Westward Expansion
Social Gospel
"WWJD"; belief that one could counter the brutality of capitalism by applying Christian principles toward worldly matters
mining frontier
- "trailblazers" into obtaining desired resource - temporary towns set up - a "young man's game" that was overwhelming male; only a few women (prostitutes) - because they were beyond the physical borders of the U.S., it was considered a rough place that was outside the law
Homestead Act
- 1862 - under its terms, you could get land for free - first you had to claim the land and then improve it; after 5 years, it is yours to keep - set in motion a program of public land grants to small farmers - mainly upper classes took free land
The Great Sioux War
- 1876 - a series of battles and negotiations which occurred - Lakota Sioux & Northern Cheyenne vs. U.S. - Cause of war: U.S. government wanted the Black Hills because gold had been discovered there - As settlers began to encroach onto Native American lands, the Sioux and Cheyenne refused to cede ownership to the U.S.
Treaty of Paris
- 1898 - decides Cuba's fate (becomes independent but not an American possession) - US acquires new territories of Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines - McKinley annexes Philippines; we pay Spain $20 mil. for it
reaction to labor unions
- American people conclude they are violent, dangerous and a foreign presence within our country - public sentiment against unions start to develop
Reaction to "coolies" (aka Chinese immigrants)
- Chinese considered as labor competition & they drove wages down - were very different and were hated by whites because of it - also hated because of how little $ they worked for
Consequences of expansion
- Chinese immigrants and the RR - reaction to the "Coolies" - Exclusion Act (1882)
Chinese immigrants and the RR
- Chinese immigrants come to U.S. to labor, build railroads - recruited by RR companies to work for low wages - a temporary work force bc they didn't bring women with them
The Great Sioux War: General George Cluster
- Discovered gold in Black Hills of South Dakota - his seventh cavalry division was decimated by the Sioux at the battle of Little Big Horn - In American press, death is viewed as an atrocity; he is glorified as a great war hero
Dawes Severalty Act - passed in ______ - aims and assumptions of the legislation - results
- passed in 1887 - an attempt to introduce private ownership of land to Indians; by assimilating Indians, we can make them part of white society - Indian head of household could get 160 acre parcel, U.S. holds on to title of land; after 25 years, land is given to family - was an attempt to protect Indian from getting cheated by land speculators - RESULTS: does not assimilate Indians; just disrupts . . .
Sherman anti-Trust Act
- passed in 1890 - makes businesses structured as trusts illegal - law was weak in terms of punishment
George Westinghouse 1) in year of ____, what does he do? 2) what is the idea? 3) What did EDISON think?
1) 1886 - invests in idea from Nikola Tesla (Edison's apprentice) 2) Tesla thought of using a dif. type of electricity, AC (alternating current), which can be transported over vast distances with little loss of strength 3) Edison thought AC power was too dangerous for homes and would burn houses down
American Federation of Labor 1) when did they come to power 2) focused on ____ 3) size of organization
1) 1886, come to power w/ Knight's demise 2) focused on concrete economic benefits for workers 3) HUGE w/ 4 mill. workers
Spanish-American war 1) Dewey's Manila Victory 2) Cuban Campaign
1) 1898; George Dewey fights with and destroyed the Spanish in Manila Bay in the Philippines; was the first major engagement of the Spanish-American War. The battle was one of the most decisive naval battles in history and marked the end of the Spanish colonial period in Philippine history. 2) Siege of Santiago, the last major operation of the Spanish-American War on the island of Cuba.
themes of progressivism
1) DEMOCRATIZING THE GOV'T - direct primaries - initiative, referendum, recall - direct election of senators (17th amendment) 2) EFFICIENCY/GOOD GOV'T 3) REGULATION OF GIANT CORPORATIONS 4) IMPULSE TOWARD SOCIAL JUSTICE REFORMS - social gospel
immigrants recruited to settle the west 1) potential in ____ because _____ 2) focused on ______ immigrants because _______ 3) impact 4) relationship between RR and immigrants
1) Great Plains, not enough people in U.S. to work in area 2) Northern European immigrants, because they were used to work in those conditions and could survive & they were white and did not upset racial balance 3) impact upper-midwest with culture, language, etc. 4) work together and depend on each other in a symbiotic relationship
Imperialist theories/justifications
1) Manifest Destiny 2) Anglo-Saxon superiority 3) religion
Most immigrants settled in ____ cities - used job to ____ - TRUE outcome?
1) Northern cities 2) used job to take net step (aka go west and get land) 3) many did not realize this dream due to complications (kids, money, etc)
U.S. attacks on Spain's Pacific possessions led to involvement in the ______ Revolution and ultimately to the _______ War.
1) Phillipines 2) Philippine-American war
Philanthropy of Robber Barons 1) Rockefeller gave to ___ and ____ 2) these charitable donations were aimed at ____ 3) black literacy increases because ____
1) Rockefeller gave to education and blacks 2) self-improvement 3) funding comes form ppl like Rockefeller
Andrew Carnegie 1) writes _____ 2) grew up . . . 3) In 1872, he ____ 4) obsessed with _____ 5) his business based on _____ 6) how does he create many millionaires? 7) supports ______
1) The Gospel of Wealth 2) grew up as a poor, immigrant child 3) in 1872, he brings the Bessemer process back to the US and enters the steel industry 4) obsessed with improving business and increasing profit 5) ABILITY instead of superiority; merit-based promotions increases efficiency 6) he rewards ability through stock in company without losing money, which gives people a stake in the company and makes them more devoted to the business 7) economy of scale - the more you make something, the cheaper you can make it
Intertwined relationships: 1) RR makes ______ possible 2) ______ created market for ______ 3) agriculture booms makes growth of _____ possible
1) agricultural boom possible (can ship produce to distant markets) 2) agricultural boom created market for RR 3) agriculture boom makes growth of cities/industries possible
Social Darwinism 1) based on _____ 2) Herbert Spencer 3) used to justify _____ 4) this idea appealed to ___ 5) ideal end result?
1) based on evolutionary theory of Darwin's Origin of Species (1848) 2) applied theory of evolution to human society; argued that human society passed through processes of natural selection and the end result is the survival of the fittest 3) the large gap between business owners and their workers 4) Robber Barrons 5) improving society through self-regulating change
J. Pierpont Morgan 1) background 2) involved in _____ 3) controls ___ of RR in US, buys ____ business 4) makes ___, America's first billion dollar business
1) born rich and gets richer; is an investment banker and has a lot of liquid assets (cash) 2) many different businesses 3) 1/6 of RR, buys Carnegie's business 4) US Steel
Hatred riots, in response to the _______, broke out, so Congress passed __________
1) coolies/Chinese immigrants 2) Chinese Exclusion Act
American imperialism
1) extra-continental territories 2) debate over expansion
Urbanization 1) ____ & ____ encouraged urbanization 2) growth of cities often ____, which led to ___ (examples) 3) attempts to assimilate immigrants groups: ____ 4) dark side of urbanization: _____ (3)
1) immigration and industrialization 2) explosive, led to problems as growth outpaced and overwhelmed infrastructure (ex: basic services couldn't keep up [sewage, water, etc], chamber pots dumped in street which pollutes water) 3) public education used to assimilate immigrants; they learned English and then 3rd generation loses ability to speak native lang., thus losing touch with heritage 4) lack of services, substandard housing, reaction to influx of immigrants: nativism
Unions focused on _____ and made no attempt to include ____. Unions become a more ___ movement.
1) industry 2) agricultural industry 3) political
Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt 1) who was he? 2) what did he do? 3) who was his son, what did he do?
1) patron of Vanderbilt family 2) made $ shipping goods over water but realized the RR business was wave of the future, so he buys up RR and consolidates them into one network 3) his son, Henry Vanderbilt, expands RR holding
1) pressure for Spanish-American War 2) public opinion aroused by _____ 3) yellow journalism 4) sinking of the Maine
1) public opinion and officials influenced via newspapers 2) MEDIA 3) "hyping it up," a kind of over-sensualization; provides a perfect opportunity for Cuban rebels to speak to the American public and depict horrors of Spain 4) occ. Feb 15, 1898; unclear why it exploded; later discovered to be an accident, yet current people see it as a hostile act by Spain, thus fueling the war
As transportation developed, ______ expand (nationalization), which is a recipe for _______
1) regional markets 2) U.S. becoming a superpower
laissez-faire capitalism 1) a belief of ____ 2) what is it? 3) what were they against?
1) social Darwinism 2) believes the government should not interfere with the economy; interference impedes progression 3) graduated income tax (saw it as an opportunity for punishing success), opposed government regulations
eugenics 1) ____ turns into eugenics 2) what is it? 3) ____ forcibly sterilized 4) advocates of eugenics 5) eugenics program targeted at _____
1) social Darwinism turns into eugenics 2) based on premise of selective breeding applied to humanity, whereas you can eliminate mental/physical defects 3) 65K Americans forcibly sterilized 4) Margarete Sanger - founded planned parenthood; Adolf Hitler 5) poor, lesser races
Second Industrial Revolution 1) impact on US 2) centered around 3 related dev'ts: ____ 3) began in the ____ 4) is _____, but centered in ____ & _____
1) technological innovations that transformed US economy/society 2) - creation of nat'l transportation and communication networks - dev't/spread of electrical power - systematic application of scientific research/principles to industrial processes 3) mid-1800s 4) is GLOBAL but centered in US, Germany
Pacific Railroad Act
1862 legislation to encourage the construction of a transcontinental railroad, connecting the West to industries in the Northeast (Union Pacific and Central Pacific RR)
How long did RR expansions last?
1870-1890
Exodusters
large slave movement to Kansas and Oklahoma
Nativism
prejudice against immigrants; nativists were terrified that immigrants would steal their jobs and pollute American culture
Railroads were built by __________. No _______ involved.
private individuals and private labor; no government planning involved
Platt Amendment
stipulated 7 conditions for withdrawal of US troops remaining in Cuba at the end of the Span.-American war; 8th condition was that Cuba sing a treaty accepting these 7 conditions, defined relationship between US and Cuba as US dominating over Cuba
Rise of big business leads to ____ 1) labor comes from _____ 2) impact of child labor 3) labor conditions 4) organizations
surge in need for labor 1) immigrants populations, women, children 2) reduces $ spent on labor force 3) work in dangerous conditions; no minimum wage law yet 4) labor unions formed to bargain w/ bosses; not just in 1 factory, but multiple factories come together; 2 types: trade unions (organized skilled workers to have more leverage) and industrial unions (everyone in workplace)
Alexander Graham Bell
telephone
How children in Indian schools were treated:
viewed w/ suspicion by Indians as traitors, but not trusted by whites either
Manifest Destiny
- part grand idea, part religious mission - term arose in 1845 - "what God wants for us, our divine right" - God favors US, not the Indians; therefore, they don't have claim to land - expansion also includes North to South
Obstacles to Expansion
- Great American desert myth - distance - buffalo - indian tribes - communication - transportation
Holding Company
- Rockefeller breaks up his trust to comply with the law - company that exists on paper -each branch of standard oil becomes a separate company; the central company becomes the head honcho and each little co. shares a piece of stock
shortcoming of Turner's Frontier Thesis
- Turner overstates melting pot analogy - viewed as outdated and that Turner did not account for minorities - most important argument against Turner: because there is no longer a frontier, there should be great social movements instead
Horatio Alger
- YA author that targets young boys with adventure stories - "rags to riches" novels where a street urchin, using wit and diligence, becomes a business tycoon ---> this becomes a deeply-held belief by U.S.
Indian Schools
- a complete immersion approach to introduce Indian children into white society, since adults were a "lost cause" - children put on trains, shipped back east - assimilation was justified by Americans claiming they were "saving souls"
Native Americans
- a diverse population - stereotyped as heathens/savages/stupid because they had rejected Christianity - our perception of them impacts the way we treat them - depended on buffalo as source of life
Knights of Labor 1) what is it? 2) support what? 3) membership policy: 4) who was not welcome? what is this evidence of?
- a large union - support free homesteads - liberal membership policy for its day: regardless of race, you could be a member - lawyers, bankers not welcome; evidence of moralistic temperance group
farmer frontier
- a.k.a. "Sod House" frontier - lacked option to use wood, therefore had to be inventive/adaptive - built houses out of prairie grass - had women in significant numbers, which meant that the industry was more permanent/civilized - greater equality between men & women - grew grain
Transcontinental Telegraph
- alleviated issue of communication between east and west coast but did not solve it - terse
Homestead Strike 1) when/where 2) what was it? 3) who vs. who? 4) final results:
- began on June 30, 1892 at Homestead, PA - one of the most serious disputes in U.S. labor history - Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers (the AA) vs. the Carnegie Steel Company. - final result: major defeat for the union and a setback for their efforts to unionize steelworkers.
anarchists 1) what did they believe? 2) what did they oppose? 3) another obstacle to ___ 4) reaction to anarchism:
- believed the government is a way for the rich to exploit the poor - opposed to any form of government - another obstacle to labor unions - public fear of anarchism
Who were the Robber Barons?
- businessmen and entrepreneurs who helped modernize the world - had $$$ and influence - created many new jobs, improved lives of consumer - were sometimes ruthless, unscrupulous
Filipino Insurrection
- costs many lives - Philippine Republic vs. US; they rejected terms of Treaty of Paris - US wins - war/occupation by US transforms culture of islands - guerrilla war makes American occupation of islands more difficult , includes bloody ambushes/raids - guerrilla war makes it almost seem like a stalemate
Haymarket Square Incident 1) when did it happen? 2) what happened? 3) outcome?
- occ. in 1886 - At Haymarket Square in Chicago, Illinois, a bomb is thrown at a squad of policemen attempting to break up a labor rally. The police responded with wild gunfire, killing several people in the crowd and injuring dozens more. - Knights lose credibility with its members and the public; organization crumbles
Initial expansion in the Pacific
- occurs in Hawaii because sailors needed a place between CA and Japan to "refuel" as they would at a gas station - 1898 - Japanese warships show up at Hawaiian Islands. Pres. McKinley moves to annex Hawaii as American territory
TR & Monroe Doctrine
- originated by President James Monroe: any intervention by external powers in the politics of the Americas is a potentially hostile act against the US - Roosevelt Corollary 1904: An extension of the Monroe Doctrine, asserting that the U.S. has the right to protect its economic interests in South and Central America, and the U.S. has the right to exercise international police force to restore order.
Molly McGuires
- early union that was very violent - half labor union, half street gang - came from the coal mines of western PN - most workers were Irish immigrants
effects of frontier
- equal opportunity = equal reward, thus the frontier UNITES us and makes everyone equal - creates democracy and melting pot concept - pressure cooker analogy: the Frontier is America's pressure release that releases social pressure - frontier makes us an "inventive" nation - makes us value physical strength/physical accomplishments over knowledge and arts
Frederick Jackson Turner's "The Frontier Thesis"
- explains how frontier explains everything about the U.S. & makes us who we are - viewed as ambitious, controversial
Benjamin "Pap" Singleton
- famous recruiter to convince people to settle the west - sells it as a promised land/Garden of Eden type place -led migration of blacks west
White encroachment on tribal lands - reservation system
- forced tribes onto "out-of-the-way" land that was unattractive to white settlers - if gold was discovered, all bets were off on the reserve - poor land quality means that Indians have to adopt new style of living - tribes become impoverished
Phillip Sheridan
- former Union soldier tasked with dealing with buffalo/Indian problem - by killing buffalo, we can starve the Indians to surrender - established excursion trains with people on the back that shot the buffalo
African-American migration into the west
- former slaves recruited to move out west and work - many go west but due to hardship, they go back home
Buffalo
- live obstacle standing in the way of expansion - around 15 mill. - divided into 3 big herds - destructive force
Transcontinental railroad 1) looked to solve ____ 2) who suggested it and what was the reasoning? 3) northerners reaction 4) completion is ____ 5) most RR tracks in ____ 6) built as ______
- looked to solve issue of transportation - a Southerner suggested the route go through the south because trains can't go through mountainous regions - Northerners saw this as a Southerner's attempt to enrich the South at the North's expense - completion is key to future - most railroad tracks in the east - built as needs arrived
Systematic Application of scientific research/principles to business 1) what is it? 2) industries hired who? and why?
- methodical approach to problem solving - industries hired scientists to make production efficient, thus reaping extra profit
these were used to deal with the "Indian Problem"
- military force - total warfare - reservation system - legislative attempts: Dawes Act - assimilation through "Indian schools"
cattleman's frontier
- most famous & over-romanticized, lasted only 2 decades - rode working horses w/ no pedigree; filthy work - former Confederate/Union soldiers that went west seeking other options - were different types of races, usually young males - w/ expansion of RR, transportation of cattle made possible to back east - railroad killed cattle industry --> invention of refrigerated RR cards transformed industry (pack more beef in, price goes down, less incentive to get involved in business) - barbed wire transformed the west - mother nature killed this frontier, 3 years of harsh winter
hardships of farm life
- needed to be inventive/adaptive - bugs/other animals got inside of the houses - found that it was harder to grow crops than they thought
Jay Gould 1) what did he do? 2) what was his nickname?
- ran RR business: flipped troubled RR and made cosmetic improvements to them, and sells them for a lot of $$$ - considered most corrupt, nicknamed "Prince of Robber Barons"
Chinese Exclusion Act
- stops all Asian immigrants, EXCEPT Japanese - "public charity cases" not allowed to immigrate under this act (mentally ill/handicapped)
The Great Sioux War: Little Bighorn
- the Cheyenne and Lakota won the battle - all of Clusters soldiers died * Little Big Horn was one example of how Native Americans fought efforts to move onto Reservation
Indian Wars 1) took place between ______ 2) experience? 3) different reactions of tribes 4) why did the wars occur?
- took place between 1860s & 1880s - no one single experience for the numerous, widely different groups affected by the Indian Wars - Some tribal groups signed treaties giving away land or promising peace with white settlers, others were relocated to reservations, others resisted and fought for their culture - came from tensions/misunderstandings between whites and Native Americans
John D. Rockefeller 1) Standard Oil 2) vertical orientation 3) how his company become a monopoly 4) the trust 5) his corporation does what?
1) "Standard Oil of Ohio" is the standard for modern corps. 2) an innovative business structure that allows him to keep all profit (designed like a family tree); creates his own marketing dept. and creates branch of standard oil, which allows business to grow large quickly 3) Rockefeller plays RR companies and drives competitors out of business, then buys up smaller co.'s and controls 90-95% of oil refined in US 4) under his structure, 9 trustees each responsible for 1 aspect of the company 5) produces oil more cheaply and efficiently
Thomas Alva Edison 1) held almost ___ patents 2) inventions 3) starts _____ company in year of ____. What does the company do?
1) 11k patents 2) phonograph (record player), lightbulb, improves battery, electric motor, motion picture 3) starts Edison's Electric Illuminating Co. in 1882; provided electricity to NYC, but only to 85 people w/in close range of his factory via direct current
Gospel of Wealth
1889 - book written by Carnegie which discusses social Darwinism; argues that social competition improves everyone and ensures the survival of the fittest in every facet of life
Pullman Strike: when? & background info 1) Eugene V. Debs 2) In Re Debs
1894; Pullman Palace Car Co. builds a community around the factory for workers to live in; workers go on strike once business goes down; wages drop drastically and community collapses 1) Head of the American Railway Union, director of the Pullman strike; he was imprisoned along with his associates for ignoring a federal court injunction to stop striking; he represents deep unrest of lower class 2) a statement by Supreme Court upholding Deb's conviction, gives the federal gov't broad powers in relation to interstate commerce
Spanish-American War: summary & nickname
1898 conflict, Spain vs. the United States; was the result of U.S. intervention in the Cuban War of Independence.; nicknamed "A Splendid Little War" because it was seen as an opportunity for glory and there was little bloodshed/destruction
Immigration Act of 1891
33 categories of exclusion aimed at Asian immigrants; a federal bureaucracy is created to enforce rules
Guantanamo Bay
American and Cuban forces seized this import harbor; US establishment important in Spanish defeat
end of the frontier
In 1890, the Census Bureau announced the end of the frontier, meaning there was no longer a discernible frontier line in the west, nor any large tracts of land yet unbroken by settlement.
largest city in South
New Orleans: it was 2 port cities in 1 with the MS river above while on other side having access to Atlantic Ocean, a chokepoint
reconsontrato
Spanish concentration camps; anyone not in camps was NOT loyal, so they can be killed by soldiers; horrible conditions
TR and Trust Busting
TR's policy of using existing laws to make big businesses accountable to government and public, done via lawsuits; focus on regulation rather than destruction
Mark Twain deems this period ____, which suggests that ____
The Gilded Age, while the period may look extravagant on the surface, it is flawed underneath
Theodore Roosevelt's Presidency and Panama Canal
There was a search for Northeast passage linking the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean; French goes bankrupt trying to build it; TR proposes to buy 6-mile strip of land in Colombia; they say NO so Panama breaks from Colombia at US suggestion
TR and conservation
Theodore Roosevelt was a staunch supporter of conservationism. He set aside land for national forest reserves and reclaimed arid land through the Newlands Act of 1902. Roosevelt also set up the National Conservation Commission. His conservation efforts are considered to be a significant part of his legacy.
ratification of Treaty of Paris
US Senate must ratify it but faced with lots of opposition
Development and spread of electricity means that ____
factories can locate anywhere, and not depend on water as power anymore; factories can be near raw materials
Obstacles to unions
forming unions is very difficult - many systematic barriers in race/culture among the laborers - workers see their jobs as transient and are unwilling to risk their job; not interested in improving their conditions - anarchy - business/civic leaders very anti-Union
polyglot communities
polyglot communities, which were determined by where people originated from (Germans w/ Germans, Chinese w/ Chinese, etc); ethnic/provincial enclaves w/in US cities; a characteristic of Immigration
Election of 1904
seen as TR'S second term •Roosevelt in his second term called ever more loudly for regulating the corporations, taxing incomes, and protecting workers. •He announced himself that under no circumstances he would be a candidate for third term, tactical blunder
timber industry
similar to mining frontier
