What is a Genome?
ENCODE
-Encyclopedia of DNA elements -goal: identify all structures
1940s
-blueprint -one gene = one enzyme -one gene = one polypeptide
Heterochromatin
-densely packed -gene poor
Euchromatin
-lightly packed -gene rich
Chromosome
linear pieces of DNA that make up a portion of a eukaryotic nuclear genome
q
long arm
Satellite repeats
sequences that are repetitive in tandem array
1860s - 1900s
-gene is a discrete unit of heredity -Mendel's work started
1910
-linear arrangement -1st genetic maps -mutational studies
Human genome size
3.25 pico grams (pg)
Coding genes
protein
1960s
-DNA 3 dimensional structure -could explain how DNA was heredity unit -molecular biology born
Halogenome
-a novel new concept that is gaining traction -1 human cell/100 microbial cells -influence the expression of genes
1990s - 2000
-annotated-experts only -sequencing technology and computers advanced = data driven science!
Chromosomes contain
-centromere -telomere -arms
Metacentric
-centromere in the center -arm length is equal
Post - ENCODE
-genomic sequence directly encoding functional product -overlapping sequences with different products = 1 gene
Endosymbionts
-humans contain 2 genomes; eukaryotic (nuclear) and mitochondrial -mitochondrial and chloroplast -chloroplast genome bigger
1970s - 1980s
-open reading frame -computers introduced to finding genes -could identify ORFs
Estep's definition for living things
-organized (cells) -metabolize (use energy) -respond (environmental stimulation) -homeostasis (balance) -grow and develop -reproduce -change with time
1950s
Cistron (region of DNA) that can be defined by mutations
Narrow definition of a genome
a single copy of all the heritable genetic material found in the nucleus of a single cell
Broad definition of a genome
a single copy of all the heritable genetic material within a cell
Submetacentric
arm length is unequal
Acrocentric
arms unequal but more extreme
Telocentric
centromere on the terminal end
Retroelements
class of molecules that can move around the genome; bulk of the genome
Holocentric
no centromere
p
short arm
Non-coding genes
tRNA which carries amino acid into growing protein chain, RNA