WHAP Unit 4 Exam

Mercantilism

"Americans...who live within the Spanish system occupy a position in society as mere consumers. Yet even this status is surrounded with galling restrictions, such as being forbidden to grow European crops, or to store products that are royal monopolies, or to establish factories of a type the Peninsula itself does not possess. To this, add the exclusive trading privileges, even in articles of prime necessity...in short, do you wish to know what our future held?—simply the cultivation of the fields of indigo, grain, coffee, sugarcane, cacao, and cotton, cattle raising on the board plains; hunting wild game in the jungles; digging in the earth to mine its gold." -Simon Bolivar, "Jamaica Letter," 1815 Bolivar was describing the effects of which of the following economic policies? A. Feudalism B. Mercantilism C. Socialism D. Capitalism

Japan persecuted Christians and limited foreign influence

As Europeans were expanding trade networks in Japan, Christianity was tolerated at first. How did that change in the beginning of the 1600s. A. Japan shifted to a more Buddhist dominated society B. Japan banned Portuguese and Dutch traders who had brought Christianity C. Japan persecuted Christians and limited foreign influence D. Japan allowed people to travel abroad to learn more about Christianity

Appointed administrators

Before 1700, Spain governed its American colonies through a system of... A. Appointed administrators B. Independent merchants C. Written constitutions D. Chartered companies

Sugar and tobacco

Between 1450 and 1750, which of the following were produced on large plantations by slave labor for the world market? A. Wheat and barley B. Corn and beans C. Sugar and tobacco D. Wool and beef

Silver

During the period of 1450-1750, which of the following commodities was most responsible for transforming the global economy? A. Tea B. Salt C. Silver D. Opium

Western Africa

In the three centuries after Columbus' voyages, most of the people who came to the Western Hemisphere originated in which of the following regions? A. Southern Europe B. Western Africa C. Eastern Africa D. Northern Europe

African population to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere food to Europe and Africa; African and European disease to the Western Hemisphere

The Columbian Exchange involved which of the following new connections between 1450-1750? A. European food to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere disease to Europe; African population to Europe B. European technology to Africa; Western Hemisphere population to Africa; African food to the Western Hemisphere C. African population to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere food to Europe and Africa; African and European disease to the Western Hemisphere D. European technology to Africa; Western Hemisphere population to Africa; African food to the Western Hemisphere

Both empires were religiously and culturally diverse

The Mughal Empire and the Ottoman Empire between 1700 C.E. shared which of the following characteristics? A. Both empires were able to expand without meeting strong resistance B. Both empires were religiously and culturally diverse C. Both empires formally restricted foreign trade D. Both empires were ruled by a single religious official

Sugarcane

The Portuguese viewed the Atlantic Ocean islands as the perfect location for the cultivation of... A. Cotton B. Sugarcane C. Indigo D. Maize

Understanding of currents and wind patterns

The development of Indian Ocean trade routes and the Trans-Atlantic trade routes were similar in the both depended on... A. Understanding of currents and wind patterns B. The impetus of missionizing religions C. The political consolidation of newly conquered regions into empires D. Innovations in ship design that originated in Europe

Spain, Portugal, France, and Great Britain

The maritime empires that increase extensive trade and sea travel are... A. Spain, Portugal, France, and Great Britain B. Portugal, India, China, and Italy C. Spain, France, Russia, and India D. Great Britain, France, China, and Japan

The Mughals' toleration of different religious traditions within their state

The portrait of Emperor Jahangir in this image is best seen as evidence of which of the following? A. The Mughals' toleration of different religious traditions within their state B. Indian artisans producing artistic works for export markets C. The increased sponsorship of artists by new economic elites D. Jahangir's reaction of a syncretic belief system incorporating Christianity and Islam

Lateen Sails

The specific technological innovation depicted here that improved deep water navigation was the... A. Compass B. Upper deck oars C. Astrolabe D. Lateen sails

Sugarcane

The transfer of which of the following as part of the Columbian Exchange had the greatest effect on human migration patterns before 1800? A. Tobacco B. Cattle C. Potatoes D. Sugarcane

The Middle Passage

This journey brought Africans across the Atlantic for the purpose of selling them as slaves... A. The Columbian Exchage B. Triangular Trade C. The Middle Passage D. The African Journey

Enslaved peoples and their descendants used violent means to escape oppression and maintain their freedom.

This passage could best be used to explain which of the following developments in the Americas between 1500 and 1800? A. Enslaved peoples and their descendants were frequently recruited into the armies of colonial empires. B. Some of the descendants of enslaved peoples gradually came to own large sugar plantations. C. Some enslaved peoples won their freedom by taking legal action against plantation owners in colonial courts. D. Enslaved peoples and their descendants used violent means to escape oppression and maintain their freedom.

Was pressured to convert to Roman Catholicism

Under Spanish rule of the Philippines, the native population... A. Was allowed to follow their own religious traditions B. Was encouraged to pursue a syncretic brand of Christianity C. Converted almost exclusively to Islam D. Was pressured to convert to Roman Catholicism

Racial ancestry

What factor played the greatest role in determining a person's social status in Spanish and Portuguese empires in the Americas by the 17th century? A. Land ownership B. Racial ancestry C. Commercial wealth D. Religious affiliation

Oceania

Which of the following was LEAST affected by the expansion of European trade networks in the period 1450 C.E. to 1750 C.E.? A. The Atlantic basin B. The Mediterranean basin C. The Indian Ocean D. Oceania

Needed to resolve their territorial disputes after the discovery of ocean routes to the Americas and the Indian Ocean

Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas(1494) primarily because they... A. Wanted to protect the existing religions in South Asia and the Western Hemisphere B. Needed to agree on the official languages for Central and South America in order to keep out English and French C. Were concerned that the Western Hemisphere's native peoples be treated humanely by the European conquerors D. Needed to resolve their territorial disputes after the discovery of ocean routes to the Americas and the Indian Ocean

African monetary systems

All of the following have been African contributions to cultures in the Americas EXCEPT... A. African folklore B. African musical forms C. African monetary systems D. African forms of religious observance

Enslaved Africans

From 1500 to 1800, the largest continent of migrants consisted of... A. Enslaved Africans B. Hindu Indians fleeing religious persecution C. Northern Europeans seeking economic opportunity in the Americas D. Chinese peasant families fleeing recurring outbreaks of disease

The location and prosperity where a major river flowed into the ocean

Henry Hudson's exploration and settlement of New Amsterdam became important due to... A. The increase of gold and silver coming from this area B. Major European countries accessing New Amsterdam for fur trading C. The increase of interaction with traders and indigenous people of the region D. The location and prosperity where a major river flowed into the ocean

African slaves in the Americas integrating African beliefs into their practice of Christianity

Many forced and free migrants practiced the religious beliefs of their homelands as a way of adapting to unfamiliar experiences and environments in their destination societies. Which of the following processes best supports the historical argument above? A. African slaves in the Americas integrating African beliefs into their practice of Christianity B. Japanese elites of the Tokugawa period encouraging the spread of Buddhism to promote cultural cohesion C. Chinese migrant laborers in the United States converting to Christianity in order to better fit into the dominant culture D. The indigenous rulers of Islamic states in Southeast Asia adapting aspects of Islam to local cultures and religious traditions

The compass

Some world historians have argued that the growth of European influence in the period of 1450-1750 was due in large part to non-Europeans inventions. Which invention below would support this statement? A. The compass B. Silk weaving C. Steam power D. The stirrup

The absorption of the Aztec Empire into the Spanish colonial system

The square areas in the center show plazas, temples, pyramids, places to display sacrificial victims, and an area to house exotic animals sent by subject states. Historians estimate that the population of Tenochtitlan was at least 100,000. The creation of this particular image of the Aztec capital was part of which of the following processes occurring at the time? A. The creation of an alliance between the Aztec and Spanish empires B. The absorption of the Aztec Empire into the Spanish colonial system C. The successful resistance by the Aztec to Spanish attacks D. The adoption of aspects of the Aztec religion by Spanish rulers

India

Which of the following countries or regions led the world in the production of cotton cloth in 1700? A. China B. England C. India D. Egypt

East Asia

In the period 1550-1750, most of the world's ten largest cities were located in which of the following regions? A. The Middle East B. Western Europe C. North Africa and Southern EUrope D. East Asia

They made great profits transporting goods between Asian countries

"When the Portuguese go from Macao, the most southern port city in China, to Japan, they carry much white silk, gold, perfume, and porcelain and they bring from Japan nothing but silver. They have a great ship that goes to Japan every year, and brings back more than 600,000 coins' worth of Japanese silver. The Portuguese use this Japanese silver to their great advantage in China. The Portuguese bring from China gold, perfume, silk, copper, porcelain, and many other luxury goods." -Ralph Fitch, a British merchant, 1599 Which conclusion about the Portuguese is best supported by the passage above? A. They manufactured luxury goods that they could sell in China B. They made great profits transporting goods between Asian countries C. They primarily wanted to accumulate silver D. They preferred to trade with China rather than Japan

Were met with limited success because of lack of human numbers and military power

In their attempt to control the spice trade in the Indian Ocean, Europeans during the period between the 16th and 18th centuries... A. Achieved a monopoly B. Used an alliance with southern Indian princes to achieve success C. Were never able to displace the Chinese monopoly D. Were met with limited success because of lack of human numbers and military power

The introduction of new crops from the Americas

An important reason for China's rapid population increase in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was... A. The introduction of new crops from the Americas B. The end of the bubonic plague in Asia C. The widespread adoption of the European three-field system D. Unprecedented immigration from the Mughal and Ottoman Empire

Oceania

In the 15th century, European innovations in cartography, navigation, and ship-building were based on knowledge developed in earlier civilization in all the following regions EXCPET... A. The Mediterranean B. The Indian Ocean C. China D. Oceania

Increased world population because of the spread of new food crops

In the long term, the Columbian Exchange... A. Brought a lasting decline in population because of the ravages of disease such as smallpox B. Had very little influence on world population C. Increased world population because of the spread of new food crops D. Barely broke even financially

Force merchant ships to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties

The Portuguese dominance of trade was dependent on their ability to... A. Force the native populations to convert to Christianity B. Form alliances with Chinese princes to take advantage of the large Chinese navy C. Force merchant ships to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties D. Take advantage of their huge population to overwhelm their adversaries

The transfer of wealth to new elites and the development of new gender roles.

The images above best provide evidence of which of the following consequences of colonial expansion in the period 1450 to 1750? A. The extension of regional trading networks and the consolidation of centralized power. B. The spread of new food crops and the development of syncretic forms of religion. C. The restructuring of the family and the growth of the plantation economy. D. The transfer of wealth to new elites and the development of new gender roles.

The intensification of agricultural labor and productivity

The process described by McNeill in the passage is an example of which of the following trends in the period? A. The intensification of agricultural labor and productivity B. The worsening climate of the Little Ice Age C. The establishment of systems of plantation agriculture D. The growing economic self-sufficiency of various world religions

Japanese imports of foreign goods were funded primarily by the export of precious metals

The table best supports which of the following conclusions about Japanese trade in the seventeenth century? A. Japan's ruling samurai elite became wealthy and powerful due to their control over local markets B. Chinese and Dutch imports accounted for only a small fraction of all imports to Japan C. Imports from China and Europe discouraged local production in Japan D. Japanese imports of foreign goods were funded primarily by the export of precious metals

Both were coerced labor systems designed to enrich European colonizers

What do the encomienda and mit'a systems used in Spanish colonies and the labor system used on Brazilian sugarcane plantations have in common? A. Both were labor systems that provided economic opportunities for immigrants B. Both were successful in teaching indigenous peoples European farming techniques C. Both made use of enslaved Africans as agricultural workers D. Both were coerced labor systems designed to enrich European colonizers

The ratio of males to females became unbalanced

What was a major effect in Africa of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade? A. The ratio of males to females became unbalanced B. The influx of money caused economic growth C. Warfare among African groups decreased in frequency and severity D. Most slave-raiding African groups became poorer because of the competition with other groups

Rapid expansion of exploration and global trade

What were the long-term effects of navigations techniques invented in Europe combined with other inventions from around the world? A. Rapid expansion of exploration and global trade B. Rapid increase in scientific innovations C. Decrease in naval advancements D. Countries working together for more advancement

The discovery of precious metals in the Incas and Aztec Empires

Which development was most important in increasing Spanish interest in the Americas in the first decades of the 16th century? A: The beginning of the fur trade in the northern parts of the Americas B: The realization that enslaved Africans could be used to raise cash crops C: The discovery of precious metals in the Incas and Aztec Empires D: The development of a profitable tobacco industry

Ferdinand Magellan

Which explorer is known for circumnavigating the globe and finding a short route around South America? A: Vasco da Gama B: Christopher Columbus C: John Cabot D: Ferdinand Magellan

The Ottomans ruled over people who were predominantly Muslims, while the Mughals did not.

Which of the following accurately describes a significant difference between the Ottoman and Mughal empires in the early seventeenth century? A. The Mughals practiced religious tolerance toward non-Muslim subjects, while the Ottomans did not. B. The Mughals used gunpowder weapons to expand their territory, while the Ottomans did not. C. The Ottomans ruled over people who were predominately Muslims, while the Mughals did not. D. The Ottomans made Shia Islam the official state religion, while the Mughals made Buddhism the official state religion.

Women are inferior and must be protected by men

Which of the following best describes patriarchal gender systems? A. Women are not allowed to work B. Women can be bought and sold C. Women are inferior and must be protected by men D. Women are not allowed by men to serve as political rulers

The protection of European merchant companies by their respective governments

Which of the following best exemplifies mercantilism as it was practiced in the Atlantic trading system by 1750? A. The belief of colonists in the Americas that free trade was desirable B. Colonial government policies in EUrope that prevented the private accumulation of precious metals C. The protection of European merchant companies by their respective governments D. International agreements by European governments to protect the freedom of the seas

They were often launched in the hopes of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia

Which of the following best explains a similarity between the earliest English and French voyages across the Atlantic in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? A. They succeeded despite receiving little support from their respective state governments B. They helped convince Western European monarchies to abandon mercantilist policies in favor of free-trade policies C. They were often launched in the hopes of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia D. They were ended after encountering violent resistance from Portuguese and Spanish naval forces

The increasing demand for labor on cash crop plantations

Which of the following best explains the relative volume of trade to different destinations as shown on the map? A. The need for new labor in new mining centers B. The traditional use of enslaved soldiers by the Ottoman Empire C. The growing desire for household servants among emerging commercial elites D. The increasing demand for labor on cash crop plantations

The incorporation of the Americas into a broader global network of exchange

Which of the following changes best justifies the claim that the late 1400s mark the beginning of a new period in world history? A. The rise of the Aztec and Inca empires B. The economic recovery in Afro-Eurasia after the Black Death C. The emergence of new religious movements in various parts of the world D. The incorporation of the Americas into a broader global network of exchange

Both incorporated forced labor

Which of the following characterized economic systems in Latin America and in Southeast Asia during the sixteenth century? A. Both focused on porcelain manufacturing B. Both incorporated forced labor C. Both redistributed land to peasants D. Both produced grain for the European market

Demand for products produced by slaves was increasing

Which of the following conclusions is supported by the graph above? A. Spanish America saw the worst conditions for slaves B. Slavery in the West Indies was decreasing C. Demand for products produced by slaves was increasing D. Slavery in North America was especially brutal

Both had vast territories with peoples of various ethnicities and languages

Which of the following describes an accurate similarity between the Qing and Russian empires in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries? A. Both relied heavily on maritime trade as a source of material goods B. Both successfully resisted pressure from industrialized powers C. Both had vast territories with peoples of various ethnicities and languages D. Both were heavily influenced by the intellectual work of Jesuit missionaries

The increase in the number of slaves reflected a probably increase in the demand for plantation laborers

Which of the following is best concluded about slavery in British North America from the graph above and the knowledge of the period? A. The increase in the number of slaves reflected a probably increase in the demand for plantation laborers B. The American Revolution abolished slavery in the former British North American colonies C. By 1770, the number of slaves in British North America surpassed the number of slaves in Spanish America D. By 1770, slaves outnumbered immigrants in British North America

The desire to conquer China and India

Which of the following was NOT one of the main inspirations for European exploration? A. The desire to conquer China and India B. The search for basic resources C. The desire to establish new trade routes to Asian markets D. The desire to spread Christianity

Widespread deforestation and depletion of soil nutrients

Which of the following was a major environmental effect on the European establishment of plantation agriculture in the Americas during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? A. Increases in the populations of major indigenous animals B. Depletion of groundwater supplies caused by excessive irrigation C. Global warming, caused by the burning of large areas of forest D. Widespread deforestation and depletion of soil nutrients

The use of the examination system and other Confucian bureaucratic practices

Which of the following was an important continuity from the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty in the seventeenth century? A. The ongoing assimilation of Manchu cultural traditions by the imperial elite B. Maintenance of the Silk Roads to promote cultural exchanges with the Middle East C. The use of the examination system and other Confucian bureaucratic practices D. Financial support for maritime expeditions similar to those led by Zheng He

The European settlement and exploitation of natural resources in the Americas

Which of the following was the most important factor in the development of new long-distance maritime commercial patterns in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? A. The decline of the Mediterranean trade networks in the aftermath of the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople B. The emergence of North America as a major grain exporting center C. The abandonment of mercantilist policies in favor of free trade by most European nations D. The European settlement and exploitation of natural resources in the Americas

The use of terms such as mestizo, mulatto, and creole

Which of the following would best support the assertion that hierarchies based on racial classification emerged after 1500 C.E. to maintain the authority of new elite groups in the Americas? A. The use of terms such as mestizo, mulatto, and creole B. The increasingly common use of European names in the Americas C. New maritime technology facilitating long-term voyages by Europeans D. The introduction of slavery to the Americas after the voyages of Columbus

Previous exchanges did not involve the world's two hemispheres

Which of the following would best support the conclusion that the Columbian Exchange involved more profound consequences than did earlier biological exchanges in world history? A. Previous exchanges did not involve societies at radically different levels of technological development B. Previous exchanges did not involve the world's two hemispheres C. The Columbian Exchange involved the peaceful transfer of animals, plants, and diseases D. The Columbian Exchange was accompanied by the spread of missionary religious

The Western Hemisphere had developed in relative isolation from Europe, Asia, and Africa for thousands of years, so the people had no natural immunities to disease from the Eastern Hemisphere.

Why did disease decimate the indigenous populations of the Western Hemisphere? A. The Western Hemisphere had developed in relative isolation from Europe, Asia, and Africa for thousands of years, so the people had no natural immunities to disease from the Eastern Hemisphere. B. The peoples of the Western Hemisphere did not have access to the more sophisticated medical traditions and practices of the Asians and the Europeans, so they had no way to combat the diseases. C. The peoples of the Western Hemisphere lacked the sanitation and technology needed to prevent the spread of infectious disease acquired from contact with the Europeans, so disease spread too rapidly to combat. D. The diets of the Western Hemisphere lacked necessary nutrients, so they were not healthy enough to withstand the European-borne pathogens.

Latin America exported sugar and silver and imported manufactured items

World Economic Theory, 1500-1800 The world economic system that developed after 1500 featured unequal relationships between Western Europe and dependent economies in other regions. Strong governments and large armies fed European dominance of world trade. Dependent economies used slave or serf labor to produce cheap foods and mineral for Europe and they imported more expensive European items in turn. Dependent regions had weak governments which made European penetration and slave systems possible. Which of the following is an illustration of this world economy theory? A. China was not massively affected by world patterns in the period B. The rise of Protestantism and the Scientific Revolution transformed European cultures C. Latin America exported sugar and silver and imported manufactured items D. Britain had a relatively weak central government compared to France