Ancient near east was left in pieces with very little leadership. With no plan for this new conquered area after Alexander died his empire was split into three Hellenistic kingdoms.

Bay of Salamis

The bay in which the Athenians defeated the massive Persian navy ramming the boats with faster, more maneuverable ships Out strategize do persians

assur

The chief god of the Assyrian people.

The papacy was able to dominate kings and secular rulers during the High Middle Ages. What led to the diminution of his power in the years that followed the reign of Pope Innocent III?

The death caused by the plague lead to a rise in suspersititon. The popes following Pope Innocent III didn't use the same authority that Innocent did Philip VI: created a completely secular council with the focus on collecting money for a war. -the pope let the kings see how far they could push, and how much land the king could take without drawbacks Knights Templar begin focusing on taking followers to the holy land to make money When the Templars return they are tired and the king takes their land, where Pope Innocent III would have brought harsh punishment to the king. ' The current pope disestablishes the Templars--pretty much lets the king get away with it.

Majorinus

The donatists broke away from the church and named their own bishop, Majorinus. He died shortly after being made bishop of the donatists.

What factors (political, biological, economic, and religious) contributed to the end of the Medieval period?

The end of the medieval period began with the black plague which brought the rise of superstition, prayer to saints, relics, and pilgrimages. When 1/3 of the population is dead who will work? many Jews were persecuted and blamed for the plague. Many people struggled to find a reason for why the plague was happening

Capetian Dynasty

The first French dynasty started, from the west Frankish lands after the last Carolingian ruler; the west Frankish nobles elected Hugh Capet as king in 987, creating France; however, the Capetian kings actually had little power, only over Ile- de- France (area around Paris), since the dukes did.

Torah

The first five books of Jewish Scripture, which they believe are by Moses, are called this

How did the Great Schism further destabilize the papacy's claim to be over western Christianity?

The great schism just made people confused about the church. To retain power, the french cardinals declared Clement VII pope but there is only supposed to be one Pope who communicates with God. With multiple people claiming this power for their own ends, no single papacy retained the power that it had once had.

In what ways, politically, socially, religiously, and philosophically, did the Hellenistic Kingdoms differ from the classical age of Greece?

The hellenistic kingdoms differed from greek polis as they were larger and retired to a monarchy. Once again the upper class held all of the power while the larger lower class worked for them. New religious beliefs formed in these kingdoms as people moved away from mythological gods and heroes.

What were the central issues in the conflict over lay investiture? How were these issues ultimately resolved?

The issue involved who would elect bishops, during this time King Henry and Pope Gregory went back and forth excommunicating each other this was solved at the Concordat of Worms where it was chosen that the church will decide the bishops.

Babylon

The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E. and the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century B.C.E. (p. 29)

Cimon

The leader of the Delian League. He lead aggressive attacks on Persia, and made friendly relations with Sparta. Thasos then rebelled the League, and then the people wanted to break away with Sparta. Cimon was exiled, and then Athens made an alliance with Sparta's enemy, causing them to break ties.

What were the primary differences between Athens and Sparta? What factors are thought to have contributed to these differences?

The main difference between Sparta and Athens was how they were built. The Spartans were so scared of another revolt they focused completely on becoming the best warriors. Athens on the other hand reformed to use trade and their climate to thrive and grow, instead of wasting time training for battle they had time to study and learn the sciences. Sparta stayed with the old monarchy system while Athens changed to democracy.

Why was the teaching of John Wycliffe so dangerous to the medieval catholic church?

The medieval Catholic church was wealthy and those who served in it lived lavish lifestyles. If they were to adopt Wycliffe's beliefs, it would entail giving much of their wealth away. Wycliffe thought the church should be poor and serve the needy but those who benefitted from its wealth were unwilling to do this.

Neolithic

The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution. It follows the Paleolithic period.

Paleolithic

The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.

What political/social problems led to the development of democracy in Athens?

The pressure of the oligarchy paired with the issues surrounding debt slavery lead the the reform by Solon the reformer. Solon removed debt slavery and current debts, set up a constitution with a Boule (council of citizens), and pushed Athens to a tarred based society instead of struggling to farm grain crops. (Trade grapes and olives which grow well in Athens for grains and resources they couldn't make themselves). Lastly Solon divided the city state so powerful land owners couldn't control a whole market.

Leviticus

The priestly book containing the laws designed to make Israel a holy people.

Coenobite

The second wave of people that travelled to settle in the desert city and follow the monastic movement and renounce all aspects of the world and focus on God.

Stele of Hammurabi

The stele is now at the Louvre. statue of hammarabi

Darius

The third king of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. He ruled the empire at its peak. He organized the empire by dividing it into provinces and placing satraps to govern it. He organized a new uniform money system, along with making Aramaic the official language of the empire. He also worked on construction projects throughout the empire.

Darius I the Great

Third ruler of the Persian Empire. He crushed the widespread initial resistance to his rule and gave all major government posts to Persians rather than to Medes. He established a system of provinces and tribute, began construction of Persepolis, and expanded Persian control in the east and west. Strengthened his position by marrying relatives of Cyrus. Had a vision of an empire of vast extent and abundant resources in which all people willingly cooperate. Used Zoroastrianism throughout the empire as propaganda.

Mayor of the Palace

This position was created to aid the kings however after a while they began to take over the responsibility of the kings., Manager of the household of the Frankish king. The office existed from the sixth century, and during the seventh it evolved into the "power behind the throne" in the northeastern kingdom of Austrasia.In 751, the mayor of the palace, Pippin the Short, orchestrated the deposition of the last Merovingian king, Childeric III, and was crowned in his place.

Foederati

This term refers to allied German barbarians who Marcus Aurelius put in charge of protecting the northern Roman front. While helpful in the short term, it ultimately contributed to the decline of the empire.

How did modern European nations begin to emerge from the kingdom of the Franks?

Through the policy of diving land Among all sons lead to louis the pious dividing his land between his 3 sons Lothair(Italy), Louis the german (German) , and Charles the blad (france)

Xeres

Took over after Darius; Wanted revenge over the Greeks after they defeated Darius in the battle of Marathon

Diet of Worms

Trial of Luther ordered by Charles V, Martin Luther given the chance to argue his points, Catholic theologians couldn't disprove him with bible alone but held fast to the churches practices. ML sentenced to death but is saved by Frederick

Claudius

Uncle of Caligula found hiding behind curtain in palace during assassinated; passed over as emperor (cerebral palsy); senate disliked, made freed slaves his most important advisors; he was into "Roman things" (ie racing); build major new aqueduct & conquered England; poisoned by 4th wife who wanted to make her son Nero to take reign.

How does Judaism compare to the Mesopotamian religion we have studied? Think particularly about the way God/the gods are conceived; how people are supposed to worship/live rightly before the gods; the ways in which environment/culture might have shaped ideas about the gods; the role humans play in religion?

Unlike Mesopotamia, Judaism is based on a monotheistic system where there is only one true God, the hebrews believe theirs is this one. Mesopotamian Gods also were given to natural things (ex the sun god) and had thousands of different gods. The judaism creation story also differs from that of Mesopotamia. In genesis the story begins with just God, this signifies that he was not created but has always been there. In the Enuma Elish (Mesopotamian version) Ra was created by some outside force, thus there was a time before this god existed. Another difference is in how gods fit into the world, the Hebrew God can take the form of a human while Mesopotamian gods are part of nature. This is why they never made scientific advances (everything can be explained as being a god) To live rightly before the Hebrew god you do not need to make sacrifices, God also gives us free will (He will show us what is right, however it is up to us to follow him). Mesopotamian gods required sacrifices to stay happy with their people. This greatly affected empires as the Mesopotamians lived in fear of the randomness of the gods, and were restricted from pursuing sciences. On the other side while the monotheistic views of Israel brought them hate and criticism from surrounding nations.

Valerian

Was emperor that decided to focus his attention on christians and wants them all to make a sacrifice. He goes to fight Peria and loses, he is taken captive by Shapor I and is made his personal footstool. Valerian dies and is skinned and mummified so that he will forever be a statue.

Seneca

Was one of Nero's advisors, along with agrippina and the leader of the praetorian guard. He was a tutor and later advisor to emperor Nero. While he was forced to commit suicide for alleged complicity in the Pisonian conspiracy to assassinate Nero, he may have been innocent.

Knights Templar

Wealthy group of monks trained in combat, very popular with the people. Served as body guards for those going on pilgrimages to the Holy Land. Eventually targeted by pope Clement V and Phillip IV because of their wealth. Tortured until they confessed to crimes they did not commit then had their assets seized by the pope and king, both of whom profited greatly.

Was Alexander really "Great"? Why or why not?

While Alexander was an amazing general, tactician, and warrior he was cruel in victory. Remembered as one of the greatest generals but the worst warmonger. The Persian empire was a threat to the greeks however it was one of the bets empires of its time. When Alexander dismantled the Persian emprie he had no plan of what to do with this land.

Senate

a body of men who worked together to control the country. The senate is the group of political wisdom that represents the people.

Libellus

a certificate issued during the reign of Emperor Decius to prove you sacrificed to the Roman Gods that day.

Thermopylae

a famous battle in 480 BC, where the Persians attacked the Spartans, battle held in a mountain pass

wergeld

a fine that was paid by a wrongdoer to the family of the person he had injured or killed. Was class-dependent.

Oligarchy

a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.

Salon

a social gathering of intellectuals and artists, like those held in the homes of wealthy women in Paris and other European cities during the Enlightenment

Assyria

a southwest Asian kingdom that controlled a large empire from about 850 to 612 B.C.

Venus of Willendorf

also known as the Woman of Willendorf, is an 11.1 cm (4 3/8 inches) high statuette of a female figure. It was discovered in 1908 by archaeologist Josef Szombathy at a paleolithic site near Willendorf. Willendorf is a village in Lower Austria near the city of Krems.

israel

an ancient kingdom of the Hebrew tribes at the southeastern end of the Mediterranean Sea

Logos

an appeal based on logic or reason

Homer

ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey (circa 850 BC)

Censors

decides the suitability of the senators, their personal character and their wealth.

Childeric the Stupid

during pepin's rule, was being recognized for all the power because he was the merovingian king, but pepin the short did not like this so he made up a plan that kicked childred the stupid out.

Akhenaton

early ruler of Egypt who rejected the old gods and replaced them with sun worship (died in 1358 BC)

Praetors

elected to help consuls, commanded armies in times of war and oversaw legal system in times of peace

Judasim impact on modern day religion

first though of monotheism, if continued to be poly, less independant and more controlled thoughts, reason to blame gods instead of changing oneself.

Society of Jesus

founded by Ignatius, emphasis on service, education side of Catholicism

Marcus Regulus

he served as a general in the First Punic War (256 BC), where he defeated the Carthaginians in a naval battle at Cape Ecnomus near Sicily and invaded North Africa, winning victories at Aspis and Adys, until he was defeated and captured at Tunis in 255 BC. After he was released on parole to negotiate a peace, he is supposed to have urged the Roman Senate to refuse the proposals and then, over the protests of his own people, to have fulfilled the terms of his parole by returning to Carthage, where, according to Roman tradition, he was tortured to death. He was posthumously seen by the Romans as a model of civic virtue.[1]

Hoplites

heavily armed Greek infantrymen who marched and fought in close ranks; most of the recruits were middle-class citizens

Phlanx

in ancient greece a military formation in which foot soldiers stood so that their sheilds overlapped

Arete

in early Greece, the qualities of excellence that a hero strives to win in a struggle or contest

Great Schism

period where two different men claimed to be pope, Urban VI in Rome, Clement VII in Avignon

Judism vrs mesopotamia religion

polytheism vrs mono and heno theism. less reliant on the agriculture to work as trading boomed.

Tribune of the Plebs

responsible for rights of the lower class, sacro sanct, could veto Senate; annually elected officers of the plebeians who protected their rights, lives, and property from abuses of the patricians. gained veto power over laws, elections, and officials' acts and were immune form prosecution. Rome's emperors assumed the tribunes' powers or delegated them to their preferred heirs.

Protagoras

said "man is the measure of all things"

The Great Army

the raiding party that landed in England. people of the vikings

Jewish Diaspora

the scattering of the Jewish people outside their homeland beginning about 586 BCE

Deuteronomy means

the second rendering of the Law.

Ahriman

the spirit of evil in Zoroastrianism

Duchy

the territory ruled by a duke or duchess

Theodicy

the theological question that tries to connect belief in God's justice with the reality that sometimes good people suffer unjustly and die

Conciliarism

the use of an ecumenical council to regulate the pope's actions (ended in failure)

Agrippina

wife who poisoned Claudius after her son Nero was declared heir and who was then put to death by Nero

Pico della Mirandola

wrote 900 theses about goodness of humans and Christianity's relation to other religions, humans restored through Christ, basically father of modern Christian thought