WGU D092: Educational Technology for Teaching and Learning

Blended Learning (Hybrid)

Instruction Method that includes online, independent, and face to face learning.

Instructional Design

Instructional design helps educators think about how each aspect of a lesson or learning experience supports students' ultimate attainment of the learning objective.

Student-created videos, podcasts, music, images, and blogs are all examples of ________.

Digital Media. These are all examples of digital media that students create through effective integration of technology.

Through the intentional and appropriate integration of educational technology, students are able to advance at their own rate, engage with content individually, and demonstrate learning in powerful and innovative ways. What is the teacher's role in fostering a culture of collaboration and creativity?

Facilitator. When the teacher can facilitate collaboration and creation through the use of technology, students are more engaged and active learners.

Which element of classroom design best helps to create a modern independent learning environment with technology?

Flexible furniture allows for students to move around as needed, which accommodates independent and group work.

What are two strong factors that influence whether or not people have access to the internet?

Geographic location and family income are the two strongest factors regarding internet access. If you cannot afford to pay for internet access, that is a strong reason why you do not have it. In rural areas, many people have lower bandwidth or no internet access at all.

Who determines the assistive technology devices, supports, and services for individual students?

IEP team. The members of the IEP team collaborate to identify needs and determine services.

How does a personalized instructional approach promote self-directed learning?

In order for self-directed students to be able to set goals and work independently toward achieving them, they must have an accurate understanding of their needs and strengths within a structure of communication and connection with the classroom teacher. Regular communication and feedback monitors progress and facilitates the self-directed learning process so that both the student and the educator share an aligned perspective of the skills and knowledge that are being acquired.

What should be the primary consideration in finding and selecting an instructional technology tool?

Is it aligned to the lesson goal? Most of all, instructional resources and tools must support the goal of the lesson.

Which type of educational software can help facilitate a classroom management approach that promotes independent learning?

Online learning journal or platform like Seesaw or Google Classroom. These are software for learning tools that promote and facilitate independent learning, content creation, and portfolio curation.

Blended Learning Models

Self-directed blended learning • characterized by a classroom introduction of several digital tools, followed by students creating their own schedule and learning tasks among available options Station Rotation • characterized by groups of students cycling through predetermined and prescheduled activities or tasks Online or distance learning • characterized by students accessing and completing course content in a web-based environment Flipped Classroom • students accessing online content out of class in order to review and apply understanding in class

How technology in schools can create equity for students?

Some schools have one-to-one device policies. Schools that have one-to-one device policies help to create equity for students that might not be able to afford a device.

As a teacher, where should you look to understand your professional responsibility in providing the appropriate and recommended assistive technology devices and services for your students?

Student Individualized Education Plan (IEP). This is the special education legal document that contains services and assistive technology accommodations for the classroom teacher.

How do digital activity menus with multiple content creation options support self-directedness?

Student selection of tools for learning. Facilitating student voice and choice directly supports a self-directed culture of learning.

Why is it important to promote digital citizenship in today's classrooms?

Students living and learning in today's digital world need skills to keep their information and identity safe, connect and collaborate with friends online appropriately, and recognize and prevent cyberbullying. Today's learners need to be able to critically evaluate content they encounter online and understand their responsibility in using others' media legally and responsibly. Promoting an environment that develops digital citizenship builds empowered learners who leave a positive digital footprint and recognize that their actions in the digital world impact their lives in the real world.

The "SECTIONS" model prioritizes understanding students' backgrounds and needs.

Understanding students, including demographics, background, and needs, helps teachers make better decisions about other aspects of technology selection, including concepts such as cost, interaction, networking, privacy, and ease of use.

How can the use of technology support feedback for the purpose of formative assessment?

Using technology for formative assessment allows for instant and individual feedback of student progress and understanding. Teachers can assess learning in real time and identify the areas of strength and weakness to adjust and individualize instruction to meet the needs of their students.

Describe the digital divide.

A larger-than-expected group of people do not have adequate devices or internet access. Many of those individuals are students. This lack of access greatly affects a student's ability to do homework, research, and complete work in general. • The term "digital divide" is often used to describe the idea of equity of access. • The digital divide impacts student engagement, motivation, and performance. • nicknamed the "homework gap"

Technology, Education and Copyright Harmonization Act (TEACH)

--Established the rules under which copyright protected materials could be used in online education.

4 Reasons to Conduct Summative Assessments

1. Engagement with, Responsibility for, and Ownership of Own Learning. Use performance-based assessments. 2. Connections with Curricular Goals and Objectives. Performance-based summative assessments immediately communicate to your students the importance for and value of making a powerful connection with the curricular goals and objectives 3. Choices and Voices through Expression and Exchange: If you genuinely want your students to increase their engagement with, responsibility for, and ownership of their own learning, then you have to modify your practices of curriculum, instruction, and assessment 4. Self-Assessment and Peer Assessment with Caring and Critical Feedback: Every assessment involves three purposes: (a) to establish expectations; (b) to measure outcomes; and (c) to provide feedback.

Feature and benefits of using technology for independent learning

Ability for instant feedback • benefit - student can self-monitor progress Ease of Access • benefit- students can connect to content anytime, anywhere Multiple Resources • benefit - student can access experts, sources, and available content online

One educator discusses the challenge in not providing students with immediate support or solutions. How does this promote self-directed learning?

Allowing students to struggle promotes self-directedness as learners apply problem-solving strategies to create solutions and construct their own learning. Shifting the educator's role toward that of a coach or a facilitator transforms the dynamic of who is directing the learning and then allows the teacher to support learning as a resource rather than deliver the instructional process.

What is assistive technology?

Assistive technology enables educators with the capability to meet the needs of all learners. Assistive technology encompasses hardware, software, devices, or equipment that addresses or improves the capabilities of individuals with specific disabilities or special needs.

You want to explain to your new class that your goal is to create an environment of self-directed learners. How would you choose to characterize your shifted role as the classroom teacher?

Coach or facilitator. When the teacher can adjust the dynamic of being the sole driver of learning, students are empowered to help design their own learning.

Self directed learning and class management

Learning with technology creates new opportunities for students to design their own goals, monitor their own progress, and showcase understanding with powerful digital tools and resources, but it cannot replace or supplant classroom routines, structures, and management strategies that will facilitate successful implementation. Need guidelines: • Use care and respect for equipment. • Use only respectful and responsible digital communication. • Be aware of a three-strike warning system with leveled consequences, restrictions, and parent communication.

SAMR Model in action Lesson: Phys Ed - Learning To Hit a Baseball Well

Original Assignment: Learning how to hit a baseball by watching and listening to a Coach or Phys Ed instructor show you and then trying it yourself. Substitution: The coach/teacher videos the training exercise and uses this as the lesson. Augmentation: The coach/teacher videos the training exercise and provides links to other training content (videos and articles from other coaches, etc). Modification: The coach/teacher videos the training exercise and flips the lesson, having students watch it as homework, and using class time to practice and reinforce techniques. Redefinition: Students watch video examples and practice the techniques, then the coach/teacher videos them hitting balls and provides feedback about their technique.

Explain the effect that digital inequities have on marginalized communities and low-income families. Give examples of what is diminished in terms of education and quality of life.

Students that come from low-income homes have many challenges regarding access to technology. This can make access to proper research materials at home an issue. Completing homework can be a problem for low-income Americans who lack devices and internet access. As a result, low-income Americans get less of a learning experience, and their grades may suffer as well. The lowering of the educational experience can have an effect that is lifelong. Individuals with less education tend to earn less and thus continue the cycle of poverty.

SAMR Model

Substitution Augmentation Modification Redefinition

Modification

Technology is used to complete a task that is significantly different from the original task. Significant task redesign. Technology has transformed the learning process to the point it looks different than a traditional classroom. • transformation • examples: Students use an online mind mapping tool to take notes about a period of time in history. Add comments and collaborate on Goggle Docs for immediate feedback. • apps: Google Earth, Notability (annotate research notes and share with others), Google Drive (share and add in real time), Lino (corkboard with photos, links, and video)

ISTE

The International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE) has created a framework of Standards for Educators that are designed to be a guiding resource for innovative practice, empowered teaching and learning, and authentic and effective integration of educational technology.

Google Classroom

To get blended learning program off the ground, the very first thing you must have is Google Classroom. It is easy to set up and enroll students in your classes. Google Classroom is the easiest way to get materials and instructions out to your students immediately. Also, most educational apps connect with Google Classroom to import rosters and post assignments. Start simple by posting your daily agenda only on Google Classroom, and make it part of your students' entrance routine to check for the agenda and an activity online.

7 Advantages Digital Assessments Have over Paper Tests and Exams

1. Getting test results immediately give students peace of mind It has been documented that students experience stress and anxiety while waiting for exam results. 2. Immediate feedback supports formative assessment method The timing of feedback matters. Research tells us that feedback are most effective when done immediately after or as close to the production of work as possible. 3. Students can take the exam anytime, anywhere 4. Fun and interactive with the use of multimedia, simulations Online exam tools can incorporate multimedia such as videos or recordings in the examination itself. Multimedia is known to engage students in learning, and consequently in assessments. 5. Students can take the exam in a more comfortable environment 6. Avoid commute that adds stress and saves money 7. Technology easily accommodates students with disabilities Online exams offer alternative assessment methods to persons with disabilities.

Substitution: Same Task, New Tech

At this stage, tech is directly substituted for a more traditional one. It is simple, bare-bones, direct replacement. • in this step, ask yourself what we stand to gain by replacing traditional tools with technology. some situations would be better served with pen and paper. • Activities do engage students and enhance learning, the level of tech integration is low. • Teachers are just substituting technology for things you do without technology. Examples: • substitute a web-based document for a hard copy of the same document • answer questions using MSWord instead or a worksheet. • might also include keynote, powerpoint, prezi, slides, or similar program to present information to the class • reading a book on an iPad. digital book for handheld book • taking notes or writing an essay in Word instead of using pen and paper.

Tips for Blended Learning from John Hattie

Avoid blending too many technologies into your classroom. This can be overwhelming. Here are three obstacles to keep in mind: • Teachers' approaches to the use technology may fail to create powerful learning interactions. • Face to face teacher-student interactions generally yield a greater learning effect than student to computer learning. • Technology alone has a limited impact on student learning. Some tips for leveraging technology to impact teaching and learning: • Encourage teachers to model and do think-alouds for students before turning them loose on any technology. • Use student creations as the source for insight about student thinking made visible in technology-created work. • Create a learning strategy system in your classroom that grounds students before they embrace a technology.

copyright

Copyright is an instant protection of original authorship or created content.

Fair use

Copyright law provides for the principle, commonly called "fair use" that the reproduction of copyright works for certain limited, educational purposes, does not constitute copyright infringement. To determine whether a proposed use is a fair use, you must consider the following four factors: • Purpose: The purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature, or is for nonprofit education purposes. Must be used in class for educational purposes. • Nature: The nature of the copyrighted work. Must be relevant to lesson objective. Avoid substantial excerpts from novels, short stories, art images, etc. • Amount: The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole. Limited to brief works or brief excerpts. • Effect: The effect of the use upon the potential market for, or value of, the copyrighted work. Does using copyrighted material harm sales? Should it be cited? Can afford to buy it for students?

Elements of Digital Citizenship

Digital access - Administrative teams reviewing equitable access for all learners Digital Commerce - Presentation of online purchasing and subscriptions Digital Communication - Classroom lesson about email, text, and social media connectivity Digital Literacy - Technical instruction of operation and use of digital devices Digital Etiquette - Review of online behaviors and guidelines of communication Digital Law - Instructional unit covering plagiarism and copyright Digital Rights and Responsibilities - Demonstration of usage permissions and regulations Digital Health and Wellness - Class presentation on responsible balance of tech and non-tech times at school and at home Digital Security - Class lesson on password and data privacy

As a new teacher, which factor should be taken into account for evaluating assistive technology?

Effectiveness for supporting the disability. This is the measure of whether or not the technology enables increased functioning or capacity to learn for the student.

Mr. Kim teaches a student who has an auditory processing disability. Which types of assistive technology should he select to support this student with auditory needs?

Headphones, audio recorders, text-to-speech software

What is an example of how integrating educational technology can help facilitate learning?

Integrating technology allows students easy access to information and topics they are interested in. Integrating educational technology is one way educators can make learning enjoyable to students, motivating students to engage in content.

Modification: Changing the Task

Move from enhancement to transformation. There is an actual change to the design of the lesson and its learning outcome. Redesign the learning experience. • Key question- does the technology significantly alter the task? • technology allows for significant task redesign. like collaborating in real-time using Google Drive. Students are motivated to write for their peers and engage with a global network. • to use technology to modify learning, we add multimedia through video, sound, and audio. • modification involves changing the task, and personalizing the project Examples: • student creates their own graphic organizer with the usual multimedia resources but represents a new product or synthesis of existing material. • group of students collaborate in a cloud-based workspace and solicit feedback from classmates • students create a soundtrack in Garageband for a multimedia presentation. • students use iMovie App to create iMovie Book trailers, or digital stories using Videolicious app.

What is a reason for the digital divide?

Students that come from lower-income families do not have adequate access to the internet. Income level is a major driver of the digital divide. Individuals with lower incomes cannot afford the luxury of internet access or devices. Lower-income Americans are less likely to have internet access and a reliable device. However, the number of lower-income Americans without internet access has decreased.

SAMR Model in action An Assessment Exercise

Original Assignment: Take a quiz, answers handwritten in a printed form. Substitution: Distribute the quiz in a Word Processor file format and have student fill in answers on a computer. Augmentation: Use a Google Form to deliver and complete the quiz. There is some functional benefit here in that paper is being saved, students and teacher can receive almost immediate feedback on student level of understanding of material. This level starts to move along the teacher / student centric continuum. The impact of immediate feedback is that students may begin to become more engaged in learning. Modification: As an alternative form of assessment, students could be asked to write an essay around a relevant theme. The written essay could then be narrated and captured as vocal recording. Redefinition: A classroom is asked to create a documentary video answering an essential question related to important concepts. Teams of students take on different subtopics and collaborate to create one final product. Teams are expected to contact outside sources for information.

SAMR Model in action Lesson: Writing a Short Paper

Original Assignment: A hand written paper. Substitution: A Word Processor replaces a Pen/Pencil in a Writing Assignment. Augmentation: A Word Processor and text-to-speech function are used to improve the writing process. Modification: The document created using the Word Processor and text-to-speech function is shared on a blog where feedback can be received and incorporated to help improve the quality of writing. Redefinition: Instead of a written assignment, students convey analytic thought using multimedia tools.

SAMR Model in action Lesson: Geography & Travel

Original Assignment: An overview of a location consisting of hand written content supplemented with compiled cut-and-pasted magazine clippings. Substitution: Use presentation software (like Powerpoint or Prezi) to construct a presentation providing information about a selected locale. Augmentation: Incorporate interactive multimedia audio, video, hyperlinks in the presentation to give more depth and provide more engaging presentation. Modification: Create a digital travel brochure that incorporates multimedia and student created video. Redefinition: Explore the locale with Google Earth; seek out and include interviews with people who have visited the local.

SAMR Model in action Lesson: Art/Painting

Original Assignment: Drawing a picture using traditional brush, paint, paper. Of course, there is a a big difference between doing this by hand in the traditional manner and doing it digitally. Digitally is by no means better, it is just different and opens up some interesting possibilities. Substitution: Use a digital drawing/painting program (like MS Paint) to draw/paint a picture. Augmentation: Use a tool that allows the creation of your masterpiece to be layed back (like Educreations, for example). Modification: Pull a background image to use as a canvas. You could even scan something hand drawn and use that. Redefinition: Create Artwork Collaboratively using a Collaborative Online Whiteboard (like Twiddla or one of these other tools).

SAMR Model in action Lesson: Understanding Shakespeare

Original Assignment: Read a Shakespeare play in traditional printed format. Substitution: Read Shakespeare texts online. Augmentation: Use online dictionaries, study guides, history sites, to supplement reading. Modification: Use multimedia resources like text, audio, and video tools to jointly construct knowledge, learning, and understanding of a portion of a play, or a character, as a group project. Redefinition: Answer the Question, "What did the culture of the time have on the writing of Shakespeare's plays?" by using a Concept Mapping tool and constructing a mind map demonstrating key elements through words and images.

SAMR Model in action Lesson: Learning Fractions

Original Assignment: Show understanding of fractions on a worksheet by coloring in blocks. Substitution: Use an Excel Worksheet to let students color in the blocks. Augmentation: Use Google Sheets to let students color in the blocks, where the teacher can offer feedback directly on Google Sheets. Modification: Use Google Sheets and direct students to online examples and supplementary learning materials for areas that they might struggle with. Redefinition: Use a Fractions App instead (here are a handful of examples for iOS devices).

Ladder of Questions for SAMR model

Substitution ■ What will I gain by replacing the older technology with the new technology? Substitution to Augmentation ■ Have I added an improvement to the task process that could not be accomplished with the older technology at a fundamental level? ■ How does this feature contribute to my aims? Augmentation to Modification ■ How is the original task being modified? ■ Does this modification fundamentally depend upon the new technology? ■ How does this modification contribute to my aims? Modification to Redefinition ■ What is the new task? ■ Will any portion of the original task be retained? ■ How is the new task made uniquely

Learning Management System (LMS)

System that holds course content information and has the capability of tracking and managing employee course registrations, career development, and other employee development activities. • examples Canvas and Google Classroom

What is a way that teachers can help students that are affected by the digital divide?

Teachers can provide parents with information about low-cost internet access. By helping parents learn about the ways to access the internet at a low cost, teachers are helping to ensure their students have internet access at home.

Augmentation: Improve the Task with New Features

Technology is directly substituted for a traditional one, but with significant enhancements to the student experience. • You ask yourself if the technology increases or augments a student's productivity and potential in some way. • enhance learning, but tasks do not change Examples: • augment a presentation with a video clip. • include interactive links in a presentation or document • Skitch or PicCollage are apps that augment learning by annotating images. • students can find objects in the classroom, take pictures, label their work • using a video camera app, students can practice fluency by recording themselves reading a passage and playing it back to check for fluency and expression.

Augmentation

Technology is used to complete a task, and the function of the task is improved. Direct substitution. Some improvement • enhancement • examples: Instant feedback on quiz taken in GoogleForms. Share document via email instead of printing. Students collaborate with students in another class using video chat instead of being face-to-face. • apps: audiobooks, evernote, sonicpics (add sound to photos), doodle buddy (draw and share with others)

Substitution

Technology is used to complete a task, but the task is not changed. Direct substitute. No functional change. • enhancement • example: Students sketch illustration ideas on a computer instead of using a pencil and paper. Type paper in MSWord instead of on paper. • apps: calendar app, notepad app, list app, online dictionary, online photo collage

Redefinition

Technology is used to create a task that would not be possible without technology. New Tasks that were previously inconceivable. • transformation • examples: Lots of collaboration, discussions, and creating with technology in this part of the model. Students create videos about socially responsible topics and then post the videos on an online blog where people can discuss the content. Create an e-book with videos, photographs, and audio. • apps: puppet pals, toontatstic and sock puppets (redefine student writing), imovie, showme and voicethread (redefine student presentations)

A new student with a physical disability enters your school but does not qualify for special education services. How does the school determine and provide equal access and assistive technology needed for this student's success?

The 504 plan is the legal document that serves as a framework for services those students with disabilities or needs who do not qualify for services under IDEA.

The SAMR Model

The SAMR model is a well-known and commonly used tool for assessing the impact of educational technology in schools and classrooms: ○ Substitution and Augmentation are the two 'Enhancement' levels of the model, where technology is simply used to enhance the learning experience in traditional tasks. • On the other hand, in the Modification and Redefinition levels, technology actually transforms the learning experience.

Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK)

The Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework models the intersection of content and pedagogy (the what and how of teaching) with technology knowledge. • 3 domains: technological knowledge (tech used), pedagogical knowledge (learning theories and instructional strategies), and content knowledge (subject taught)

Digital Citizenship

The ethical, responsible, and empowering use of technology to engage with learning

Redefinition: A Whole New Task

The pinnacle of how technology can transform a student's experience. • Ask yourself if the technology tools allow educators to redefine a traditional task in a way that would not be possible with the tech, creating a novel experience. Examples: • going beyond the 4 walls of the classroom through virtual book club discussions through hangouts, taking virtual field trips, or talking to experts through Google Connected Classrooms. • student develop mapping, critical thinking, and problem solving skills through Mystery Skypes, completing collaborative writing through Kidblog, and connecting to the world through social media like Twitter. • schools can use QR code and Augmented Reality to make annual art shows interactive. • Using a whiteboard app like Educreations, teacher can create activities such as an Array Hunt lesson and have students create videos to show their learning. • students using iBook Author or Storybook Maker to create their own digital books.

SECTIONS model deciding what media/technology to use

five critical questions for teaching and learning for technology and media selection: 1. Who are the learners? 2. What are the desired learning outcomes from the teaching? 3. What instructional strategies will be employed to facilitate the learning outcomes? 4. What are the unique educational characteristics of each medium/technology, and how well do these match the learning and teaching requirements? 5. What resources are available? Students Ease of use Costs Teaching functions (including the affordances of different media) Interaction Organizational issues Networking Security and privacy

Triple E Framework

• Enhance, Engage, Extend • The Triple E is a practical framework that measures the degree to which the technology in a lesson is helping students meet the learning goals. • Unlike other technology frameworks, the Triple E Framework focus is on the learning goals, and not specific technology tools.

Traditional vs. Technology-driven Classroom

• In the traditional classroom, the teacher talks, and the students listen. The teacher is the primary source of knowledge in the traditional classroom. • In a technology-driven classroom, students direct learning with the help of technology. Students can gain knowledge and direct learning.

ISTE Standards

• Learner is focused on developing the instructional practice. • Leader focuses on advancing student achievement through educator development. • Citizen role is to promote safety and citizenship in a digital world. • Collaborator dedicates time to collaborate with both colleagues and students. • Designer focuses on content and curriculum development through engaging and effective teaching with technology. • Facilitator is focused on effective instruction and practice with technology. Educators facilitate learning with technology to support student achievement. • Analyst reviews and uses data to drive instruction.

Describe how potential equity and access issues encountered when using technology for education in the classroom and at home impact student learning.

• Nearly 1 in 5 teens can't always finish their homework because of the digital divide • geographical, income-based, and racial/ethnic disparities in technology access persist. • students rely on cell phones for internet • but teachers are assigning homework that requires broadband internet access • device access and internet access needs to be expanded to those who lack them. • applications needed for school should be accessible via mobile technology.

Different Blended Learning Models

• Station rotation: Great when device availability is limited. Students rotate through stations that include small-group instruction, collaborative tasks and independent practice on the computer. • Flex model: Students work through content and course material online while the teacher takes the role of facilitator and guide. In the flex model, the students are in charge of their own learning. • Flipped classroom: Students learn new concepts at home through homework while class time is freed up for hands-on learning and guided practice.

3 ways technology enriches a curriculum

• Teaching specific skills at the right moment • Addressing the unique goals of the lesson • Incorporating real-world learning opportunities Technology adds value when it is incorporated purposefully, when it addresses authentic goals, and when it teaches specific skills and aligns to the lesson.

IDEA and assistive technology

• The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires that all schools and school systems provide resources, technology, and services for students with disabilities, identified as assistive technology. • This law specifically requires that schools identify and meet the needs of students with disabilities through IEPs and the use of assistive technology. • The school district and special education department are responsible for maintaining any assistive technology devices or equipment to provide the service that students require per their IEPs.

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)

• designed to protect the rights of students and families pertaining to educational records. • allows students/parents to access and correct records • keep educational records private

Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA)

• exists to protect student identity, safety, and privacy. • places strict limits on what can be done with data about kids younger than 13 • need parental consent to collect, use, and/or disclose personal data

What is self-directed learning?

• individuals identify their learning needs and how to achieve their individual goals • learner identifies resources needed to learn and be successful, and develop their own strategies for doing so.

Children's Internet Protection Act (CIPA)

• protects students from explicit or obscene online content.

9 ways to use technology in the classroom

•Gamified learning •Digital field trips •Integrate social media •Gather student feedback •Creating digital content •Using a shared, online classroom calendar •Review and critique webpages •Incorporate video and multimedia into lessons and presentations •Online activities for students who finish work early