Western Civ Test Review

What motivated nobles to rebel against the crown during the Fronde? a) A desire to regain power and local influence b) Unhappiness with the high price of grain c) Ideological objections to monarchy d) Anger over French participation in the Thirty Years' War

a) A desire to regain power and local influence As disorder and revolt spread, the nobles saw an opportunity to reassert their claims to power against the weakened monarchy and demanded greater local control.

The new national government created by the National Convention in 1795 featured which of the following? a) A two-house legislature and an executive body b) An executive branch but no legislature c) An elected monarch d) A legislature that was elected by all adult males

a) A two-house legislature and an executive body The constitution of 1795 set up a two-house legislature and an executive body - the Directory, headed by five directors.

Which type of art was typical of Stalinist Soviet propaganda? a) Art glorifying the lives of ordinary Soviet workers b) Art glorifying the successes of the New Economic Policy (NEP) c) Art mocking Vladimir Lenin d) Art mocking Karl Marx

a) Art glorifying the lives of ordinary Soviet workers The ordinary worker was held up as the backbone of the Soviet Union, so propaganda often depicted working men and women.

Why did the French state consider Newtonianism threatening? a) Because it glorified the human mind b) Because it challenged Cartesianism c) Because Newton was British d) Because of Newton's views on alchemy

a) Because it glorified the human mind The French state and many European theologians considered Newtonianism threatening because it glorified the human mind and seemed to reduce God to an abstract, external, rationalistic force.

Which of these was an important difference between the United Nations and the League of Nations? a) Both the United States and the Soviet Union were active in the United Nations. b) The League of Nations sought to resolve international conflicts. c) The United Nations had the right to impose taxes on the population of member countries. d) The League of Nations had a large, independent military.

a) Both the United States and the Soviet Union were active in the United Nations. The United Nations had a greater chance of success than the League of Nations because both the United States and the Soviet Union were active members from the outset.

How did Europe's radical right seek to gain working-class votes in the late nineteenth century? a) By employing militant nationalist rhetoric b) By promising support for trade unions c) By attacking the Catholic church d) By appearing to embrace liberal ideals

a) By employing militant nationalist rhetoric In both republics and monarchies, anti-Semitism and militant nationalism provided those on the radical right with a platform to gain working-class votes and thus combat the radical left of social democracy.

Which of these was true of Europe during the Great Depression? a) Economic catastrophe upset traditional gender roles. b) Industrialization stalled in eastern Europe. c) Consumers were hit hard by steep inflation. d) Government building projects came to a halt.

a) Economic catastrophe upset traditional gender roles. Women often found low-paying jobs doing laundry and cleaning house, while unemployed men sometimes stayed home all day and took over housekeeping chores.

Which of these explains the defeat of the Spanish Armada? a) English fire ships and bad weather b) The superior size and quality of the English fleet c) French intervention on the English side d) Poor planning by the Spanish

a) English fire ships and bad weather The English scattered the Spanish Armada by sending blazing fire ships into its midst. A great gale then forced the Spanish to flee around Scotland.

Which of these describes economic and demographic conditions in eighteenth-century Europe? a) Europe's population grew substantially. b) Europe's economy contracted. c) Wages rose faster than prices. d) Food production remained stagnant.

a) Europe's population grew substantially. Europe's population grew by nearly 30 percent over the course of the century.

What impact did European colonization have on African economies? a) Europeans destroyed existing economic systems and replaced them with arrangements that suited their purposes. b) Europeans worked within existing economic systems, creating greater profits for themselves and greater prosperity for most Africans. c) European colonization had considerable impact on African political institutions but relatively little on African economies. d) Europeans set up parallel economies in Africa, leaving existing economic patterns in place while pursuing their own economic plans independently

a) Europeans destroyed existing economic systems and replaced them with arrangements that suited their purposes. Agriculture to support families, often performed by women and slaves, declined in favor of mining and farming cash crops. Men were made to leave their homes to work in mines or to build railroads.

What impact did European colonization have on African economies? a) Europeans destroyed existing economic systems and replaced them with arrangements that suited their purposes. b) Europeans worked within existing economic systems, creating greater profits for themselves and greater prosperity for most Africans. c) European colonization had considerable impact on African political institutions but relatively little on African economies. d) Europeans set up parallel economies in Africa, leaving existing economic patterns in place while pursuing their own economic plans independently.

a) Europeans destroyed existing economic systems and replaced them with arrangements that suited their purposes. Agriculture to support families, often performed by women and slaves, declined in favor of mining and farming cash crops. Men were made to leave their homes to work in mines or to build railroads.

What impact did European colonization have on African economies? a) Europeans seized African lands and forced Africans to work for them as wage laborers. b) Europeans worked within existing economic systems, creating greater profits for themselves and greater prosperity for most Africans. c) European colonization had considerable impact on African political institutions but relatively little on African economies. d) Europeans set up parallel economies in Africa, leaving existing economic patterns in place while pursuing their own economic plans independently.

a) Europeans seized African lands and forced Africans to work for them as wage laborers. Most Europeans believed that Africans were barely civilized. They felt this justified the confiscation of land from Africans, who were then forced to work for them to pay European-imposed taxes.

Which of these was a major trend in European government in the second half of the nineteenth century? a) Government bureaucracies grew much larger. b) Governments retreated from involvement in many aspects of daily life. c) Governments shrank the size of the military and increased spending on social services. d) Governments created new international organizations to oversee social and economic policies.

a) Government bureaucracies grew much larger. To build an orderly national community required a more active role for the state, and bureaucracies expanded in these years as government authority reached further into everyday life.

Why did Adolf Hitler sign a nonaggression pact with Joseph Stalin in 1939? a) He could attack the Western democracies without fear of an attack from the east. b) He feared the massive Soviet army. c) Domestic unrest forced him to be a peacemaker. d) He wanted to focus on building his armed forces

a) He could attack the Western democracies without fear of an attack from the east. The Nazi-Soviet Pact ensured that, should war come, the democracies would be fighting a Germany that feared no attack on its eastern borders.

Why did Frederick II of Prussia start the War of the Austrian Succession? a) He saw the succession of Maria Theresa to the Austrian throne as a chance to grab territory. b) He saw the succession of Maria Theresa to the Austrian throne as a threat to Prussian autonomy. c) He saw the succession of Maria Theresa to the Austrian throne as essential to Prussian security. d) He saw the succession of Maria Theresa to the Austrian throne as a French plot to undermine Prussia.

a) He saw the succession of Maria Theresa to the Austrian throne as a chance to grab territory. When Maria Theresa came to the throne, Frederick saw his chance to grab territory and immediately invaded the rich Austrian province of Silesia.

How did the king respond to the formation of the National Assembly? a) He sent mixed messages. b) He openly denounced the new institution. c) He offered the new institution his wholehearted support. d) He refused to even acknowledge the formation of the new institution.

a) He sent mixed messages. At first, Louis XVI appeared to agree to the new National Assembly, but he also ordered thousands of soldiers to march to Paris.

Which of these characterizes the Allied prosecution of the Axis leadership? a) Incomplete and inconsistent b) Thorough and relentless c) All but nonexistent d) Incompetent and ineffective

a) Incomplete and inconsistent Allied prosecution of the Axis leadership was hardly thorough. Some of those most responsible for war crimes were not pursued, leaving many Germans skeptical about Allied intentions.

Which of these accurately characterizes an important trend in working-class political power in the late nineteenth century? a) Increased educational opportunities helped build the political confidence of laboring people. b) Labor unions saw their membership rolls shrink dramatically. c) Labor and socialist parties were not represented in national legislatures. d) Socialist parties remained tiny everywhere but Italy.

a) Increased educational opportunities helped build the political confidence of laboring people. Workers in England, for example, avidly read works by Shakespeare and took literally his calls for political action in the cause of justice that rang out in plays such as Julius Caesar.

Which of these was key to the eighteenth-century agricultural revolution? a) Increasingly aggressive attitudes toward investment and land management b) New and much more efficient agricultural technology c) Substantial state subsidies for large landowners d) The division of large estates into numerous small family farms

a) Increasingly aggressive attitudes toward investment and land management Changes in the way land was organized and used were key to the agricultural revolution.

How did Napoleon's Civil Code curtail the rights of women? a) It gave husbands almost complete control over property. b) It made it illegal to educate girls beyond the age of thirteen. c) It stipulated that only men could initiate divorce proceedings. d) It limited women's right to vote to local elections.

a) It gave husbands almost complete control over property. The husband alone controlled any property held in common; a wife could not sue in court, sell or mortgage her own property, or contract a debt without her husband's consent.

Which of the following was a consequence of President Nixon's 1972 visit to China? a) It helped slow the brutality and excesses of the Chinese regime. b) It prompted the Chinese to withdraw their support of North Vietnam. c) It led to Mao Zedong's fall from power. d) It convinced the Chinese to recognize the independence of Taiwan.

a) It helped slow the brutality and excesses of the Chinese regime. Nixon's visit helped slow the brutality and excesses of Mao's regime. It also advanced the careers of Chinese pragmatists who were interested in technology and relations with the West and who laid the groundwork for China's boom later in the century.

Which of these was a crucial weakness of the Frankfurt parliament? a) Its delegates had no access to an army. b) It had not been authorized by the king. c) Its delegates were almost all from the working classes. d) It had no support outside the landed elite.

a) Its delegates had no access to an army. The eight hundred delegates to the Frankfurt parliament had little practical political experience and no access to an army.

Which of these was true of Europe during the Great Depression? a) Most Europeans had jobs throughout the 1930s. b) Industrialization stalled in eastern Europe. c) Consumers were hit hard by steep inflation. d) Government building projects came to a halt.

a) Most Europeans had jobs throughout the 1930s. While unemployment was very high, the majority of Europeans had jobs throughout the 1930s, and people with steady employment benefited from a drastic drop in prices.

With what early nineteenth-century political movement were romantics most closely associated? a) Nationalism b) Conservatism c) Liberalism d) Socialism

a) Nationalism If romantics had any common political thread, it was the support of nationalist aspirations, especially through the search for the historical origins of national identity.

Why did the German Reichstag fail to approve emergency measures to improve the economy after the depression struck? a) Nazi and communist deputies disrupted its sessions. b) Most of its members did not think any action was necessary. c) It lacked the legal authority to do so. d) Most Germans did not approve of government involvement in the economy.

a) Nazi and communist deputies disrupted its sessions. The Reichstag, or German assembly, failed to approve emergency plans to improve the economy, first because its members disagreed over policies and second because Nazi and communist deputies disrupted its sessions.

Which region of Europe emerged from the early seventeenth-century recession with the strongest economy? a) Northwest b) Northeast c) Southwest d) Southeast

a) Northwest The economies of southern Europe declined during this period, whereas those of the northwest emerged stronger.

Which of these explains the frequency and intensity of typhoid epidemics in nineteenth-century European cities? a) Poor sanitation b) The absence of an effective cure for the disease c) The increasing mobility of the European population d) Industrial air pollution

a) Poor sanitation Poor sanitation allowed typhoid bacteria to spread through sewage and into water supplies, infecting rich and poor alike.

Who were the philosophes? a) Public intellectuals concerned with real problems b) Philosophers focused on the development of abstract theories c) Political revolutionaries dedicated to overturning the state d) Government officials interested in advancing state power and authority

a) Public intellectuals concerned with real problems The philosophes were public intellectuals dedicated to solving the real problems of the world. They wrote on subjects ranging from current affairs to art criticism.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert's mercantilist policies in France included which of the following? a) Raising foreign tariffs and reducing internal customs fees b) Forcing guilds to loosen their rules or disband c) Abolishing trade with foreign countries d) Establishing French North America as a free-trade zone

a) Raising foreign tariffs and reducing internal customs fees Colbert established overseas trading companies, granted manufacturing monopolies, regulated the guild system, raised foreign tariffs and reduced internal customs fees, subsidized shipbuilding, and sought to control the economy of French North America.

Which of these helps explain why industrialization in eastern Europe was relatively slow? a) Serfdom still survived there. b) Eastern Europe was sparsely populated. c) Eastern Europe enjoyed few natural resources. d) Peasants refused to work in the new factories.

a) Serfdom still survived there. The advance of industrialization in eastern Europe was slow in large part because serfdom still survived there, hindering labor mobility and tying up investment capital.

By the 1890s, many women activists decided to focus their efforts on what single issue as the most effective way to correct the many problems caused by male privilege? a) Suffrage b) Female education c) Property law d) Pacifism

a) Suffrage In the decades leading up to World War I, suffragists created major organizations involving millions of activists.

In the 1941 Atlantic Charter, the United States and Great Britain did which of the following? a) Supported the right of people to choose their own government b) Pledged to fight Germany and Japan until both were vanquished c) Agreed to begin the process of decolonization when the war was over d) Decided to take on the Japanese before the Germans

a) Supported the right of people to choose their own government In 1941, Roosevelt and Churchill crafted the Atlantic Charter, which condemned aggression, endorsed collective security, and supported the right of all people to choose their governments.

Which development contributed directly to the western European so-called economic miracle of the 1950s? a) The Marshall Plan b) COMECON c) The Truman Doctrine d) The European Economic Community

a) The Marshall Plan The Marshall Plan was a highly successful, American-financed economic recovery package that helped Europe to rebuild after World War II. In 1948, as Marshall Plan dollars poured in, the battered economies of western Europe began to improve.

Which of these explains why the U.S. stock market collapse helped bring on a global depression? a) The United States was the most important global creditor in the 1920s. b) Most stock prices in Europe and around the world were tied to U.S. share prices. c) The United States owed billions of dollars to European creditors. d) Most Europeans believed the stock market collapse would bring on a second world war.

a) The United States was the most important global creditor in the 1920s. The United States had financed the international economic growth of the previous five years, so when the suddenly strapped U.S. banks cut back on loans and called in debts, they undermined businesses at home and abroad.

Which of these was one of the two major consequences of the Enlightenment interest in secular society? a) The advancement of the secularization of political life b) The abolition of slavery c) A reduction in the general level of warfare and political violence in Europe d) The creation of the first successful labor organizations

a) The advancement of the secularization of political life The Enlightenment interest in secular society produced two major results: it advanced the secularization of European political life that had begun after the French Wars of Religion of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and it laid the foundations for the social sciences of the modern era.

Which of these characterizes France in the early 1640s? a) The country was exhausted by high taxes and recurrent revolts. b) The country was at the height of its power and prestige. c) The country was defeated in battle and rife with religious divisions. d) The country was on the verge of complete collapse.

a) The country was exhausted by high taxes and recurrent revolts. Like Spain, by the 1640s the high costs of war had produced internal tensions in France. These problems were complicated by the succession of a five-year-old king.

Which of these sparked the Flour War of 1775? a) The deregulation of the grain trade b) The Seven Years' War c) The closing of the parlements d) The dismissal of Jacques Turgot

a) The deregulation of the grain trade Jacques Turgot's deregulation of the grain trade in 1774 caused prices to rise in several provincial cities. Rioting spread from there to the Paris region.

Which of these was one of the two major consequences of the Enlightenment interest in secular society? a) The emergence of what would become the social sciences b) The abolition of slavery c) A reduction in the general level of warfare and political violence in Europe d) The creation of the first successful labor organizations

a) The emergence of what would become the social sciences The Enlightenment interest in secular society produced two major results: it advanced the secularization of European political life that had begun after the French Wars of Religion of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and it laid the foundations for the social sciences of the modern era.

Which of these was a major task faced by the delegates at the Congress of Vienna? a) The establishment of a long-lasting, negotiated peace b) The organizing of general elections c) The creation of new constitutions d) The creation of a permanent pan-European army

a) The establishment of a long-lasting, negotiated peace With its aim to establish a long-lasting, negotiated peace endorsed by all parties, both winners and losers, the Congress of Vienna provided a model for the twentieth-century League of Nations and United Nations.

Which of these explains how the Greeks won their independence from the Ottomans in the late 1820s? a) The great powers of Europe intervened on their behalf. b) The Ottomans voluntarily allowed the Greeks to go their own way. c) Greek partisans defeated the Ottomans on the battlefield. d) The Greeks won the support of Egypt and other Ottoman provinces in their struggle.

a) The great powers of Europe intervened on their behalf. Military intervention by Russia, France, and Britain forced the Ottomans to cede control of Greece. In 1830, Greece was declared an independent kingdom under the guarantee of the three powers.

Which of these was a consequence of the development of limited liability corporations? a) The growth of stock markets b) Rising wages for workers c) Greater government regulation of industry d) A reduction in the available pool of investment capital

a) The growth of stock markets By reducing personal risk, limited liability made investors more confident about financing business ventures, which led to the growth of stock markets.

To which of these did Napoleon give the greatest credit for his military success? a) The morale of his troops b) His own leadership c) The size of the French army d) The weakness of his enemies

a) The morale of his troops Napoleon attributed his military success "three-quarters to morale" and the rest to leadership and superiority of numbers at the point of attack.

Which of these captures the philosophes' approach to creating social and political change? a) The philosophes usually advocated reform, not revolution. b) The philosophes pinned their hopes for change on the lower classes. c) The philosophes did not hesitate to advocate violence to create change. d) The philosophes worked to create a "classless" society.

a) The philosophes usually advocated reform, not revolution. Enlightenment critics of church and state usually advocated reform, not revolution.

Which of these was a major task faced by the delegates at the Congress of Vienna? a) The redrawing of Europe's boundaries b) The organizing of general elections c) The creation of new constitutions d) The creation of a permanent pan-European army

a) The redrawing of Europe's boundaries In addition to determining the boundaries of France, the congress had to decide the fate of Napoleon's duchy of Warsaw, the German province of Saxony, the Netherlands, the states once part of the Confederation of the Rhine, and various Italian territories.

Which of these accurately characterizes demographic trends in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Europe? a) The total population continued to grow. b) Birthrates continued to rise. c) Population growth came to a halt, and Europe's population level stagnated. d) Mortality rates rose rapidly.

a) The total population continued to grow. The European population continued to grow as the twentieth century opened. For example, Germany's population increased from 41 million in 1871 to 64 million in 1910.

How did World War II affect decolonization? a) The war changed the economic balance of power. b) Western powers were more likely to fight long, bloody battles to keep their colonies after the war. c) As a result of the war, European colonial powers had well-trained armies ready to put down rebellions. d) The continued presence of Japan in Southeast Asia prevented anticolonial nationalist movements from emerging there.

a) The war changed the economic balance of power. World War II accelerated a trend that began with World War I. The wars allowed local industries in the colonies to develop, while industry in the imperial homelands fell into decline as a result of the destruction and expense of the conflicts.

With which of these statements would Friedrich Nietzsche have agreed? a) There are no absolute truths. b) The key to progress was a return to traditional moral and religious values. c) All people are equal in every way. d) Scientists are able to obtain direct, unfiltered knowledge of nature.

a) There are no absolute truths. Nietzsche asserted that truth is not certain but rather a human representation of reality. Moreover, he was convinced that late nineteenth-century Europe was witnessing the decline of absolute truths such as those found in religion.

What did Benjamin Disraeli and Otto von Bismarck have in common? a) They both believed that the working classes would prove to be conservative voters. b) They both believed in absolute monarchy. c) They both believed that civilians should have no control over the military. d) They both opposed imperial expansion by the European powers.

a) They both believed that the working classes would prove to be conservative voters. In supporting the Second Reform Bill, Disraeli demonstrated his faith, like Bismarck somewhat later, that the working classes would choose "the most conservative interests in the country" - not the business ones.

How did the great powers of Europe respond to the 1830 Belgian revolt? a) They convened a conference to decide Belgium's fate. b) They sent troops into Belgium to support King William of the Netherlands. c) They refrained from involvement of any kind. d) They forced King William of the Netherlands to abdicate.

a) They convened a conference to decide Belgium's fate. Great Britain and France invited Russia, Austria, and Prussia to a conference that guaranteed Belgium independence in exchange for its neutrality in international affairs.

Which of these was true of European liberals in the first half of the nineteenth century? a) They saw the Industrial Revolution as an engine of progress. b) They joined conservatives in rejecting Enlightenment political and economic ideals. c) They were often members of the traditional landed elite. d) They saw the French Revolution as a model to be emulated.

a) They saw the Industrial Revolution as an engine of progress. Liberals generally applauded the social and economic changes produced by the Industrial Revolution.

Which of these was true of the Girondins? a) They were generally opposed to executing Louis XVI. b) They were closely allied with the Paris militants. c) They hoped to return Louis XVI to the throne. d) They were named after the section of the National Convention in which they sat.

a) They were generally opposed to executing Louis XVI. Although the Girondins agreed that the king was guilty of treason, many of them argued for clemency, exile, or a popular referendum on his fate.

Which of these was one of Philip II's primary objectives when he came to the throne in 1556? a) To restore Catholic unity in Europe b) To gain control of France c) To secure an alliance with the Netherlands d) To end Spanish dependence on Portugal

a) To restore Catholic unity in Europe A deeply devout Catholic, Philip II came to the Spanish throne at age twenty-eight determined to restore Catholic unity in Europe and lead the Christian defense against the Muslims.

Which of these was true of the British colonies in North America in 1700? a) Whites in the colonies enjoyed more freedom than ever before. b) African slaves made up at least 25 percent of the population in every colony. c) People of all social classes had the same political views and goals. d) Representative government was more a goal than a reality.

a) Whites in the colonies enjoyed more freedom than ever before. Virtually left to themselves during the revolutionary upheavals in England, the fledgling English colonies in North America developed representative government on their own. Even after the Glorious Revolution was over, William and Mary reluctantly allowed emerging colonial elites even more control over local affairs.

Which of these was characteristic of the impressionists? a) A focus on social and economic issues b) A lack of concern with precise realism c) An emphasis on mythological and religious subject matter d) A rejection of all previous styles of painting

b) A lack of concern with precise realism Using splotches and dots, impressionists moved away from the precise realism of earlier painters.

Across Europe, reformers noted which of the following in the decades leading up to 1848? a) A growing sense of national solidarity across class lines b) A growing gap between rich and poor c) A steep reduction in social unrest d) A resurgence in traditional morality and religious practice

b) A growing gap between rich and poor Everywhere, reformers warned of a widening separation between rich and poor and a growing sense of hostility between the classes.

Which of the following was most likely to be accused of witchcraft during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? a) An unemployed carpenter b) A poor and elderly widow c) A distinguished magistrate d) The wife of a city mayor

b) A poor and elderly widow Women accounted for 80 percent of the accused witches in Europe and North America during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Among women, elderly spinsters and widows were the most vulnerable to accusations.

How did Napoleon want the French public to see him? a) As an ordinary man b) As an efficient administrator c) As a champion of democracy d) As an heir to Louis XVI

b) As an efficient administrator Napoleon worked hard at establishing his reputation as an efficient administrator with broad intellectual interests. When not on military campaigns, he worked on state affairs, usually until 10:00 p.m., taking only a few minutes for each meal.

On which of these did Bismarck and the Prussian liberals disagree? a) That Austrian leadership in German affairs was undesirable b) Calls for self-rule by national groups within the Habsburg Empire intensified. c) Ethnic Slavs turned to the Austrian emperor for support and protection. d) Austria's leaders grew more open to liberal political reforms.

b) Calls for self-rule by national groups within the Habsburg Empire intensified. The dual monarchy led to calls by Czechs, Slovaks, and other national groups in the Habsburg Empire for a similar kind of self-rule.

In the seventeenth century, Protestant and Catholic churches alike pushed hard to do which of the following? a) Challenge the power of the state b) Change popular religious attitudes c) Promote the new science d) Convince lawmakers to abolish slavery

b) Change popular religious attitudes Campaigns against popular paganism began during the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation but reached much of rural Europe only in the seventeenth century.

As the German army neared collapse in late 1918, who did the German military leadership blame for Germany's defeat? a) Themselves b) Civilian politicians c) The German troops d) Kaiser William II

b) Civilian politicians In an effort to shift responsibility away from themselves, German military leaders created a civilian government in late 1918 and then blamed it for Germany's defeat.

What did Karl Marx see as the defining feature of every society? a) Familial relationships b) Class relationships c) The nature of political organization d) Racial hierarchies

b) Class relationships Marx held that the fundamental organization of any society derived from the relationships arising from work or production. This idea, known as materialism, meant that society rested on class relationships - such as those between serf and medieval lord, slave and master, or worker and capitalist.

What was the basic lesson of eighteenth-century travel literature? a) Europe must colonize the world as quickly as possible. b) Customs varied widely, and values and beliefs were relative concepts, not universal truths. c) The superiority of European society and the universal applicability of European beliefs were confirmed by travel in foreign lands. d) It was highly likely that China would conquer Europe sometime in the near future.

b) Customs varied widely, and values and beliefs were relative concepts, not universal truths. The basic lesson of travel literature in the 1700s was that customs varied: justice, freedom, property, good government, religion, and morality all were relative to the place.

Which of these characterized Pietist religious practice and belief? a) Restrained, austere expressions of faith b) Deeply emotional religious experiences c) The de-emphasis of Bible reading in favor of prayer d) A commitment to social justice

b) Deeply emotional religious experiences Pietists believed in a mystical religion of the heart; they wanted a deeply emotional, even ecstatic religion.

Which of these was an important cause of violence between white settlers and native Americans in British North America in the late seventeenth century? a) Tensions created by white missionary activities b) Differences in ideas about landownership c) Trade disputes d) Native American efforts to create a new indigenous empire

b) Differences in ideas about landownership Many native Americans believed that land was a divine gift provided for their collective use and not subject to individual ownership. Europeans' claims that they owned exclusive land rights consequently resulted in frequent skirmishes.

What prompted the Suez crisis in 1956? a) Britain seized the Egyptian-owned Suez Canal Company, infuriating Gamal Abdel Nasser. b) Egypt nationalized the foreign-owned Suez Canal Company, infuriating the British. c) The French, British, and Israelis invaded Egypt. d) The Americans and Soviets invaded Egypt.

b) Egypt nationalized the foreign-owned Suez Canal Company, infuriating the British. In July 1956, Gamal Abdel Nasser abruptly nationalized the foreign-owned Suez Canal Company, the last symbol and substance of Western power in the Middle East.

Which of these helps explain why the Industrial Revolution began in England? a) The British government invested huge sums in industrialization. b) England had key natural resources at home. c) Limited social mobility forced workers to focus on innovation. d) English farmers cultivated the best cotton in Europe.

b) England had key natural resources at home. England's coal and iron mines provided key resources for the development of industrialization.

Which of these describes economic and demographic conditions in eighteenth-century Europe? a) Europe's population leveled off. b) Europe's economy expanded dramatically. c) Wages rose faster than prices. d) Food production remained stagnant.

b) Europe's economy expanded dramatically. Booming foreign trade fueled a dramatic economic expansion, but the results did not necessarily trickle all the way down the social scale.

How did the Great Depression affect the colonized peoples of Asia, Africa, and Latin America? a) The depression had little or no impact beyond the United States and Europe. b) Falling demand for raw materials devastated colonial economies. c) While colonial industries declined, farmers benefitted from rising agricultural prices. d) The depression in Europe and the United States actually improved the economic outlook for most colonized peoples.

b) Falling demand for raw materials devastated colonial economies. The depression cut the demand for copper, tin, and other raw materials. The consequences were catastrophic for colonial economies built around the export of such materials.

The idea of totalitarianism provides a model for comparing the shared characteristics of which two political ideologies? a) Democracy and racism b) Fascism and communism c) Communism and liberalism d) Liberalism and democracy

b) Fascism and communism One-party totalitarian states, whether fascist or communist, use violent political repression and intense propaganda to gain complete power and try to dominate the economic, social, intellectual, and cultural aspects of people's lives.

A commitment to the cultural ideal of Bildung led many German women to focus their activism on which of these? a) Suffrage b) Female education c) Property law d) Pacifism

b) Female education German women focused on widening opportunities for female education. Their activism aimed to achieve the German cultural ideal of Bildung - the belief that education can build character and that individual development has public importance.

The British added to their holdings in Asia partly to counter which of the following? a) Chinese resistance to British control b) French annexations c) Repeated Indian uprisings d) Dutch ambitions in India

b) French annexations The British responded to the expanding French presence in Southeast Asia by taking control of the Malay Peninsula and Burma.

Which of these was an important difference between German and U.S. industrial development in the second half of the nineteenth century? a) U.S. productivity was spurred by state promotion of industry. b) German productivity was spurred by state promotion of industry. c) German productivity was spurred primarily by foreign investors. d) U.S. productivity was spurred primarily by foreign investors.

b) German productivity was spurred by state promotion of industry. As was true elsewhere on the continent, government played a central role in promoting industrial growth and development in Germany. In contrast, U.S. productivity was spurred less by government than it was by innovative entrepreneurs.

Which of these was a major difference between Germany, on the one hand, and Austria and Russia, on the other, in the period from 1870 to 1890? a) Conservative landowners remained powerful in Austria and Russia. b) Germany experienced explosive economic development. c) Russia and Austria developed a comprehensive modern transportation infrastructure. d) Germany sought new territory in Europe.

b) Germany experienced explosive economic development. Unlike Austria and Russia, Germany combined authoritarian government with explosive economic growth and rapid development of every aspect of the nation-state.

Which of these describes trends in the French government's censorship of Enlightenment publications in the second half of the eighteenth century? a) The government intensified censorship of all publications. b) Government censorship efforts relaxed. c) The government cracked down on attacks against the church. d) The government officially ended government censorship.

b) Government censorship efforts relaxed. By the 1760s, the French government regularly ignored the publication of many works once thought offensive or subversive.

On what basis did Max Weber challenge the positivist belief that fundamental social laws could be discovered and applied to public policy? a) He argued that religious faith, not the scientific method, was the key to good public policy. b) He argued that the number of variables involved made such a project impossible. c) He argued that it was impossible to discern patterns in collective human experience. d) He argued that human experience is ever changing, so there are no constant social laws.

b) He argued that the number of variables involved made such a project impossible. German political theorist Max Weber maintained that the sheer number of facts involved in policymaking could make decisive action by bureaucrats impossible.

How did Napoleon shape developments in St. Domingue in the first decade of the nineteenth century? a) He appointed Toussaint L'Ouverture military governor of St. Domingue. b) He attempted to restore slavery on the island in hopes of regaining its export revenues. c) He sold St. Domingue to the United States for $15 million. d) He sought to make St. Domingue a model of progressive French society.

b) He attempted to restore slavery on the island in hopes of regaining its export revenues. After capturing Toussaint L'Ouverture, Napoleon attempted to restore slavery, as he had in the other French Caribbean colonies of Guadeloupe and Martinique, but the remaining black generals defeated his armies and in 1804 proclaimed the Republic of Haiti.

How did Napoleon revolutionize the art of war? a) He developed an elaborate system of defensive forts and trenches. b) He developed tactics and strategies based on a highly mobile army. c) He did entirely without cavalry. d) He focused almost all his energies on naval battles and the development of naval power.

b) He developed tactics and strategies based on a highly mobile army. Napoleon focused on getting the strongest possible force to the most important location at exactly the right time.

Why did Louis XIV reject Jansenist arguments and seek to suppress Jansenism? a) He was opposed to all forms of Protestantism and would not tolerate Protestantism in his lands. b) He disagreed with the priority that Jansenists gave to considerations of individual conscience over the demands of the official church hierarchy. c) He believed that the Jansenists placed loyalty to the pope over loyalty to the king. d) He was repulsed by the Jansenists' elaborate, dramatic, and overly ritualistic religious practices.

b) He disagreed with the priority that Jansenists gave to considerations of individual conscience over the demands of the official church hierarchy. Louis believed, correctly, that the Jansenist insistence on the primacy of individual conscience represented a threat to his absolute authority.

How did Metternich respond to the emergence of nationalist student societies in Austria and the German states? a) He declared martial law and dissolved the universities. b) He dissolved the societies and took steps to limit free speech. c) He co-opted the societies, turning them into propaganda tools for the state. d) He ordered the immediate arrest and execution of all members of such societies.

b) He dissolved the societies and took steps to limit free speech. Metternich convinced the leaders of the biggest German states to pass the Carlsbad Decrees, dissolving the student societies and more strictly censoring the press. Professors who criticized their rulers were immediately fired.

Which of these characterizes Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's attitude toward his famous uncle, Napoleon Bonaparte? a) He repudiated everything his uncle stood for. b) He encouraged the cult of Napoleon, linking it and himself to French nationalism. c) He tried to ignore his uncle's legacy and downplayed the family relationship. d) He claimed to be the reincarnation of the first Napoleon.

b) He encouraged the cult of Napoleon, linking it and himself to French nationalism. Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte played up the links between himself and his uncle, using the cult of Napoleon to legitimize his own authority.

Which of these limited the effectiveness of Giuseppe Mazzini? a) He was not taken seriously by Europe's conservative order. b) He lacked widespread support among the Italian masses. c) He was seen as an ally of Metternich. d) His mother was Italian, but his father was not.

b) He lacked widespread support among the Italian masses. Mazzini lacked both European allies against Austria and widespread support among the Italian masses.

Which of these characterizes Napoleon's attitude toward science? a) He had little interest in science. b) He saw science as a way to modernize France. c) He saw science as an enemy of French values. d) He saw science as the one true religion.

b) He saw science as a way to modernize France. An impressive outpouring of new theoretical and practical scientific work rewarded Napoleon's efforts to promote science.

Which of these characterizes John Adams's views on the French Revolution? a) He was an enthusiastic supporter of the Revolution. b) He saw the Revolution as a blow to human civilization. c) He initially supported the Revolution but grew disenchanted when Robespierre came to power. d) He initially opposed the Revolution but came to embrace it over time.

b) He saw the Revolution as a blow to human civilization. John Adams believed that the French Revolution had set back human progress hundreds of years.

Which of these statements accurately reflects Napoleon's importance and accomplishments? a) He helped realize the republican aspirations of the French Revolution. b) He steered France toward authoritarianism. c) He created a permanent split between the Catholic church and the French state. d) He helped expand the rights and opportunities of French women.

b) He steered France toward authoritarianism. Napoleon effectively ended the French Revolution and steered France toward an authoritarian state.

Why was Joseph II's successor, his brother Leopold II, forced to revoke most of Joseph's most ambitious reforms? a) Austria fell into a deep recession. b) He was pressured by the Austrian nobility. c) The vast majority of Austrians opposed reform. d) He was pressured by the Catholic church.

b) He was pressured by the Austrian nobility. The Austrian nobility furiously resisted Joseph's far-reaching reforms. When Joseph died in 1790, his brother Leopold II had to revoke most reforms to appease the nobles.

Which of these was a consequence of the Edict of Nantes? a) Freedom of religion was extended to all French people. b) Huguenots became a legally protected minority. c) France became an officially Calvinist country. d) France and Spain became allies.

b) Huguenots became a legally protected minority. Under the terms of the Edict of Nantes, Huguenots became a legally protected minority within the officially Catholic kingdom of France. Protestants were free to worship in specified towns and were allowed their own troops, fortresses, and even courts.

Which of these was true of Europe during the Great Depression? a) Unemployment topped 50 percent in most countries. b) Industry continued to develop in eastern Europe. c) Consumers were hit hard by steep inflation. d) Government building projects came to a halt.

b) Industry continued to develop in eastern Europe. With government assistance, eastern European industry developed: Romanian industrial production, for example, increased by 55 percent between 1929 and 1939.

Which of these weakened the republican government that emerged after the fall of the Spanish monarchy in 1931? a) A lack of popular support b) Internal divisions c) The intervention of Britain and France d) Economic sanctions imposed by the League of Nations

b) Internal divisions The various antimonarchist factions struggled among themselves to shape the new government. They wanted political and economic modernization, but they failed to mount a unified effort against their reactionary opponents.

What made Emmeline Pankhurst's Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) different from most other women's rights organizations? a) Its primary focus was on the right to vote. b) It carried out a campaign of violence. c) It was endorsed by Britain's ruling political party. d) The majority of its members were men.

b) It carried out a campaign of violence. In 1909, the WSPU began a campaign of violence, with its members blowing up railroad stations, slashing works of art, and chaining themselves to the gates of Parliament. Disguising themselves as ordinary shoppers, they carried little hammers to smash the plate-glass windows of department stores and shops.

Which of the following characterized pop art? a) It took abstraction to a whole new level. b) It featured images from everyday life. c) It focused on religious themes. d) It was rejected by the cultural elite.

b) It featured images from everyday life. Pop art featured images from everyday life and employed the glossy techniques and products of what these artists called admass, or mass advertising.

Which of these was true of the French army by the end of 1793? a) It was the best-trained, most professional fighting force in the world. b) It had swelled to 700,000 men. c) Its generals were largely immune from being caught up in the Terror. d) It was at the weakest point it had ever been.

b) It had swelled to 700,000 men. The universal draft instituted by the National Convention increased the size of the army dramatically.

How did the British government respond to the Peterloo massacre? a) It initiated a series of military reforms. b) It passed repressive measures aimed at stifling political dissent. c) It cancelled scheduled parliamentary elections. d) It enlarged the British electorate.

b) It passed repressive measures aimed at stifling political dissent. In response to the massacre, an alarmed British government passed the Six Acts, which forbade large political meetings and restricted press criticism.

How did the Marshall Plan support the goals outlined in the Truman Doctrine? a) It improved public opinion of the United States in Africa and Asia. b) It reduced the appeal of communism in western Europe. c) It called for the stationing of U.S. troops in western Europe. d) It committed the United States to defending South Korea.

b) It reduced the appeal of communism in western Europe. By improving everyday life and helping to restart international trade, the Marshall Plan reduced the appeal of communism in western Europe, thus contributing to the Truman Doctrine's goal of containing communism to the Soviet Union and eastern Europe.

What was the result of the moderate rise in the standard of living, the sharp increase in business profits, and the adoption of massive public works projects that decreased unemployment to 2 percent in Germany between 1932 and 1938? a) It undermined Nazi power because Germans no longer believed they needed the Nazis to achieve economic stability. b) It stabilized popular support for the Nazis because they had made good on their promise for economic recovery. c) It made most Germans more willing to accept their Jewish neighbors. d) It made the Jewish presence in Germany no longer problematic for the Nazi state.

b) It stabilized popular support for the Nazis because they had made good on their promise for economic recovery. Work began on superhighways, offices, gigantic sports stadiums, and public housing, which created jobs and instilled pride in national recovery.

Which of these characterizes Italian national politics in the two decades prior to World War I? a) Economic growth reinforced the commitment of Italian leaders to liberalism. b) Italian leaders relied on patriotic rhetoric and imperial adventure to forge national unity. c) Abandoning republicanism, Italy returned to traditional authoritarian rule. d) Regional divisions that had once plagued efforts at Italian unification slowly faded away.

b) Italian leaders relied on patriotic rhetoric and imperial adventure to forge national unity. Plagued by corruption and debt, Italian leaders used patriotic rhetoric and imperial adventure, notably a second unsuccessful attempt to conquer Ethiopia in 1896.

Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws did which of the following? a) Argued in favor of unfettered democracy b) Made the case for constitutional government c) Examined the inherent tyranny of human-made laws d) Argued that the scope of government should be dramatically expanded

b) Made the case for constitutional government Montesquieu's work examined various types of government, in the end arguing for the desirability of constitutional government.

Which of these was true of the French army by the end of 1793? a) It was the best-trained, most professional fighting force in the world. b) Many of its soldiers were inexperienced and unreliable. c) Its generals were largely immune from being caught up in the Terror. d) It was at the weakest point it had ever been.

b) Many of its soldiers were inexperienced and unreliable. As many as a third of the recent draftees deserted before or during battle.

How did revolutionary laws in the early 1790s change the rules of French family life? a) The minimum age of marriage was raised to twenty-one. b) Marriage became a civil contract that could be broken. c) Women gained equal political rights. d) Children gained the right to divorce their parents.

b) Marriage became a civil contract that could be broken. Marriage became a civil contract and, as such, could be broken and thereby nullified. Under the new divorce law, a couple could divorce by mutual consent or for reasons such as insanity, abandonment, battering, or criminal conviction.

Which of these explains the fact that the Dutch golden age had come to an end by the early eighteenth century? a) Corruption and political unrest b) Military conflicts and economic competition c) Famine and floods d) Religious tensions and ethnic divisions

b) Military conflicts and economic competition Warfare drained the state treasuries, and new French and British colonial policies limited Dutch access to overseas trade.

Which of these characterizes government attitudes toward Jews in eighteenth-century Europe? a) Most states removed legal restrictions on Jews but tolerated informal discrimination. b) Most states limited the rights and opportunities of Jews. c) Most states actively supported the integration of Jews into Christian society. d) Most states did not allow Jews to reside within their borders.

b) Most states limited the rights and opportunities of Jews. Even in Austria, where Jews enjoyed considerable legal rights, the laws forced Jews to take German-sounding names.

Which of these accurately characterizes trends in military spending in the two decades prior to World War I? a) Per capita expenditure on the military rose in Austria and Russia but fell elsewhere. b) Per capita expenditure on the military rose in all the major powers. c) Per capita expenditure on the military fell in all of the major powers. d) Per capita expenditure on the military rose in Germany and Britain but fell elsewhere.

b) Per capita expenditure on the military rose in all the major powers. The per capita expenditure on the military rose in all the major powers between 1890 and 1914; the proportion of national budgets devoted to defense in 1910 was lowest in Austria-Hungary (at 10 percent) and highest in Germany (at 45 percent).

Which of the following was true of television in the Soviet Union in the 1960s and 1970s? a) Television programming was highly regional, with each Soviet republic producing its own shows. b) Shows about foreign lands were extremely popular. c) Most television programs broadcast in the Soviet Union were produced in the West. d) Fewer than 20 percent of rural citizens of the Soviet Union watched television regularly in the late 1970s.

b) Shows about foreign lands were extremely popular. With travel impossible or forbidden to many, shows about foreign lands were among the most popular.

The social question was an expression that referred to which of the following? a) The place of women in nineteenth-century society b) Social changes arising from industrialization and urbanization c) Issues of race, ethnicity, and nationality d) The enlargement of the European electorate

b) Social changes arising from industrialization and urbanization The social question, an expression reflecting the widely shared concern about social changes arising from industrialization and urbanization, pervaded all forms of art and literature.

Which of these was an important economic consequence of World War I? a) Eastern Europe emerged as a new center of economic growth. b) Demand for industrial products dropped precipitously. c) European economies were weakened and non-European rivals flourished. d) The prewar pattern of mergers and cartels came to an end.

c) European economies were weakened and non-European rivals flourished. The war weakened European economies and allowed rivals - Japan, India, the United States, Australia, and Canada - to flourish.

A proponent of the ideology of domesticity would agree with which of the following statements? a) The only important social bonds are bonds of family. b) Social stability depends on the maintenance of distinct gender roles. c) Each person should decide how to spend his or her own life. d) Women have been enfeebled by traditional gender roles, not by biology.

b) Social stability depends on the maintenance of distinct gender roles. According to the ideology of domesticity, women were to live their lives entirely within the domestic sphere, devoting themselves to their families and the home. Failure to do so could result only in social discord.

Which of these was critical to the survival of the Provisional Government? a) An immediate end to hostilities with Germany b) Successful prosecution of the war c) The inclusion of ordinary workers and peasants in the new government d) The cooperation of the Russian Orthodox church

b) Successful prosecution of the war To survive, the Provisional Government had to pursue the war successfully, manage internal affairs better, and set the government on a firm constitutional footing.

What was the primary focus of most ordinary Europeans in the immediate aftermath of World War II? a) The resumption of peacetime careers b) Survival c) Politics d) Revenge against perceived enemies

b) Survival The destruction left in the wake of the war was so total that most people found themselves in a struggle for mere survival.

What assumption underlay the Truman Doctrine? a) That the Soviet Union was more powerful militarily than the United States b) That the Soviet Union sought world domination c) That the United States would eventually have to invade the Soviet Union d) That the Soviet Union was much weaker than was generally assumed in the West

b) That the Soviet Union sought world domination The Truman Doctrine announced America's determination to halt the spread of communism, a goal that assumed that the Soviet Union was equally determined to bring the entire world into the communist system.

How did the relationship between Britain and Egypt change in the 1880s? a) The British began to invest in Egyptian infrastructure. b) The British seized control of the Egyptian government. c) The British withdrew completely from Egypt. d) The British formed a partnership with Egypt to build Egyptian textile factories.

b) The British seized control of the Egyptian government. In 1882, the British invaded Egypt with the excuse of squashing Egyptian nationalists who protested the British and French takeover of the treasury. The British next seized control of the government as a whole.

Which of these characterizes Ottoman religious policy? a) The Ottomans went to great pains to encourage conversion to Islam but did not actually require it. b) The Ottomans were relatively tolerant of religious diversity. c) The Ottomans allowed Jews to practice their faith but forced Christians in the Balkans to convert to Islam. d) The Ottomans tolerated Islamic sects but not non-Muslim religions.

b) The Ottomans were relatively tolerant of religious diversity. Rather than forcibly converting their Christian subjects in the Balkans to Islam, the Turks allowed them to retain their Greek Orthodox faith. Moreover, they welcomed Jews expelled from Spain.

Which of these was an important accomplishment of the Rump Parliament? a) The establishment of universal religious freedom b) The abolition of the monarchy and the House of Lords c) The passage of the Bill of Rights d) The granting of independence to Ireland

b) The abolition of the monarchy and the House of Lords After trying and executing the king, the Rump Parliament abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords and set up a Puritan republic with Oliver Cromwell as chairman of the Council of State.

Which of these characterizes the Russian Empire in 1905? a) A burgeoning industrial economy gave Russia new stability and economic power. b) The appearance of modernization masked significant social, economic, and political problems. c) The refusal of the Russian government to sponsor industrialization left Russia backward and weak. d) Buoyed by a string of military victories, the Russian people looked forward to the twentieth century with confidence.

b) The appearance of modernization masked significant social, economic, and political problems. State-sponsored industrialization in the 1890s made the country appear modern to outside observers. In reality, however, the empire tottered on the brink of chaos.

Which of these was a major problem faced by Western industry in the late nineteenth century? a) Endemic warfare in western Europe disrupted manufacturing and trade. b) The distribution and consumption of goods failed to keep pace with industrial growth. c) Government was unwilling to support further industrialization. d) Chronic labor shortages kept wages high and limited growth.

b) The distribution and consumption of goods failed to keep pace with industrial growth. Wages were kept so low that workers could not afford to purchase the new industrial goods.

Which of these accurately characterizes European economic conditions in the 1920s? a) The number of women in the workplace skyrocketed. b) The economic boom-and-bust cycles of the late nineteenth century reemerged. c) Europe slid into a deep depression that lasted for most of the decade. d) Europe benefitted from slow but consistent growth from 1919 to 1928.

b) The economic boom-and-bust cycles of the late nineteenth century reemerged. The reemergence of boom-and-bust cycles led to unemployment and economic insecurity, both of which threatened Europe's political stability.

Which of these helps explain the growing economic disparity between northwestern and southern Europe in the seventeenth century? a) The relatively quick recovery of southern Europe from early seventeenth-century epidemics b) The growing importance of the Atlantic trade c) The involvement of southern Europe in the slave trade d) The rapid growth of manufacturing in southern Europe

b) The growing importance of the Atlantic trade Over the course of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Atlantic trade displaced Mediterranean trade as the key component of European commerce.

Thanks to reforms in industry and economics in the 1950s, what was the status in the east bloc and the Soviet Union by the 1960s? a) Consumers had more product choices than Westerners. b) The low standard of living had improved. c) Industry was still focused exclusively on heavy industry and military production. d) Agriculture and consumer production were denied the resources needed to be successful.

b) The low standard of living had improved. Soviet and east bloc reforms sparked a limited consumer revolution, and people in communist countries purchased automobiles, televisions, and other goods in increasing numbers during the 1960s.

Which of these was a consequence of Russian prime minister Pyotr Stolypin's reforms? a) Urban workers made substantial gains at the expense of Russian peasants. b) The number of independent peasants increased. c) The strikes and uprisings that had plagued Russia came to an end. d) Russia became a true constitutional monarchy.

b) The number of independent peasants increased. Prime Minister Pyotr Stolypin ended the mir system of communal farming and canceled the land redemption payments that had burdened the peasants since their emancipation in 1861. His reforms allowed people to move to the cities in search of jobs and created a larger group of independent peasants.

Which of these economic policies was carried out under Napoleon III? a) The reintroduction of mercantilism b) The rebuilding of Paris c) The outlawing of all working-class organizations d) The employment of economic warfare against Britain

b) The rebuilding of Paris The magnificent rebuilding of Paris made France prosper as Europe recovered from the hard times of the late 1840s.

With which of these statements would Mary Astell have likely agreed? a) Absolute sovereignty is necessary in a state but not in a family. b) The relationship between husband and wife in a traditional marriage was unjust. c) The relationship between man and woman is similar to that of monarch and subject. d) Most male proponents of the Enlightenment were supporters of gender equality.

b) The relationship between husband and wife in a traditional marriage was unjust. In later works such as Reflections upon Marriage (1706), Astell criticized the relationship between the sexes within marriage: "If absolute sovereignty be not necessary in a state, how comes it to be so in a family? . . . If all men are born free, how is it that all women are born slaves?"

What was the consequence of the tsar's use of force against protestors during the 1905 Revolution? a) The revolutionary coalition splintered and eventually disintegrated. b) The revolutionary coalition grew larger and more diverse. c) The Russian government was denounced by the leaders of all of Europe's great powers. d) The tsar lost control of the army, which mutinied en masse.

b) The revolutionary coalition grew larger and more diverse. The tsar's forces kept killing protesters, but their deaths produced an opposition of artisans and industrial workers, peasants, professionals, upper-class reformers, and women.

Which of these was characteristic of the impressionists? a) A focus on social and economic issues b) The strong influence of Asian culture c) An emphasis on mythological and religious subject matter d) A rejection of all previous styles of painting

b) The strong influence of Asian culture In both composition and style, impressionists borrowed heavily from Asian art and architecture.

How did the Atlantic slave trade affect eighteenth-century West Africa? a) The trade inhibited intertribal warfare. b) The trade led to population decline. c) The trade encouraged a trend toward monogamous marriage. d) The trade provided income that stimulated new industries.

b) The trade led to population decline. The Atlantic slave trade altered local African power structures, created political instability, led to population decline, and changed marriage patterns.

Which of these was true of eighteenth-century deists? a) They did not believe in God. b) They believed in a benevolent, all-knowing God. c) They believed that God played an active role in the life of every individual. d) They believed that organized churches were essential for the full expression of religious belief.

b) They believed in a benevolent, all-knowing God. Deists believed in a benevolent, all-knowing God who had designed the universe and set it in motion.

Which of these was true of upper-class women in the age of empire? a) They increasingly focused on activities outside the domestic sphere. b) They devoted themselves to raising their children and running their households. c) They were more likely than their male counterparts to be anti-imperialist. d) They generally chose plain, unadorned garments as signs of their moral rectitude.

b) They devoted themselves to raising their children and running their households. Instead of working for pay, upper-class women devoted themselves to raising children and directing staffs of servants. They took their role seriously, keeping detailed accounts of their expenditures and monitoring their children's religious and intellectual development.

What did Hitler, Mussolini, and Roosevelt have in common? a) They were critical of liberal democracy. b) They made expert use of the new mass media. c) They enjoyed their greatest support from economic elites. d) They all wanted to abolish private property.

b) They made expert use of the new mass media. Like other successful politicians of the 1930s, including Hitler and Mussolini, Roosevelt was an expert at using the new mass media, especially in his broadcasts by radio.

Why did countries like Britain and West Germany need guest workers in the 1950s and 1960s? a) Their economies were small, and guest workers stimulated economic growth. b) They needed able-bodied workers after the heavy loss of labor during World War II. c) They wanted highly skilled European workers to repopulate their cities. d) They put West German and British laborers out of work in favor of foreign workers.

b) They needed able-bodied workers after the heavy loss of labor during World War II. Workers from less-developed countries like Italy, Spain, and socialist Yugoslavia moved to the industrialized north, particularly to West Germany, which - having lost five million people during the war - was in desperate need of able-bodied workers.

Why were salons so important to the Enlightenment? a) They enabled the lower classes to participate in Enlightenment debates. b) They provided a space for intellectual discussion outside conventional institutions. c) They were the only way that Enlightenment ideas could be shared and distributed. d) They gave the Enlightenment formal, official institutions in which to develop.

b) They provided a space for intellectual discussion outside conventional institutions. Salons - informal gatherings, usually sponsored by middle-class or aristocratic women - gave intellectual life an anchor outside the royal court and the church-controlled universities. In the Parisian salons of the eighteenth century, the philosophes could discuss ideas they might hesitate to put into print.

Which of these stood in the way of national unity in Italy in 1848? a) An alliance between Austria and Piedmont-Sardinia b) The opposition of the middle classes to unification c) A lack of consensus on the best kind of government for Italy d) British intervention

c) A lack of consensus on the best kind of government for Italy Some nationalists favored a loose federation; others wanted a monarchy under Charles Albert of Piedmont-Sardinia; still others urged rule by the pope; a few shared Giuseppe Mazzini's vision of a republic with a strong central government.

Why did the Japanese attack Port Arthur in 1904? a) They were insulted by American efforts to force Japan to accept a free-trade agreement. b) They were angered by the continuing presence of Russian troops in Manchuria. c) They were concerned by British efforts to assume direct control of the Chinese government. d) They coveted French colonies in Southeast Asia.

b) They were angered by the continuing presence of Russian troops in Manchuria. Japan's insecurity had risen with Russian expansion of the Trans-Siberian Railroad through Manchuria, sending millions of Russian settlers eastward.) Angered by the continuing presence of Russian troops in Manchuria, the Japanese attacked the tsar's forces at Port Arthur in 1904.

Which of these was true of upper-class women in the age of empire? a) They increasingly focused on activities outside the domestic sphere. b) They were expected to be accomplished artists and musicians. c) They were more likely than their male counterparts to be anti-imperialist. d) They generally chose plain, unadorned garments as signs of their moral rectitude.

b) They were expected to be accomplished artists and musicians. Women offset the grim side of imperial and industrial society with the rigorous practice of art and music. With keys made of ivory from Africa, the piano symbolized the imperial elite's accomplishments and superiority.

Aside from autonomy for Hungary, what else did Hungarian nationalists want? a) To take control of much of the Balkans b) To impose Hungarian culture on all other ethnic groups in Hungary c) To gain control of the Austrian throne d) To start a war with Russia

b) To impose Hungarian culture on all other ethnic groups in Hungary Hungarian nationalists wanted autonomy for themselves while forcibly imposing Hungarian language and culture on all other, supposedly inferior, ethnic groups in Hungary.

Why did multinationals move their operations to formerly colonized states in the 1960s and 1970s? a) Because they were no longer welcome in Europe and the United States b) To reduce their labor costs c) To aid in the development of the world's emerging economies d) Because they were ordered to do so by their home countries

b) To reduce their labor costs Beginning in the 1960s, multinationals moved more and more of their operations to the emerging economies of formerly colonized states to reduce labor costs and avoid taxes.

What motivated the middle and lower classes to rebel against the crown during the Fronde? a) A desire to regain power and local influence b) Unhappiness with repeated tax increases c) Ideological objections to monarchy d) Anger over French settlements in North America

b) Unhappiness with repeated tax increases The middle and lower classes shouldered most of the burden of repeated tax increases, a fact that led to rising unrest in France's towns and villages.

What unintended consequence resulted from the marriage of Marguerite de Valois to Henry of Navarre in 1572? a) The Spanish decided to intervene in the French wars of religion. b) Violence against French Calvinists spiraled out of control. c) The papacy excommunicated Catherine de Médicis. d) A flood of Calvinist refugees entered France.

b) Violence against French Calvinists spiraled out of control. Just four days after the wedding, an assassin tried but failed to kill one of the Huguenot leaders. Violence against Calvinists spiraled out of control. On St. Bartholomew's Day, August 24, a bloodbath began, fueled by years of growing animosity between Catholics and Protestants.

Which of these was a consequence of the new importance of women in the world of manners and letters in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries? a) The admission of women to the Catholic priesthood b) The outlawing of salons by the French government c) A male backlash against women in public life d) The admission of women to universities

c) A male backlash against women in public life Clergymen, lawyers, scholars, and playwrights attacked women's growing public influence. Women, they complained, were corrupting forces and needed restraint.

What led to the third partition of Poland? a) Diplomatic pressure from Great Britain b) Polish aggression toward Austria c) A nationalist revolt in Poland d) The discovery of gold in Poland

c) A nationalist revolt in Poland After suppressing Tadeusz Koœciuszko's nationalist revolt, Russia, Prussia, and Austria wiped Poland completely from the map in the third partition.

Which of these was a long-term consequence of the recession of the early 1600s? a) An increase in economically motivated migration b) Increased outbreaks of famine and disease c) A new pattern of late marriages and smaller families d) Greater economic equality in the countryside

c) A new pattern of late marriages and smaller families European families reacted to economic downturn by postponing marriage and having fewer children

The doctrine of the divine right of kings established which of the following? a) The king was equal to God, and no moral or political authority could limit his power. b) The king was to be honored and served divinely in every way, meaning that he could not have any personal role in administration. c) A sovereign was, like God, a father to his people. d) Sovereigns were Gods and were to be worshipped by the people.

c) A sovereign was, like God, a father to his people. Louis believed that he reigned by divine right. As Bishop Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet explained, "We have seen that kings take the place of God, who is the true father of the human species. We have also seen that the first idea of power which exists among men is that of the paternal power; and that kings are modeled on fathers."

Which of the following was a defining feature of postindustrial society? a) The concentration of workers in the agricultural sector of the economy b) A concentration on manufacturing and heavy industry c) An emphasis on intellectual work d) A disconnection between society and industry

c) An emphasis on intellectual work In postindustrial societies, intellectual work was central to creating jobs and profits.

Who or what did Stalin blame for Soviet economic failures in the 1930s? a) Himself b) The Communist Party as a whole c) Anticommunist subversives d) The Soviet people as a whole

c) Anticommunist subversives Stalin blamed anti-communist "wreckers" for Soviet economic failures in the 1930s, and as a result, instituted widespread arrests, labor camp imprisonments, and executions.

With which of these statements would David Hume likely agree? a) The existence of God cannot be proven, yet we can still know he exists in our hearts. b) Without the fear of punishment and the hope of reward in the afterlife, society would devolve into chaos. c) Belief in God rests on superstition and fear, not on reason. d) Belief in God is wholly rational and his existence can be proven conclusively.

c) Belief in God rests on superstition and fear, not on reason. The Scottish philosopher David Hume boldly argued in The Natural History of Religion that belief in God rested on superstition and fear rather than on reason.

How did Louis XIV seek to domesticate France's warrior nobility? a) By encouraging them to invest in industry and manufacturing b) By taxing them into relative poverty c) By replacing violence with court ritual d) By sending them out of France to fight foreign wars

c) By replacing violence with court ritual Using a systematic policy of bestowing pensions, offices, honors, gifts, and the threat of disfavor or punishment, Louis induced the nobles to cooperate with him. The aristocracy increasingly vied for his favor and in the process became his clients, dependent on him for advancement.

The emergence of the Black Panthers in the late 1960s is most closely associated with which of the following? a) The emergence of the New Left b) The evolution of the Free Speech movement c) Calls for black separatism d) Opposition to the Vietnam War

c) Calls for black separatism Small cadres of militants like the Black Panthers took up arms, believing that, like decolonizing peoples elsewhere, they needed to protect themselves against the violent whites around them.

What did Marx see as the key to social progress? a) Nonviolence b) Class cooperation c) Class conflict d) Religious faith

c) Class conflict Workers' awareness of their oppression would produce class consciousness, Marx argued, leading them to overthrow their exploiters. Society was not basically harmonious; instead, social progress could occur only through conflict.

Which of these policies was pursued by the Directory government? a) Conquered territories were ruthlessly subjugated and their populations enslaved. b) Conquered territories were allowed to choose their own political future. c) Conquered territories were turned into sister republics that were dependent on France. d) Conquered territories were turned into new French departments.

c) Conquered territories were turned into sister republics that were dependent on France. The Directory government that came to power in 1795 launched an even more aggressive policy of creating semi-independent sister republics wherever the armies succeeded.

In the seventeenth century, Galileo provided further evidence for the Copernican hypothesis by doing which of the following? a) Developing the law of inertia b) Writing at length on cosmic harmonies and elliptical motion c) Discovering the first four moons of Jupiter d) Experimenting with centripetal force and acceleration

c) Discovering the first four moons of Jupiter The existence of moons around Jupiter clearly suggested that Jupiter could not be embedded in an impenetrable crystal sphere

The English philosopher John Stuart Mill was a forceful advocate of which of the following? a) Marxism b) Social Darwinism c) Equal rights for women d) Racial segregation

c) Equal rights for women Influenced by his wife, Harriet Taylor Mill, as well as by Comte, Mill argued for women's rights and introduced a woman suffrage bill into the House of Commons.

Which of these discouraged women in communist countries from having large families? a) State policies b) High unemployment rates c) The lack of household conveniences d) Social and cultural pressure

c) The lack of household conveniences The scarcity of consumer goods and the lack of household conveniences discouraged workingwomen in communist countries from having large families no matter what the government wanted.

Which of the following was promoted by mainstream Western society in the 1950s? a) The intentional blurring of gender roles and distinctions b) Women's wartime roles c) Fascist notions of women's inferiority d) Women's social and cultural freedom

c) Fascist notions of women's inferiority Western society promoted a postwar model for women that differed from their wartime roles, adopting instead the fascist notion of women's inferiority. Rather than being essential workers and heads of families in the absence of their men, postwar women were encouraged to symbolize the return to normalcy by leading a domestic and submissive life at home.

Why did Scottish Protestant leaders agree to the Act of Union of 1707? a) Fear of a Spanish invasion b) The threat of an English invasion c) Fear of Jacobitism d) The pressure of public opinion

c) Fear of Jacobitism Scottish Protestant leaders worried that the Jacobites would succeed in placing a Catholic on the English throne if they did not support the Hanoverian succession.

Romantics tended to do which of the following? a) Dismissed the social question as unimportant b) Embraced the excitement of rapid technological change c) Glorified nature and rejected industrial and urban growth d) Measured progress in quantifiable terms

c) Glorified nature and rejected industrial and urban growth Because romanticism tended to glorify nature and reject industrial and urban growth, romantics often gave vivid expression to the problems created by rapid economic and social transformation.

Eighteenth-century critics of the baroque first used the term to mean which of the following? a) Vulgar, low-brow, and impious b) Modest, plain, and commonplace c) Grand, oversized, and inspiring d) Shockingly bizarre, confused, and extravagant

c) Grand, oversized, and inspiring Early critics used the term as an expression of scorn for what they considered an overblown, unbalanced style.

How did the alignment of power in western Europe change at the conclusion of the War of the Spanish Succession? a) Spain reemerged as a major power. b) France doubled its efforts to dominate Europe. c) Great Britain became the new center in the balance of power. d) Austria was reduced to a dependency of Prussia.

c) Great Britain became the new center in the balance of power. The peace treaties that ended the War of the Spanish Succession signaled a new alignment of power in western Europe. Spain began a long decline, French ambitions for dominance were thwarted, and Great Britain emerged as the new center in the balance of power.

What advantages did the Allies have in their fight against the Axis powers? a) A unifying ideology b) A greater determination to fight c) Greater manpower and resources d) Control of continental Europe

c) Greater manpower and resources Against the Axis powers - Germany, Italy, and Japan - the Allies had advantages: greater manpower and resources, access to goods from global empires, and Britain's traditional naval strength and its experience in combat on many continents.

Which of the following played an important part in setting the stage for the outbreak of World War I? a) European population growth b) The power of socialist political parties c) Growing international competition d) Competing dynastic claims in central Europe

c) Growing international competition Public enthusiasm for arms buildup and growing international competition set the stage for World War I.

Why was Bismarck willing to accord voting rights to all Prussian men? a) He hoped this would improve Prussia's international image. b) He did so in exchange for concessions from the liberals in Parliament. c) He believed that the masses would support conservatism and the monarchy. d) He genuinely believed in democracy.

c) He believed that the masses would support conservatism and the monarchy. Bismarck accorded rights such as suffrage in the belief that the masses would uphold conservatism and the monarchy out of their fear of modernizing, exploitative businessmen.

Which of these characterizes Immanuel Kant's views on the French Revolution? a) He was an enthusiastic and consistent supporter of the Revolution. b) He saw the Revolution as a disaster from the very beginning. c) He initially supported the Revolution but grew disenchanted when Robespierre came to power. d) He initially opposed the Revolution but came to embrace it over time.

c) He initially supported the Revolution but grew disenchanted when Robespierre came to power. Kant initially supported the revolutionary cause but after 1793 turned against the popular violence and military aggression of the French Revolution.

What mistakes on Hitler's part contributed to Germany's ultimate defeat by Soviet forces? a) He focused German production on tanks and artillery instead of on battleships and airplanes. b) He concentrated on taking Moscow, ignoring other important cities. c) He insisted on attacking Leningrad, the Baltic states, and Ukraine simultaneously. d) He overestimated the size and strength of the Soviet army.

c) He insisted on attacking Leningrad, the Baltic states, and Ukraine simultaneously. Considering himself a military genius and the Slavic people inferior, Hitler proposed attacking Leningrad, the Baltic states, and Ukraine simultaneously, even though his generals wanted to concentrate on Moscow.

How did Charles X of France bring about his own downfall? a) He announced his intention to abdicate. b) He sought to ally himself with former Jacobins. c) He pursued reactionary and repressive policies. d) He began an ill-advised war against Prussia.

c) He pursued reactionary and repressive policies. Charles X brought about his own downfall by steering the monarchy in an increasingly repressive direction. In 1825, he agreed to compensate nobles who had emigrated during the French Revolution for the loss of their estates and imposed the death penalty for offenses such as stealing religious objects from churches. He further enraged liberals when he dissolved the legislature and imposed strict censorship.

Which of these accurately describes the policies of Ferdinand VII after he regained the Spanish crown in 1814? a) He proved himself to be a moderate reformer. b) He immediately began to assemble an army to take back territory lost to France. c) He sought to suppress dissent and open political debate. d) He looked to the army for his most effective and loyal supporters.

c) He sought to suppress dissent and open political debate. When Ferdinand VII regained the Spanish crown in 1814, he ordered foreign books and newspapers to be confiscated at the frontier and allowed the publication of only two newspapers.

According to Locke, where did ultimate political authority lie? a) In the will of all of the people b) In the will of God c) In the will of the majority of men who owned property d) In the will of the monarch

c) In the will of the majority of men who owned property According to Locke, ultimate authority rested in the will of a majority of men who owned property, and government should be limited to its basic purpose of protecting life, liberty, and property.

In the view of the philosophes, on what did human progress depend? a) God's will b) Respect for authority c) Intellectual freedom d) Law and order

c) Intellectual freedom The philosophes linked progress to rational analysis. Thus, intellectual freedom - the freedom to use one's own reason to conduct studies and to publish the results - was crucial to human progress.

How did the National Assembly respond in August 1789 to the peasant unrest and the Great Fear? a) It encouraged peasants to arm themselves against the nobles. b) It seized the land of the nobles and redistributed it among peasants. c) It abolished noble privileges. d) It tried to suppress the peasant unrest until it had a chance to organize a response.

c) It abolished noble privileges. This meant abolishing the remains of serfdom, exclusive hunting rights, fees for having legal cases judged in the lord's court, and the right to make peasants work on roads and pay other dues.

Which of these was true of the economic depression that began in 1873? a) It was sparked by political developments in Asia. b) It lasted three years but was then followed by decades of renewed prosperity. c) It affected people across the social and economic spectrum. d) Its effects were limited to western Europe and the United States.

c) It affected people across the social and economic spectrum. People of all classes lost their jobs or businesses and faced long stretches of unemployment or bankruptcy.

How did war with Austria and Prussia in 1792 affect the political climate in France? a) It created a temporary lull in revolutionary momentum. b) It vastly increased the popularity of the monarchy. c) It had a radicalizing effect on French politics. d) It calmed political tensions.

c) It had a radicalizing effect on French politics. War had an immediate radicalizing effect on French politics, with political violence becoming more and more common.

Which of these was true of the Fabian Society? a) It was founded by factory workers and union organizers. b) Its main objective was to secure home rule for Ireland. c) It had strong links to the Labour Party. d) It embraced the cause of socialist revolution.

c) It had strong links to the Labour Party. In 1893, the Fabians helped found the Labour Party to make social improvement a political cause.

How did passage of the Ballot Act of 1872 affect Irish politics? a) It tripled the size of the Irish electorate. b) It increased the power of the landowning elite. c) It increased the power of poor tenant farmers. d) It reduced Irish representation in Parliament.

c) It increased the power of poor tenant farmers. The Ballot Act made voting secret, making it much easier for poor tenant farmers to vote for the candidate of their choice instead of the candidate preferred by their landlord.

Which of these was true of the constitution of 1799? a) It gave French voters new opportunities to shape their government. b) It was a rejected by the French people. c) It placed almost all power in the hands of Napoleon. d) It gave additional authority to provincial governments.

c) It placed almost all power in the hands of Napoleon. Napoleon and his advisers had control over almost all aspects of government, including the right to pick the Council of State, which drew up all laws.

When the Great Depression struck, how did the British government initially respond? a) It launched a series of social welfare programs. b) It imposed martial law. c) It reduced payments to the unemployed. d) It initiated massive public works programs.

c) It reduced payments to the unemployed. Fearing the consequences of budget deficits caused by falling tax revenues, the government reduced payments to the unemployed.

What was the most important consequence of the Wilkes episode? a) It widened public support for tax reform. b) It led directly to the expansion of voting rights in Britain c) It sparked the emergence of a movement to reform Parliament d) It sparked widespread grain riots

c) It sparked the emergence of a movement to reform Parliament The demands made by Wilkesites would be at the heart of agitation for parliamentary reform in Britain for decades to come.

Which of the following was true of the space race? a) It had little to do with the cold war. b) It inhibited international cooperation. c) It stimulated pure scientific research. d) It was exclusively a competition involving the United States and the Soviet Union.

c) It stimulated pure scientific research. Pure science flourished amid the space race. Astronomers used mineral samples from the moon to calculate the age of the solar system with unprecedented precision. Unmanned spacecraft provided data on cosmic radiation, magnetic fields, and infrared sources.

What impact did the rapid expansion of the British textile industry have on India? a) It sparked similar growth in the Indian textile industry. b) It slowed the pace of British imperialism in India. c) It was a catastrophe for Indian manufacturing. d) It stimulated the market for Indian manufacturing exports.

c) It was a catastrophe for Indian manufacturing. The British put high import duties on Indian cloth entering Britain and kept such duties very low for British cloth entering India. The effects were catastrophic for Indian manufacturing.

Which of these was true of Pablo Picasso's work? a) It reflected Picasso's belief that art and politics should never mix. b) It built on the work of the romantic painters of the early nineteenth century. c) It was strongly influenced by non-European arts. d) It celebrated traditional values and beliefs.

c) It was strongly influenced by non-European arts. Picasso's work showed the profound influences of African, Asian, and South American arts.

Which of these was true of the National Assembly elected by French voters in 1848? a) Its delegates favored the creation of a true democracy. b) It reflected the political desires of the people of Paris but not the countryside. c) Its delegates were mostly middle-class professionals or landowners. d) It was dominated by socialist parties.

c) Its delegates were mostly middle-class professionals or landowners. Faced with rising radicalism in Paris and other big cities, the voters elected a largely conservative National Assembly in April 1848; most of the deputies chosen were middle-class professionals or landowners who favored either a restoration of the monarchy or a moderate republic.

Which of these accurately characterizes an important trend in working-class political power in the late nineteenth century? a) Diminishing educational opportunities undermined the political confidence of laboring people. b) Labor unions saw their membership rolls shrink dramatically. c) Labor and socialist parties won seats in national legislatures. d) Socialist parties remained tiny everywhere but Italy.

c) Labor and socialist parties won seats in national legislatures. As men in the lower classes won the vote, many threw their support behind labor and socialist parties.

How did Hugo Grotius define natural rights? a) Employment, health, shelter, and autonomy b) Faith, freedom, property, and salvation c) Life, body, freedom, and honor d) Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

c) Life, body, freedom, and honor To be in accord with natural law, Grotius argued, governments had to defend natural rights, which he defined as life, body, freedom, and honor.

Which of these authors explored the dark side of Romanticism in the novel Frankenstein? a) Lord Byron b) William Wordsworth c) Mary Shelley d) Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

c) Mary Shelley Some romantics depicted the artist as possessed by demons and obsessed with hallucinations. This more nightmarish side was captured, and perhaps criticized, by Mary Shelley in Frankenstein.

Which of these characterizes Mussolini's policies toward women? a) Mussolini aimed to abolish traditional gender roles. b) Mussolini aimed to exclude women from all areas of public life. c) Mussolini aimed to confine women to low-paying jobs. d) Mussolini aimed to make Italian women the most educated in Europe.

c) Mussolini aimed to confine women to low-paying jobs. Mussolini drew praise from business leaders and professionals when he announced cuts in women's wages and a ban on women in the professions. Mussolini aimed to confine women to low-paying jobs as part of his scheme for reinvigorating men.

Which of these was an important consequence of urban redesign in the second half of the nineteenth century? a) Urban populations fell rapidly. b) The urban poor gained access to new parks, museums, and opera houses. c) Neighborhoods were increasingly segregated by class. d) Industrial workers were relocated to the countryside.

c) Neighborhoods were increasingly segregated by class. Buildings and entire neighborhoods that had intermingled rich and poor disappeared, and thousands of city dwellers were dislocated. Newly built rich housing was separated from the poor sections of the city.

Which of these characterizes Newton's views on the relationship between faith and science? a) Newton believed that science was a threat to faith. b) Newton believed that science could shed no light on religious truths. c) Newton saw no conflict between faith and science. d) Newton believed that faith was the enemy of science.

c) Newton saw no conflict between faith and science. Newton believed that by demonstrating that the physical universe followed rational principles, natural philosophers could prove the existence of God and so liberate humans from doubt and the fear of chaos.

Which of these describes the situation in Europe's colonial empires in the decade before World War I? a) The European powers lost control of colony after colony to local uprisings. b) European openness to home rule weakened local nationalist forces. c) Opposition to European rule grew in strength and intensity. d) The European powers gradually retreated from imperial occupation of Africa and Asia.

c) Opposition to European rule grew in strength and intensity. Empires became the scene of growing opposition in the wake of Japanese, Russian, and Turkish events.

Jean-Paul Sartre's writings emphasized which of the following? a) The immortality of the soul b) The fundamental goodness of all people c) Political activism and resistance under totalitarianism d) Passivity and stoicism

c) Political activism and resistance under totalitarianism Sartre's writings emphasized political activism and resistance under totalitarianism. Even though they had never confronted the enormous problems of making choices while living under fascism, young people in the 1950s found existentialism compelling and made it the most fashionable philosophy of the day.

Jeremy Bentham's philosophy of utilitarianism held that the best policy was the one that did which of these? a) Served the strategic purposes of policymakers b) Contributed the most to the gross national product c) Produced the greatest good for the greatest number of people d) Was most consistent with traditions and customs

c) Produced the greatest good for the greatest number of people Bentham measured the success of a policy by its aggregate impact on the population.

What explains the fact that Dutch society developed a clear contrast between middle-class male and female roles a century before this distinction would become prevalent in Europe and in America? a) The legacy of Spanish rule b) Dutch republicanism c) Relative prosperity d) Religious traditions

c) Relative prosperity Relative prosperity decreased the need for married women to work, so Dutch society developed a clear contrast between middle-class male and female roles that would become prevalent elsewhere in Europe and in America more than a century later.

Which of these was an important obstacle to educational reform in the second half of the nineteenth century? a) Local school boards refused to cooperate with national reformers. b) There was very little public interest in such reforms. c) Religious authorities held considerable power over existing schools. d) Government officials saw no advantages to educational reform.

c) Religious authorities held considerable power over existing schools. At midcentury, religious authorities supervised schools and charged tuition, making primary education an option only for prosperous or religious parents.

Which of these was the essence of the Russian strategy in the face of the French invasion of 1812? a) Diplomacy and delay b) Constant engagement with the French army c) Retreat d) Relentless counterattacks

c) Retreat In the face of the French invasion, Russian generals avoided confrontation and retreated eastward, destroying anything that might be useful to the invaders.

What did supporters of Pan-Slavism see as the key to achieving the unity of all Slavs? a) Economic modernization b) Cooperation with other ethnic minorities c) Russian leadership d) The Greek Orthodox Church

c) Russian leadership Instead of looking to the Austrian government, Slavs living within the Austrian Empire turned to the largest Slavic country - Russia - as key to achieving the unity of all Slavs.

Which of these was an important consequence of the South African War? a) British confidence in its troops and faith in the imperial cause soared. b) The Boers created an independent nation-state. c) Some Britons began to question the morality of British imperialism. d) The British made plans to take over French and German African colonies.

c) Some Britons began to question the morality of British imperialism Foreign correspondents covering the South African War reported on appalling bloodshed, the unfit condition of the average British soldier, and the inhumane treatment of South African prisoners. Britain finally annexed the area after defeating the Boers in 1902, but prominent Britons began to call imperialism not the work of civilization but an act of barbarism.

East Asia was of great interest to the Soviet government in the decades following World War II because of the a) continuing Japanese occupation of much of the region. b) region's cultural history. c) Soviet Union's shared borders with East Asian countries. d) UN mandate to govern the region.

c) Soviet Union's shared borders with East Asian countries. The Soviet Union shared borders with a number of East Asian countries, making the region of significant strategic importance to the Soviet Union.

In his "secret speech" at a Communist Party gathering in 1956, what did Nikita Khrushchev tell party members? a) Stalin was a great leader, but it was time for a new generation to take over. b) Stalin had maintained Leninist goals and methods throughout his reign. c) Stalin's rule was unjust, and communism did not equate with Stalinism. d) No Soviet leader could make mistakes, so they must remember Stalin fondly.

c) Stalin's rule was unjust, and communism did not equate with Stalinism. At a party congress in 1956, Khrushchev denounced the "cult of personality" Stalin had built about himself and announced that Stalinism did not equal communism. Khrushchev thus cleverly attributed problems with communism to a single individual.

Frederick William, the Great Elector, strengthened his power by doing which of these? a) Crushing the Junkers with his powerful army and forcing them to pay greater taxes without consent b) Allying with stronger powers (like France) in the West c) Striking a deal with the Junkers d) Elevating the growing merchant classes to balance the nobility

c) Striking a deal with the Junkers The Great Elector struck a deal with the Junkers (nobles) of each province: in exchange for allowing him to collect taxes, he gave them complete control over their enserfed peasants and exempted them from taxation.

On which of these did Bismarck and the Prussian liberals disagree? a) That Austrian leadership in German affairs was undesirable b) That Prussia should be the dominant regional power c) That Prussian citizens should have greater political rights d) That socialism was a threat to Prussian society

c) That Prussian citizens should have greater political rights Liberals wanted Prussia to be like other parts of western Europe, with political rights for citizens and increased civilian control of the military. Bismarck, along with members of the traditional Prussian elite, rejected the western European model.

Which statement describes Germany's occupation of eastern Europe? a) Germans and Slavs worked together to form a German-Polish-Czech coalition government. b) Overwhelmed by the German presence, no resistance was possible. c) The Nazis implemented a program of destruction and annihilation to create room for Germans to settle. d) Occupation in eastern Europe was less harsh than in western Europe.

c) The Nazis implemented a program of destruction and annihilation to create room for Germans to settle. Across the east, the Nazi armies destroyed cities and factories, stole crops and farm animals, and subjected conquered peoples to forced starvation and mass murder, all in an effort to create a mass settlement space for racially pure Germans.

Which of these nations provided aid to the republican side in the Spanish Civil War? a) Britain b) France c) The Soviet Union d) The United States

c) The Soviet Union The Soviet Union was the only major power to respond to the plight of the republicans by sending aid.

Which of these was true of the United States in 1945? a) The United States was faced with mass unemployment and deflation. b) Most Americans wanted a return to the policy of isolationism. c) The United States was the richest country in the world. d) The United States was nearing the end of a decade-long baby boom.

c) The United States was the richest country in the world. In 1945, the United States was the richest nation in the world. Its industrial output had increased by a remarkable 15 percent annually between 1940 and 1944. By 1947, the United States controlled almost two-thirds of the world's gold bullion and launched more than half of the world's commercial shipping.

Which of these was closely linked to the decision of the British Parliament to impose new taxes on the colonies in the 1760s? a) The fallout from the Wilkes episode b) The collapse of the British economy c) The cost of the Seven Years' War d) The cost of the War of the Spanish Succession

c) The cost of the Seven Years' War The high cost of the Seven Years' War forced the British government to borrow money and to raise taxes on Britons at home. With the war over, the British government decided that the colonists should pay some of the cost of the war and of the protection provided to them by British troops.

Which of these helps explain why African and Asian military resistance to colonization was largely ineffective? a) The large numbers of settlers that accompanied European armies b) The overwhelming numerical advantage enjoyed by European armies c) The devastating impact of drought and famine d) The unwillingness of Africans and Asians to die fighting off the Europeans

c) The devastating impact of drought and famine Drought and famine plagued large stretches of both Africa and Asia in these decades, thus weakening local peoples' ability to fight off European attacks.

Which of these was a consequence of seventeenth-century elite campaigns against ignorance and superstition? a) Mass executions b) Popular uprisings and riots c) The extension of state power d) A surge in sympathy for the poor

c) The extension of state power Clergy, officials, and local police worked together to limit carnival celebrations, to regulate pilgrimages to shrines, and to replace "indecent" images of saints with more restrained and decorous ones. In so doing, they helped extend the reach of the state into the lives of subjects.

Which of these gave Napoleon an important military advantage? a) The high rates of literacy among his men b) His control of the world's most powerful navy c) The lack of coordination among his enemies d) The economic weakness of his adversaries

c) The lack of coordination among his enemies By maneuvering diplomatically and militarily, Napoleon could usually take on his enemies one by one, rather than all at the same time.

Which of these opinions was typical of the views of European middle-class reformers in the first half of the nineteenth century? a) The lower classes should have vastly expanded political rights. b) The lower classes should be encouraged to have as many children as possible. c) The lower classes are dangerously lacking in sexual self-control. d) The lower classes embody the best of Christian morality.

c) The lower classes are dangerously lacking in sexual self-control. Middle-class reformers often considered the poor to be morally degenerate. Reformers' concerns increasingly focused on what they saw as an epidemic of illegitimacy.

The end of World War II saw which of the following? a) The repudiation of anti-Semitism by all Europeans b) A rapid return to economic prosperity c) The migration of European Jews from Europe to Palestine d) A relaxation of tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union

c) The migration of European Jews from Europe to Palestine Faced with immense hardships in Europe, many survivors of the Holocaust chose to leave Europe and settle in Palestine.

Which of these accurately characterizes the attitudes of the revolutionaries to Christianity in the early 1790s? a) Virtually all revolutionaries were hostile to the papacy but otherwise were devout Christians. b) Robespierre favored the imposition of atheism but was restrained by his colleagues. c) The more extreme revolutionaries wanted to do away with the Catholic church altogether. d) The revolutionaries saw belief in God as irrational and antirevolutionary.

c) The more extreme revolutionaries wanted to do away with the Catholic church altogether. Some revolutionaries hoped the festival system would replace the Catholic church altogether. They initiated a campaign of de-Christianization that included closing churches, selling many church buildings to the highest bidder, and trying to force the clergy to abandon their clerical vocations and marry.

Which of these placed a serious limit on the power of the king of Poland-Lithuania? a) His inability to collect taxes b) The absence of a representative legislative body c) The nobility's free veto d) The fact that the monarch owned no land of his own

c) The nobility's free veto To maintain an equilibrium among themselves, the nobles who dominated the Sejm (parliament) each wielded an absolute veto power. This free veto constitutional system deadlocked parliamentary government. The monarchy lost its room to maneuver and, with it, much of its remaining power.

The political doctrine of conservatism justified which of the following? a) Social and cultural innovation b) The rejection of the Catholic church c) The restoration of the prerevolutionary political order d) Wars of expansion and aggression

c) The restoration of the prerevolutionary political order Conservatives saw the prerevolutionary political order as the key to peace and stability.

Which of the following was part of the process known as détente? a) The repudiation of the Brezhnev Doctrine b) The conclusion of the Vietnam War c) The signing of the SALT I treaty d) The normalization of relations between China and the United States

c) The signing of the SALT I treaty Détente was a relaxing of tensions between the superpowers. This process was exemplified by the signing of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I), which set a cap on the number of antimissile defenses each country could have.

Which of these was true of Russian industrial development in the second half of the nineteenth century? a) Most of Russia's industrial development took place in isolated rural regions where land was cheap. b) Russia saw no substantial industrial development until after 1900. c) The terms of serf emancipation left few peasants free to pursue industrial employment. d) Unlike the rest of continental Europe, private investors took the lead in the construction of Russian railroads.

c) The terms of serf emancipation left few peasants free to pursue industrial employment. The terms of serf emancipation bound many Russian peasants to the mir, or landed community. Some villages sent men and women to industrializing cities, but on the condition that they return for plowing and harvesting.

Why were leaders of the Nazi storm troopers, or SA, executed in 1934? a) They called for a second revolution to end the influence of business and military elites. b) They were part of the traditional military power structure, which Adolf Hitler sought to undermine. c) Their commander, Heinrich Himmler, challenged Adolf Hitler's authority. d) They attempted to overthrow Hitler and establish a capitalist police state.

c) Their commander, Heinrich Himmler, challenged Adolf Hitler's authority. Himmler was the leader of Hitler's elite personal guard, the SS, which carried out the action against the SA.

Why did Marx and Engels embrace industrialization? a) They believed that industrialization was a reflection of God's will. b) They believed that economic efficiency was the key to social progress. c) They believed industrialization would bring on the proletarian revolution. d) They believed that industrialization reduced social inequality.

c) They believed industrialization would bring on the proletarian revolution. Marx and Engels embraced industrialization because they believed it would eventually bring on the proletarian revolution and thus lead inevitably to the abolition of exploitation, private property, and class society.

Which of these was true of the philosophes? a) They were generally pessimistic about the prospects for human progress. b) They were almost all political republicans. c) They could be found everywhere from British North America to Russia. d) They believed that emotion and intuition were more important than reason and logic.

c) They could be found everywhere from British North America to Russia. Although philosophe is a French word, the Enlightenment was distinctly cosmopolitan; philosophes could be found from Philadelphia to St. Petersburg. The philosophes considered themselves part of a grand "republic of letters" that transcended national political boundaries.

Which of these was true of the English Methodists in the early nineteenth century? a) They spread their message through gatherings sponsored by the Church of England. b) They engaged in elaborate rituals that critics saw as unseemly. c) They gave women key roles in the spread of the denomination. d) They drew followers primarily from the British upper classes.

c) They gave women key roles in the spread of the denomination. Female Methodist preachers traveled on horseback to preach in barns, town halls, and textile dye houses.

Which of these was true of the philosophes? a) They were generally pessimistic about the prospects for human progress. b) They were almost all political republicans. c) They were united by the ideals of reason, reform, and freedom. d) They believed that emotion and intuition were more important than reason and logic

c) They were united by the ideals of reason, reform, and freedom. While the philosophes came from many lands and focused on many different topics, they were united by their commitment to reason, reform, and freedom.

Which of these was true of the philosophes? a) They were generally pessimistic about the prospects for human progress. b) They were almost all political republicans. c) They were united by the ideals of reason, reform, and freedom. d) They believed that emotion and intuition were more important than reason and logic.

c) They were united by the ideals of reason, reform, and freedom. While the philosophes came from many lands and focused on many different topics, they were united by their commitment to reason, reform, and freedom.

Which of these was true of lower-class urban women in the eighteenth century? a) Most poor women married in their early teens. b) Lower-class women focused exclusively on raising children and other domestic duties. c) Women married to artisans and shopkeepers often kept the accounts and supervised employees. d) Women from poorer families usually worked as shop girls until they married.

c) Women married to artisans and shopkeepers often kept the accounts and supervised employees. The wives of artisans and shopkeepers played an active role in the family business.

Which of these was an important trend in charitable and reform activity in the first half of the nineteenth century? a) The vast majority of reform work was carried out by government agencies. b) Most new charitable and reform organizations were started by working-class people. c) Women took a more prominent role than ever before. d) Such work came to be seen as suitable for men only.

c) Women took a more prominent role than ever before. The Catholic church established new orders, especially for women, and increased missionary activity overseas. Protestant women in Great Britain and the United States established Bible, missionary, and female reform societies by the hundreds.

Which of these was an important difference between World War I and World War II? a) World War II was a total war. b) Civilian populations were targeted in World War I. c) World War II was a war of movement. d) World War I saw the introduction of new military technology.

c) World War II was a war of movement. In contrast to the often stationary trench warfare of World War I, armies in World War II had fought a war of movement on the ground and in the air. Consequently, a much greater proportion of European territory was devastated by the fighting.

What sparked the two decades of unrest in Poland-Lithuania known as the Deluge? a) A religious conflict b) A Swedish invasion c) Anti-Jewish riots d) A Cossack revolt

d) A Cossack revolt In 1648, Ukrainian Cossack warriors revolted against the king of Poland-Lithuania, inaugurating two decades of tumult known as the Deluge.

Which of these complicated the French political situation in the late 1780s? a) A trade war with the Dutch b) The death of Louis XVI c) A new war with the British d) A dangerous food shortage

d) A dangerous food shortage Bad weather had damaged the harvest of 1788, causing bread prices to rise dramatically in many places in the spring and summer of 1789 and threatening starvation for the poorest people.

Which of the following was true of anti-Semitism in Nazi Germany? a) The 1933 Enabling Act deprived Jews of German citizenship. b) Before Adolph Hitler's rise to power, anti-Semitism did not exist in Germany. c) It emerged only after the onset of war in 1939. d) Adolph Hitler cultivated it to win support for his regime.

d) Adolph Hitler cultivated it to win support for his regime. Hitler's concept of building community involved making some members of the community enemies within and unifying Germans around hatred of them. By branding Jews both as evil businessmen and as working-class Bolsheviks, Nazis invented that enemy.

Which of these was a key component of the Atlantic system? a) Raw commodities were shipped from Europe to Africa b) African slaves were shipped to Europe and sold to nobles. c) Manufactured goods were shipped from the Americas to Europe. d) African slaves were shipped to the Americas and sold to plantation owners.

d) African slaves were shipped to the Americas and sold to plantation owners. In the Atlantic system, western European nations sent ships loaded with goods to buy slaves from local rulers on the western coast of Africa; the slaves were then transported to the Americas and sold to plantation owners. Money from the slave trade was used to buy the raw commodities produced in the colonies and ship them back to Europe, where they were refined or processed and then sold within Europe and around the world.

Which of these was a consequence of the Soviet experiment with agricultural collectivization? a) Stalin was forced from power. b) The quality of life for the average Soviet peasant improved. c) Agricultural production soared. d) Agricultural production plummeted.

d) Agricultural production plummeted. Collectivization resulted in a drop in the grain harvest from 83 million tons in 1930 to 67 million in 1934.

Which of the following helped ensure that 1950s western Europe would not experience a repeat of the political upheaval that followed World War I? a) he creation of a pan-European government b) The rise of authoritarian states c) Restrictions on civil liberties d) An upsurge in consumer spending

d) An upsurge in consumer spending Western Europe's rising birthrate and bustling youth culture led to an upsurge in consumer spending that created jobs for veterans. As a result, returning veterans were not nearly as socially and politically disruptive as they had been after World War I.

Why did political protests in the Dutch Republic in the late eighteenth century attract the attention of the British and other European governments? a) Because Dutch armies were critical to Britain's plans in India b) Because the protestors threatened the European balance of power c) Because the protestors called for a general European revolution d) Because Dutch banks controlled a substantial portion of the world's capital

d) Because Dutch banks controlled a substantial portion of the world's capital For example, government-sponsored Dutch banks owned 40 percent of the British national debt, and by 1796 they held the entire foreign debt of the United States.

Why did high food prices in the late 1840s lead to increased unemployment? a) Because high food prices enriched large landowners b) Because high food prices led to social unrest c) Because high food prices reduced the demand for agricultural labor d) Because high food prices decreased demand for manufactured goods

d) Because high food prices decreased demand for manufactured goods Poor families had to use almost all of their meager financial resources for food, leaving nothing left over to spend on manufactured goods. Consequently, demand for such goods fell and workers were laid off.

Which of these was one of the three main factors contributing to European population growth in the eighteenth century? a) Improvements in urban sanitation b) Higher fertility rates c) Medical innovations d) Better weather

d) Better weather Three main factors contributed to European population growth in the eighteenth century: better weather and hence more bountiful harvests, improved agricultural techniques, and the plague's disappearance after 1720.

Which of these is true of the 1793 antirevolutionary uprising in the Vendée region of western France? a) The uprising was led by artisans and laborers. b) It was incited by Prussian and Austrian agitators. c) The rebels embraced secular republicanism but not Robespierre and his colleagues. d) Both the rebels and the revolutionary forces committed horrible atrocities

d) Both the rebels and the revolutionary forces committed horrible atrocities At the small town of Machecoul, for example, the rebels massacred five hundred republicans. The revolutionaries, for their part, drowned some two thousand Vendée rebels in the Loire River.

Which of these is true of the 1793 antirevolutionary uprising in the Vendée region of western France? a) The uprising was led by artisans and laborers. b) It was incited by Prussian and Austrian agitators. c) The rebels embraced secular republicanism but not Robespierre and his colleagues. d) Both the rebels and the revolutionary forces committed horrible atrocities.

d) Both the rebels and the revolutionary forces committed horrible atrocities. At the small town of Machecoul, for example, the rebels massacred five hundred republicans. The revolutionaries, for their part, drowned some two thousand Vendée rebels in the Loire River.

Of the following, which of these posed the greatest challenge to Elizabeth I? a) The growing maritime power of the Dutch b) Henry IV and the French c) Recurring crop failures and famines d) Calvinist Puritans

d) Calvinist Puritans The steady growth of Puritan influence posed an important and increasing challenge to the moderate Elizabeth.

Which of these limited the freedom of Russian serfs, even after emancipation? a) Their continued legal status as property b) Heavy labor obligations to the state c) Laws requiring serfs to stay in their village of origin d) Communal landownership and decision making

d) Communal landownership and decision making Communal landowning and decision making meant that individual peasants could not simply sell their parcel of land and leave their rural communities to work in factories, as laborers had been doing elsewhere in Europe.

Which of the following was true of computer technology between the 1940s and 1980s? a) Computers replaced television as the most important component of mass culture. b) Computers moved from private industry to military applications. c) Computers became more expensive. d) Computers became much more powerful.

d) Computers became much more powerful. Computers became fantastically more powerful thanks to the development of increasingly sophisticated digital electronic circuitry implanted on tiny silicon chips, which replaced clumsy radio tubes.

Which of the following was true of computer technology between the 1940s and 1980s? a) Computers replaced television as the most important component of mass culture. b) Computers moved from private industry to military applications. c) Computers became more expensive. d) Computers shrank dramatically.

d) Computers shrank dramatically. From the 1940s to the 1980s, computing machines shrank from the size of a gymnasium to that of an attaché case.

Which of these characterizes European relations with Egypt in the 1860s and 1870s? a) Europeans sought diplomatic alliances with Egypt in an effort to counter the Ottoman Empire. b) Europeans moved troops in and set up a military government. c) Europeans saw Egypt as a backwater unworthy of their consideration. d) Europeans invested heavily in the Egyptian infrastructure.

d) Europeans invested heavily in the Egyptian infrastructure. Europeans invested heavily in the region: first in ventures such as building the Suez Canal in the 1860s; laying thousands of miles of railroad track; improving harbors; creating telegraph systems; and finally and most important, loaning money at exorbitant rates of interest.

Which of these reflects the connection between the Enlightenment and feminist ideas? a) Feminist ideas were discussed for the first time during the Enlightenment. b) Feminist ideas were widely embraced by male authors during the Enlightenment. c) Feminist ideas were entirely ignored during the Enlightenment. d) Feminist ideas were presented systematically for the first time during the Enlightenment.

d) Feminist ideas were presented systematically for the first time during the Enlightenment. Feminist ideas were not entirely new, but they were presented systematically for the first time during the Enlightenment and represented a fundamental challenge to the ways of traditional societies.

The works of Richard Wagner are closely associated with which of these? a) German liberalism b) The realist movement c) The nihilist movement d) German nationalism

d) German nationalism Wagner set out to produce music that reflected German history, values, and national identity.

Which of the following helped ensure that 1950s western Europe would not experience a repeat of the political upheaval that followed World War I? a) The creation of a pan-European government b) The rise of authoritarian states c) Restrictions on civil liberties d) Government spending

d) Government spending Government spending on Europe's reconstruction and welfare after World War II helped prevent the kind of upheaval that had followed World War I.

Which of these was an important trend in education and the professions in the second half of the nineteenth century? a) Religion regained its place as the most prestigious area of study. b) Women were pushed out of universities and teaching positions. c) Education was increasingly available only to the very rich. d) Governments began to allow professionals to determine rules for admission to their fields.

d) Governments began to allow professionals to determine rules for admission to their fields. Such legislation had both positive and negative effects: groups could set high standards, but otherwise-qualified people were sometimes prohibited from working because they lacked the credentials.

Which of these policies helped bolster Frederick the Great's claim to be an enlightened ruler? a) His support of legal equality for women b) His refusal to go to war unless attacked c) His efforts to limit the power of nobles over peasants d) His abolition of torture

d) His abolition of torture Frederick the Great abolished torture, supported religious toleration, reorganized taxation, and hosted leading French philosophes at his court.

Which of these policies helped bolster Frederick the Great's claim to be an enlightened ruler? a) His support of legal equality for women b) His refusal to go to war unless attacked c) His efforts to limit the power of nobles over peasants d) His support for religious toleration

d) His support for religious toleration Frederick the Great abolished torture, supported religious toleration, reorganized taxation, and hosted leading French philosophes at his court.

Which of these was true of the economic depression that began in 1873? a) It was sparked by political developments in Asia. b) It lasted three years but was then followed by decades of renewed prosperity. c) Its impact was limited to the working classes. d) It affected economies around the world.

d) It affected economies around the world. Because economic ties bound industrialized western Europe to international markets, the downturns affected economies around the world.

How did the Atlantic slave trade change the lives of ordinary Europeans in the eighteenth century? a) It contributed to European population decline. b) It removed the threat of famine and malnutrition. c) It offered a lucrative investment opportunity that was within reach of most people. d) It altered their consumption patterns.

d) It altered their consumption patterns. The slave trade permanently altered consumption patterns for ordinary people. Sugar, tobacco, and other New World commodities became part of everyday life for people from every social class.

In what way did Napoleon's Civil Code protect the gains made during the revolutionary period? a) It gave men and women equal rights in marriage. b) It limited the power of parents over their children. c) It reinforced patriarchal authority. d) It guaranteed religious liberty.

d) It guaranteed religious liberty. The Civil Code protected many of the gains of the French Revolution by defining and ensuring property rights, guaranteeing religious liberty, and establishing a uniform system of law that provided equal treatment for all adult males and affirmed the right of men to choose their professions.

Which of these was true of Pablo Picasso's work? a) It reflected Picasso's belief that art and politics should never mix. b) It built on the work of the romantic painters of the early nineteenth century. c) It reflected Picasso's distaste for non-European arts. d) It offered a strong critique of industrial society.

d) It offered a strong critique of industrial society. Picasso, who had spent his youth in working-class Barcelona, a hotbed of anarchist thought, aimed to present the plain truth about industrial society in his art.

How did the National Assembly respond to resistance to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy and other religious reforms? a) It imposed steep new taxes on clergy who would not take the oath. b) It called for a national referendum on the constitution. c) It repealed the most controversial elements of the constitution. d) It required all clergy to swear an oath of loyalty to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy.

d) It required all clergy to swear an oath of loyalty to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. Pope Pius VI in Rome condemned the constitution, and half of the French clergy refused to take the oath.

How was newly independent Brazil different from the other newly established states in South America? a) None of its leaders were of European ancestry. b) It was recognized by the United States and Britain. c) It abolished slavery. d) It was a monarchy.

d) It was a monarchy. Brazil declared its independence under the banner of the Portuguese king's own son and therefore maintained a monarchical form of government.

A shift of opinion among which of these groups led to a steep decline in witchcraft trials? a) Independent farmers, peasants, and agricultural laborers b) Merchants, craftsmen, and laborers c) Lutherans, Calvinists, and Anabaptists d) Lawyers, judges, and doctors

d) Lawyers, judges, and doctors When physicians and judges had believed in witches and carried out official persecutions, with torture, those accused of witchcraft had gone to their deaths in record numbers. But when the same groups distanced themselves from popular beliefs, the trials and the executions stopped.

Which of these accurately describes Abraham Lincoln's primary objectives during the Civil War? a) Lincoln hoped to reduce the South to a permanent colonial status. b) Lincoln hoped to add new territory to the United States. c) From the beginning, Lincoln's sole objective was to abolish slavery. d) Lincoln's initial objective was not to abolish slavery but to preserve the Union

d) Lincoln's initial objective was not to abolish slavery but to preserve the Union Lincoln did not initially aim to abolish slavery, but his Emancipation Proclamation of January 1863 officially freed all slaves in the Confederacy and turned the war into a fight not only for union but also for an end to human bondage.

Which of these accurately describes Abraham Lincoln's primary objectives during the Civil War? a) Lincoln hoped to reduce the South to a permanent colonial status. b) Lincoln hoped to add new territory to the United States. c) From the beginning, Lincoln's sole objective was to abolish slavery. d) Lincoln's initial objective was not to abolish slavery but to preserve the Union.

d) Lincoln's initial objective was not to abolish slavery but to preserve the Union. Lincoln did not initially aim to abolish slavery, but his Emancipation Proclamation of January 1863 officially freed all slaves in the Confederacy and turned the war into a fight not only for union but also for an end to human bondage.

Which of these was true of women in the workplace in the late nineteenth century? a) Only lower-class women took paid employment. b) Women in the service sector were paid the same as men for doing similar work. c) The stigma attached to married women in the workplace had largely disappeared. d) Middle-class women felt increasing financial pressure to work.

d) Middle-class women felt increasing financial pressure to work. By the late nineteenth century, the costs of middle-class family life had increased, especially because school-attendance laws meant that children were no longer contributing to family resources by working. Whether to help pay family expenses or to support themselves, both unmarried and married women of the respectable middle class increasingly took jobs despite the ideal of domesticity.

Which of these accurately characterizes demographic trends in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Europe? a) The total population began to shrink. b) Birthrates continued to rise. c) Population growth came to a halt, and Europe's population level stagnated. d) Mortality rates fell.

d) Mortality rates fell. Improvements in sanitation and public health led to falling mortality rates.

Which of these was true of the eighteenth-century western European middle class? a) Most middle-class people earned their living with their hands. b) Middle-class families enjoyed legal titles and status. c) The western European middle classes were slowly shrinking. d) Most middle-class people lived in towns or cities.

d) Most middle-class people lived in towns or cities. Most middle-class people lived in towns or cities and earned their living in the professions - as doctors, lawyers, or lower-level officials - or through investment in land, trade, or manufacturing.

Which of these accurately reflects nineteenth-century European immigration patterns and practices? a) Most European governments actively opposed the emigration of workers and peasants. b) Most migrants who left Europe went to European colonies in Asia and Africa. c) Immigrants usually severed all ties with their home country when they left Europe. d) Most migrants who left Europe went to North and South America, Australia, and New Zealand.

d) Most migrants who left Europe went to North and South America, Australia, and New Zealand. The answer is D. Unlike European colonies in Africa and Asia, North and South America, Australia, and New Zealand all developed large settler communities.

Which of these was a constant source of conflict between Napoleon and the conquered territories he ruled directly and indirectly? a) Napoleon's unwillingness to extend French reforms to conquered territories b) Napoleon's insistence that local elites take charge of government c) Napoleon's lack of interest in nonmilitary matters d) Napoleon's desire for a standardized, centralized government

d) Napoleon's desire for a standardized, centralized government Almost everywhere, conflicts arose between Napoleon's desire for a standardized, centralized government and local insistence on maintaining customs and traditions.

Which of these helps explains why global agricultural prices declined in the years leading up to the Great Depression? a) The migration of rural people to the cities b) The elimination of taxes on agricultural land c) Decreased demand for agricultural products d) New agricultural technology

d) New agricultural technology New agricultural technology and abundant harvests around the world drove down agricultural prices.

Which of these was an important trend in popular culture in the first half of the nineteenth century? a) Poetry emerged as the most important and popular cultural form. b) Blood sports became increasingly popular with the middle classes. c) Interest in theater declined, while interest in print culture increased. d) Ordinary people grew more interested in cultural events.

d) Ordinary people grew more interested in cultural events. As artists became more interested in society and social relations, ordinary citizens crowded cultural events. Museums opened to the public across Europe, and popular theaters in big cities drew thousands from the lower and middle classes every night.

Which of these contributed to the frequent epidemics in early nineteenth-century European cities? a) Economic instability b) The introduction of new diseases from overseas c) Government indifference d) Overcrowding

d) Overcrowding Rapid urban growth caused serious overcrowding in the cities because the housing stock expanded much more slowly than the population did. Overcrowding facilitated the rapid spread of communicable diseases.

Auguste Comte is associated with the development of which of these? a) Liberalism b) Social Darwinism c) Nihilism d) Positivism

d) Positivism French thinker Auguste Comte developed positivism - a theory claiming that careful study of facts would generate accurate and useful, or "positive," laws of society.

Which of these was an important trend in education and the professions in the second half of the nineteenth century? a) Religion regained its place as the most prestigious area of study. b) Women were pushed out of universities and teaching positions. c) Education was increasingly available only to the very rich. d) Professionals placed increasing emphasis on empirical knowledge.

d) Professionals placed increasing emphasis on empirical knowledge. Emphasis on empirical knowledge and objective standards changed the professions and raised their status. Growing numbers of middle-class doctors, lawyers, professors, and journalists employed solid information in their work.

hich of these accurately describes the political situation in Europe in 1919? a) Middle-class liberals dominated the postwar political landscape. b) Authoritarian conservatives seized power across northern Europe. c) Peacetime politics resumed almost as if the war had never happened. d) Protests and uprisings swept across Europe.

d) Protests and uprisings swept across Europe. Lenin and the Bolsheviks accepted the treaty because they had promised to bring peace to Russia and because they believed that the rest of Europe would soon rebel against the war and overthrow the capitalist order.

Which of these sparked the Seven Years' War? a) France's seizure of India b) Prussia's alliance with Austria c) Great Britain's invasion of Ireland d) Prussia's invasion of Saxony

d) Prussia's invasion of Saxony When Prussia invaded Austria's ally Saxony, the long-simmering hostilities between Great Britain (an ally of Prussia. and France (an ally of Austria. over colonial boundaries flared into a general war that became known as the Seven Years' War.

Which of these was true of the period that followed the Thirty Years' War? a) The Habsburgs emerged as Europe's preeminent power. b) Europe remained at peace for almost fifty years. c) States grew increasingly decentralized. d) Religion was no longer the underlying cause of international warfare.

d) Religion was no longer the underlying cause of international warfare. After 1648, international warfare would be undertaken for reasons of national security, commercial ambition, or dynastic pride rather than to enforce religious uniformity.

Which of these policies introduced by Joseph II led to unrest in the Austrian Netherlands? a) The tripling of taxes b) The reinstatement of torture c) A mandatory military draft d) Reorganization of the administrative and judicial systems

d) Reorganization of the administrative and judicial systems Joseph II's reorganization of the administrative and judicial systems eliminated many offices that belonged to nobles and lawyers, sparking resistance among the upper classes.

Which of these accurately describes the political situation in Europe in 1919? a) Middle-class liberals dominated the postwar political landscape. b) Authoritarian conservatives seized power across northern Europe. c) Peacetime politics resumed almost as if the war had never happened. d) Returning soldiers were a particularly disruptive political force in the immediate aftermath of the war.

d) Returning soldiers were a particularly disruptive political force in the immediate aftermath of the war. Many soldiers did not disband at the armistice but formed volunteer armies, preventing the return to peacetime politics.

Why did planters and plantations win out over small farmers in the Americas over the course of the eighteenth century? a) Improving conditions in Europe discouraged immigration by small farmers to the Americas. b) Land prices in the Americas soared out of the reach of all but the very wealthy. c) European governments stopped allowing small farmers to immigrate to the Americas. d) Slave labor gave planters a competitive advantage.

d) Slave labor gave planters a competitive advantage. Planters and their plantations won out because even cheaper slave labor allowed them to produce mass quantities of commodities at low prices.

Which of these was true of the Soviet Union in 1945? a) The Soviet army was in tatters and its military power was at an all-time low. b) The Soviet Union was almost as wealthy as the United States. c) Stalin's hold on supreme power was tenuous. d) Soviet citizens emerged from the war with a sense of pride in their accomplishments.

d) Soviet citizens emerged from the war with a sense of pride in their accomplishments. The Soviets emerged from the war with a well-justified sense of accomplishment. Despite horrendous losses - now estimated to be as many as forty-five million lives lost in the war itself - they had resisted the most massive onslaught ever launched against a nation.

Which of these was an important difference between the British and the French in the 1780s? a) The British had chronic fiscal problems. b) The French government was a monarchy. c) The French had a large and powerful army. d) The British had a national bank.

d) The British had a national bank. In contrast to the British government, which had a national bank to help raise loans, the French government lived off relatively short-term, high-interest loans from a variety of sources.

Romanticism was a reaction against which of the following? a) The Pietist movement b) Monarchical authoritarianism c) Rousseau's celebration of rural life d) The Enlightenment's emphasis on reason

d) The Enlightenment's emphasis on reason Romanticism was a reaction against what some saw as the Enlightenment's excessive reliance on the authority of human reason.

Why was the Spanish-American War immediately followed by a bloody war between the United States and the Filipinos? a) The Filipinos refused to sign a free-trade agreement with the United States. b) The Filipinos refused to allow the United States to establish a naval base near Manila. c) The Filipinos had fought alongside the Spanish and wanted to remain under Spanish control. d) The Filipinos wanted independence, not annexation by the United States.

d) The Filipinos wanted independence, not annexation by the United States. The Filipinos aided the Americans in their fight against the Spanish. They expected to be rewarded with independence, not annexation.

In the first half of the nineteenth century, Protestant and Catholic clergy complained about which of the following? a) Overcrowding in churches and cathedrals b) The growing pressure on churches to send missionaries overseas c) The growing popularity of atheism among the middle classes d) The apparent lack of interest in religion among workers

d) The apparent lack of interest in religion among workers Protestant and Catholic clergy complained that workers had no interest in religion; less than 10 percent of the workers in the cities attended religious services.

Which of these limited the freedom of Russian serfs, even after emancipation? a) Their continued legal status as property b) Heavy labor obligations to the state c) Laws requiring serfs to stay in their village of origin d) The burden of debt for their land

d) The burden of debt for their land Russian peasants were not given land along with their personal freedom: they were forced to redeem the land they farmed by paying off long-term loans from the government, which in turn compensated the original landowners.

Which of these was enacted by the Parliament of 1640? a) The banning of all income taxes on English subjects b) The gradual elimination of the monarchy c) The establishment of religious toleration for all d) The convening of Parliament at least once every three years

d) The convening of Parliament at least once every three years Parliament removed Archbishop Laud from office, ordered the execution of an unpopular royal commander, abolished the Court of Star Chamber, repealed recently levied taxes, and provided for a parliamentary assembly at least once every three years.

Which of these was the basic unit of production in the putting-out system? a) The individual laborer b) The village c) The factory d) The family

d) The family Under the putting-out system, manufacturers supplied the raw materials, such as woolen or cotton fibers, to families working at home.

Which of these was the focus of political and social unrest in the second half of the eighteenth century? a) Military conscription b) Political representation c) Taxes d) The food supply

d) The food supply In the last half of the eighteenth century, the food supply became the focus of political and social conflict. When food supplies grew low, rioting was often the result.

Which of these contributed to Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War? a) The fact that the Russians were outnumbered, six to one b) The consistent strategic advantage enjoyed by Japan c) The superiority of Japan's weapons d) The ineptitude of Russia's military

d) The ineptitude of Russia's military The conservative Russian military proved inept in the ensuing Russo-Japanese War, even though it often had better equipment or strategic advantage.

Which statement reflects an impact of the Nuremberg Laws? a) Jewish doctors, lawyers, and professors were banned from practicing their professions. b) Any child born to a Christian German and a Christian Slav was denied citizenship. c) All Jews who converted to Christianity gained German citizenship. d) The marriage of a Christian German and a Jewish German was not recognized.

d) The marriage of a Christian German and a Jewish German was not recognized. The Nuremberg Laws outlawed marriage and sexual relations between Jews and those defined as Germans.

With which of these statements would Charles Darwin agree? a) All species of earth were brought into existence at the same time. b) The Bible gives an abstract, but basically correct, account of the history of the world. c) Human life is distinct in essential ways from all other forms of life. d) There has been life on earth for millions of years.

d) There has been life on earth for millions of years. Darwin argued that life on earth had taken shape over countless millions of years.

Why did the Bolsheviks agree to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk? a) They were tricked by the Germans. b) The treaty did not include any territorial concessions. c) They believed the treaty favored Russia. d) They believed that Europe would soon find itself in the throes of a communist revolution.

d) They believed that Europe would soon find itself in the throes of a communist revolution. Lenin and the Bolsheviks accepted the treaty because they had promised to bring peace to Russia and because they believed that the rest of Europe would soon rebel against the war and overthrow the capitalist order.

How did Marxist leaders respond to women's concerns about lower wages and sexual harassment? a) They blamed women for their own misfortunes. b) They took active steps to combat these problems. c) They dismissed such concerns as baseless. d) They blamed these problems on capitalism alone.

d) They blamed these problems on capitalism alone. Marxist leaders maintained that capitalism alone caused injustice to women and thus the creation of a socialist society would automatically end gender inequality. As a result, although the new political organizations wanted women's support, they dismissed women's concerns about lower wages and sexual harassment.

Why did the Germans decide to halt unrestricted submarine warfare in 1915? a) They needed to divert their military resources to other priorities. b) They had achieved their objectives. c) They were losing U-boats faster than they could make them. d) They did not want to provoke the United States into declaring war.

d) They did not want to provoke the United States into declaring war. In May 1915, U-boats sank the British passenger ship Lusitania and killed 1,198 people, including 124 Americans. Despite U.S. outrage, President Woodrow Wilson maintained a policy of neutrality; Germany, unwilling to provoke Wilson further, called off unrestricted submarine warfare.

Which of these was true of France's Caribbean colonies? a) They played a relatively small role in the French economy. b) They abolished slavery in the French colonies. c) They sent an army to the island to suppress the revolt. d) They granted civil and political rights to the free blacks.

d) They granted civil and political rights to the free blacks. This action produced little in the way of positive results. It did nothing to satisfy the slaves, and it infuriated white planters and merchants.

How did the early seventeenth-century recession affect women? a) Women married earlier and had more children. b) Women's life expectancies fell much faster than men's. c) Declining population created new economic opportunities for women. d) They lost some of their economic opportunities.

d) They lost some of their economic opportunities. Widows who had been able to take over their late husbands' trade now found themselves excluded by the urban guilds or limited to short tenures. Many women went into domestic service until they married, some for their entire lives.

Why were the kulaks targeted when Stalin implemented the first five-year plan? a) They were very poor rural peasants, and the first five-year plan rejected dependent populations. b) They were independent urban workers, and the first five-year plan aimed to control their labor. c) They were a class of non-Russian factory workers, and the first five-year plan identified groups based on industry. d) They were identified as the principal opponents of government agricultural policies.

d) They were identified as the principal opponents of government agricultural policies. Some peasants resisted government demands by withholding produce from the market, prompting Stalin to demand a liquidation of the kulaks. Confiscated kulak land formed the basis for the new collective farms, or kolkhoz, where the remaining peasants were forced to share facilities.

Why did U.S. military leaders decide to drop two atomic bombs on Japanese cities in August 1945? a) To punish the Japanese for war atrocities b) To show that the United States had a new weapon c) To prevent the Soviets from entering the war in the Pacific theater d) To end the war without the need to invade Japan

d) To end the war without the need to invade Japan American commanders decided not to invade because they believed the invasion and conquest of Japan itself might cost a million American casualties and claim ten to twenty million Japanese lives.

Which of these policies introduced by Joseph II led to unrest in the Austrian Netherlands? a) The tripling of taxes b) The reinstatement of torture c) A mandatory military draft d) Toleration for Protestants

d) Toleration for Protestants The Austrian Netherlands was a resolutely Catholic region, and the imposition of religious toleration angered a substantial portion of the population.

How successful were the Allies at denazifying Germany after World War II? a) They eliminated all traces of National Socialist ideology and former officials from German institutions. b) Only the Western zones succeeded in eliminating all traces of National Socialist ideology and officials from German institutions. c) Only the Soviet zone succeeded in eliminating all traces of National Socialist ideology and officials from German institutions. d) Ultimately, many former Nazis ended up in leading positions in German government and industry.

d) Ultimately, many former Nazis ended up in leading positions in German government and industry. In neither the Western zones nor the Soviet zone did officials manage to prosecute every German or Austrian implicated in Nazi war crimes. Eventually, the Allies found that they needed some of these individuals to staff German political, social, and economic institutions.

Which of the following events catalyzed Joseph Stalin to impose a blockade of Berlin in 1948? a) The Berlin airlift b) NATO's creation c) British attacks on the city d) West Germany's creation

d) West Germany's creation The western Allies agreed to merge their zones into a West German state, and the United States began an economic buildup of the western zone under the Marshall Plan. On July 24, 1948, Stalin retaliated by using Soviet troops to blockade Germany's capital, Berlin.

Which of these contributed to the instability of the Third Republic in the late nineteenth century? a) The dominance of socialist parties in the Chamber of Deputies b) Unrest in Algeria c) Diplomatic tensions with Britain d) Widespread corruption

d) Widespread corruption Economic downturns, widespread corruption, and growing anti-Semitism fueled by a highly partisan and monarchist press kept the Third Republic on shaky ground.

Which of these was true of lower-class urban women in the eighteenth century? a) Most poor women married in their early teens. b) Lower-class women focused exclusively on raising children and other domestic duties. c) Women married to artisans and shopkeepers could expect their children to marry into merchant families. d) Women from poorer families usually worked as servants until they married.

d) Women from poorer families usually worked as servants until they married. Women from poorer families usually worked as domestic servants until they married. Four out of five domestic servants in the city were female.

Which of these groups benefited the most from late nineteenth-century imperialism? a) African and Asian city dwellers b) European taxpayers c) African and Asian peasants d) Workers in European port cities

d) Workers in European port cities Imperialism provided huge numbers of jobs to people in European port cities because the volume of world trade increased.

The British government responded to the Great Depression by a) augmenting unemployment relief payments dramatically. b) increasing spending and cutting taxes. c) adopting aspects of Scandinavian socialism. d) pursuing policies rooted in orthodox economic theory.

d) pursuing policies rooted in orthodox economic theory. In Britain, Ramsay MacDonald's Labour government and then, after 1931, the Conservative-dominated coalition government followed orthodox economic theory. The budget was balanced, spending was tightly controlled, and unemployed workers received barely enough welfare to live.

Louis XIV's treatment of Molière illustrated that Louis was willing a) to allow writers to make fun of him. b) to raise writers to the highest levels of the nobility. c) to imprison writers he saw as subversive. d) to support and protect the writers he patronized.

d) to support and protect the writers he patronized. Molière's comedy Tartuffe made fun of religious hypocrites and was loudly condemned by church leaders. Louis forced Molière to delay public performances of the play but resisted calls for his dismissal.