What is a Genome?

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ENCODE

-Encyclopedia of DNA elements -goal: identify all structures

1940s

-blueprint -one gene = one enzyme -one gene = one polypeptide

Heterochromatin

-densely packed -gene poor

Euchromatin

-lightly packed -gene rich

Chromosome

linear pieces of DNA that make up a portion of a eukaryotic nuclear genome

q

long arm

Satellite repeats

sequences that are repetitive in tandem array

1860s - 1900s

-gene is a discrete unit of heredity -Mendel's work started

1910

-linear arrangement -1st genetic maps -mutational studies

Human genome size

3.25 pico grams (pg)

Coding genes

protein

1960s

-DNA 3 dimensional structure -could explain how DNA was heredity unit -molecular biology born

Halogenome

-a novel new concept that is gaining traction -1 human cell/100 microbial cells -influence the expression of genes

1990s - 2000

-annotated-experts only -sequencing technology and computers advanced = data driven science!

Chromosomes contain

-centromere -telomere -arms

Metacentric

-centromere in the center -arm length is equal

Post - ENCODE

-genomic sequence directly encoding functional product -overlapping sequences with different products = 1 gene

Endosymbionts

-humans contain 2 genomes; eukaryotic (nuclear) and mitochondrial -mitochondrial and chloroplast -chloroplast genome bigger

1970s - 1980s

-open reading frame -computers introduced to finding genes -could identify ORFs

Estep's definition for living things

-organized (cells) -metabolize (use energy) -respond (environmental stimulation) -homeostasis (balance) -grow and develop -reproduce -change with time

1950s

Cistron (region of DNA) that can be defined by mutations

Narrow definition of a genome

a single copy of all the heritable genetic material found in the nucleus of a single cell

Broad definition of a genome

a single copy of all the heritable genetic material within a cell

Submetacentric

arm length is unequal

Acrocentric

arms unequal but more extreme

Telocentric

centromere on the terminal end

Retroelements

class of molecules that can move around the genome; bulk of the genome

Holocentric

no centromere

p

short arm

Non-coding genes

tRNA which carries amino acid into growing protein chain, RNA


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