Wildlife Policy Final

Approximately what percentage of the domestic species listed as endangered or threatened under the federal Endangered Species Act use wetlands as habitat.

33%

At the peak of the deer population in the 1500's there were probably around how many deer in North America?

34 million

_____________________ was the first federal statute to prohibit the taking, possession of, or commerce in a particular species of wildlife.

Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act of 1940

As a result of what committee's recommendations, on February 8, 1972, President Richard Nixon signed Executive Order 11643 banning the use of toxicants for the control of predators in federal programs or on federal lands (select all that apply).

Cain Committee, Advisory Committee on Predator Control

Which department manages the most land west of the Mississippi.

DOI

Which department manages the most land west of the Mississippi. (Choose all that apply)

DOI

Which of the below are mechanisms that states have used to fund non-game wildlife management? (select all that apply)

Dedicated lottery funds, General sales taxes, General funds to match state wildlife grants, Real estate transfer tax, Dedicated sales taxes on outdoor gear, General obligation bonds

Assuming all other factors are equal, as prices fall, what happens to the amount of the product demanded by the consumer.

Demand increases

What act established the US Fish and Wildlife Service in 1956?

Fish and Wildlife Act

With the election of President __________________, soil conservation became a priority.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

The Food Security Act of 1985 did what? (Choose all that apply)

It protected wetlands by rendering farmers growing crops on wetlands ineligible for federal farm programs., It set up the Conservation Reserve Program, It provided rent payments to farms who remove wetlands from crop production.

Aldo Leopold is considered to be the father of game management. Where did he work in the 1920's that led him to develop his ideas about conservation that would help guide his views about predator management. (Choose all that apply)

Kiabab National Forest

Which of the following is a device used to kill coyotes that utilizes a capsule of sodium cyanide

M-44

____________ was among the first to address this question, and described conservation biology as a "new stage in the application of science to conservation problems". (Choose all that apply)

Michael Soule

Which Act(s) is the current legislation directing the US Forest Service. (Choose all that apply)

National Forest Management Act of 1976

What is the starting date for the federal fiscal year (Choose all that apply)

October 1

What was the name of the 1st wildlife refuge and what year was it established?

Pelican Island NWR; 1903

What was the first National Wildlife Refuge?

Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge

The _________________________ was enacted to control overgrazing and overproduction on unappropriated public lands by establishing grazing districts and a grazing permit system. (Choose all that apply)

Taylor Grazing Act of 1943

The Weeks-McLean Act was passed to end "millinery murder". What is millinery murder.

The Weeks Mclean act did several things to aid in bird conservation. Most notably was that it called for an end to millinery murder. Millenergy murder was a trend occurring in the early 30th century that involved the killing of birds for feathers to use in ladies' fashion. The act ended spring hunting of migratory birds and banned the importation of feathers used in womens' fashion.

Which two early influential conservationists were responsible for the formation of the Boone and Crockett Club? (choose 2 answers)

Theodore Roosevelt, George Bird Grinnell

What are some examples of species that were brought to the brink of extinction and then recovered by wildlife managers (select all that apply)

White-tailed deer, Odocoilieus virginianus, Wild turkey, Mallard, Branta canadensis, Meleagris gallopavo

Which act was enacted in 1992, to ensure that exotic bird species are not harmed by international trade and encourages wild bird conservation programs in countries of origin. (Choose all that apply)

Wild Bird Conservation Act

Probably the single most useful tool for the wildlife biologists is the __________________.

cost-benefit analysis

What is defined as "take" under the ESA? (select all that apply)

harass, kill, capture, harm, wound, pursue, collect, shoot, hunt

In early England and most of Europe, before the discovery of the Americas, all wildlife belonged to ____________. (Choose all that apply)

the crown

The citizens of Indiana have a right to hunt and fish under the state constitution.

true

the United States Geological Survey (USGS) is "a science organization that provide impartial information on the health of our ecosystems and environment, the natural hazards that threaten us, the natural resources we rely on, the impacts of climate change, land-use change, and the core science systems that help us provide timely, relevant, and useable information".

true

Water barrels were once illegal in Fort Collins Colorado.

ytrue

In 1905, the Office of Economic Ornithology was renamed the

Bureau of Biological Survey

Hughes v. Oklahoma (1979) over turned what ruling?

Greer v. Connecticut

IAC the citation for what type of law, rule, regulation, or ordinance?

Indiana Administrative Code

In 1885, Congress created the __________________________, which was the forerunner of the USFWS.

Office of Economic Ornithology

In the Western US, water rights are governed by which doctrine(s)? (Choose all that apply)

Prior Appropriation Doctrine

In 1956, when the US Fish and Wildlife Service was established, there were two separate bureaus created. What were they (select 2).

Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Commercial Fisheries

The most important law providing restrictions on the taking of wildlife was

The Lacey Act of 1900

The US Constitution recgonizes three primary and exclusive powers of the federal government. What are they? (Choose all that apply)

The ability to control interstate commerce, The responsibility of protecting federally owned land, The authority to make treaties and conventions with other nations

What is "wanton waste"? (select all that apply)

To intentionally waste something negligently or inappropriately

The ___________________ set aside specific areas for preservation in their natural state. (Choose all that apply)

Wilderness Act of 1964

The ___________________ is the desire to own an exclusive good

snob effect

As the human population in North America shifted to urban areas, market hunters responded by providing game animals for sale in these growing markets

true

The term "take" under the ESA means "to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect, or to attempt to engage in any such conduct." This is often a hotly debated aspect of the law as to what actually constitutes take, and this is ultimately decided upon by common law.

true

The tragedy of the commons, in relation to natural resources, is essentially when natural resources are owned by everyone and are free to all, they will often get misused or abused unless there are laws in place to protect them.

true

This user-pay system of conservation funding, known as the Wildlife and Sportfish Restoration Program is another name for the Dingel-Johnson Act.

true

Unless the species are anadromous, individual states also have wide authority over harvest of fisheries.

true

The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), authorized in the 1985 Farm Bill, provided for long-term rentals of cropland and establishment of vegetation on the reserve acres. What was the term of these rentals?

10 years

Boston enacted the first hunting seasons for wildlife in

1698

Boston enacted the first hunting seasons for wildlife in ______.

1698

In what year did Congress reserved the Yellowstone country in the Wyoming and Montana territories "as a public park or pleasuring-ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people."

1864

In what year was Pelican Island established as a bird refuge?

1903

About how many sites and how much land is managed by the National Park Service?

384 sites and 83.6 million acres

Since the 1600's, about how much of the nations wetlands have been lost in the lower 48 states?

50%

Wetlands also provide nursery or spawning habitat for what percent of the nation's commercial fish species.

60-90%

About what percentage of the NRCS's approximately 11,500 employees in its 2,900 offices work outside of the Washington, D.C. area, operating in numerous communities across North America, working hand-in-hand with landowners and other partners to improve our natural resources.

90%

Before the time of the European, there was somewhere between ______ and _______ million deer in North America.

9; 19

What happens if there is no budget resolution?

A deeming resolution is created which is used as a substitute for the budget resolution

What is PAYGO? (select all that apply)

A law that states that any legislative changes to taxes or mandatory spending that increase multi-year deficits must be "offset" or paid for by other changes to taxes or mandatory spending that reduce deficits by an equivalent amount

Which of the following statements can be used to make a complete definition of a sportsman (select all that apply)?

A sportsman will not waste any game that is killed, A sportsman affords game fair chase, A sportsman seeks knowledge of nature and the habits of animals, A sportsman hunts for the pursuit or the chase of the game, A sportsman derives no financial profit from game that is killed, A sportsman will inflict no unnecessary pain or suffering on game

In the 1920's, what was the only National Park east of the Mississippi River?

Acadia National Park

The _____________________ was amended in 1966 and it set forth procedures for federal agencies for formal and informal rulemaking, informal agency action, and adjudicatory proceedings.

Administrative Procedures Act

Wildlife agencies are typically considered what type of agency? (Choose all that apply)

Administrative agencies, Regulatory agencies

Describe how the Kiabab Plateau affected the outlook of one of America's early conservationist....including the name of that individual.

Aldo Leopold is often called the father of wildlife management for his forward-thinking way in how he thought about wildlife. While he was young, he spent time working for the forest service at the Kaibab Plateau. While working there, there was a drastic decline in the population of deer in the area. Leopold attributed this to the removal of large predators in the area. Since predators were not around to limit the population size, deer were more susceptible to die from other factors such as drought and disease. By keeping predators around, Leopold thought that these mass die-offs could be avoided. While the importance of predators on the landscape is readily known by wildlife biologists today, Leopold was the first person to academically suggest this notion, changing how we think about wildlife forever.

In the Illinois Central Railroad Company vs. Illinois case, in 1869, Illinois granted over 1,000 acres underlying Lake Michigan along the Chicago shore to the Illinois Central Railroad for harbor and commercial development. Four years later, Illinois changed its mind. The State sued to invalidate the original grant, and the Supreme Court ruled in its favor, holding that the grant was voidable. Why did the Supreme Court rule the way it did. (Select all that apply)

Although the government might convey small parcels of submerged land to private parties where it would not injure the purposes of the trust, the government cannot convey an entire harbor without violating the trust., Navigable waterways are of special importance to the public, and the State holds title to the underlying lands "in trust for the people" so that "they may enjoy the navigation of the waters, carry on commerce over them, and have liberty of fishing therein freed from the obstruction or interference of private parties.

The ____________________ was enacted to assist with the eradication of wildlife that threatened livestock grazing and agriculture on Western federal and private lands (Choose all that apply)

Animal Damage Control Act of 1931

Which Act(s) was the enabling legislation for the agency that would eventually become the USDA APHIS Wildlife Services Program? (Choose all that apply)

Animal Damage Control Act of 1931

What are 6 major laws and policies that affect the mission and daily operations of USDA APHIS Wildlife Service. Be sure to include the enabling legislation in your list. List each law and describe how it affects the operations of the agency.

Animal Damage Control Act of 1931 (primary enabling legislation) Endangered Species Act Migratory Bird Treaty Act Administrative Procedures Act Animal Welfare Act of 1966 Clean Water Act NEPA Farm Bill

The __________________ required the human treatment, care, and transport of all warm-blooded animals, including wildlife used for research, teaching, exhibition, and as pets. (Choose all that apply)

Animal Welfare Act of 1966

In what case did a California real estate developer purchased a large ranch with the intent to convert the ranch into vineyards and orchards and then subdivide it into upscale residential parcels. During rainy periods of the year a shallow layer of impermeable clay formed vernal pools, swales, and other intermittent wetlands on portions of the ranch. Problems arose when the developer started to "deep rip" these areas to accommodate the deep roots of the vineyards and orchards.

Borden Ranch Partnership vs. United States Army Corps of Engineers

Bounties have been historically used as a tool by wildlife biologist to achieve objectives. Which of the below statements about bounties is true (Choose all that apply).

Bounties were commonly used to address problems with pest species, Bounties often backfire and do not acheive the intended goal

Cost-benefit analysis (choose all that apply)

Can be used to decide if an action is warranted or not, Can compare the costs and benefits of a government activity, project, or regulation over a period of time, Can predict the results of a proposed action, Range from simple to complex to compute

A _____________ is a category of actions that the agency has determined does not individually or cumulatively have a significant impact on the environment.

Categorical Exclusion

Certain factors will shift demand in products. A decline in the number of hunters will affect demand of hunting licenses. This decline in the number of hunters is an example of which determinant.

Change in buyer numbers

The _______________________ was an early attempt to address the poor air quality conditions that were present in many places throughout the US.

Clean Air Act of 1955

After the American Revolution, those Sovereign powers of the king were passed to the states. Because the authority over wildlife was had become a sovereign power, which also would go to the states. This was later endorsed by the courts and became part of __________________. (Select all that apply)

Common Law

What is common law and how does it affect the management of wildlife? Is common law immutable or can it change over time?

Common law is a series of laws and legal decisions made in the courts. These laws are often based on the precedent of prior legal rulings. Many of the foundational laws in wildlife management have either been upheld or overturned by the courts. Common law is not set in stone and it can change with changing views over time.

What happens to the agencies funded by discretionary budgets if the Appropriations Bill is not passed on time?

Congress and the President will need to sign a Continuning Resolution before the deadline occurs, The government shuts down immediately

Which of the following journals generally publish articles with a focus on conservation for the sake of the ecosystem. (Choose all that apply)

Conservation Biology, Journal of Nature, Conservation, and Biological Conservation, Journal of Ecology,

Today, the NRCS within the USDA manages provision in the farm bill, such as the ________________, which provide significant wildlife habitat for many wildlife species.

Conservation Reserve Program

Sustainability of natural resources is based upon three tenants. What are they?(Choose three)

Continuance, Relationship, Permanence

The US Fish and Wildlife Service works with other counties to help preserve their native wildlife. More than 90 countries now participate in the _______________________.

Convention on International Trade of Wild Fauna and Flora.

Which aspect of the North American Model of Wildlife Conservation, according to Roosevelt, would result in many societal benefits? This aspect also sets Canada and the US apart from many other nations where the opportunity to hunt is restricted to those who have a special status.

Democracy of hunting is standard

Out of the following departments related to the management of natural resources in the US, which is the largest?

Department of Agriculture

What department was the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries eventually transferred to?

Department of Commerce

Whose work on the Duck Stamp helped make it the success it is today and was a major driving force in funding land acquisitions for waterfowl.

Ding Darling

The ___________________ imposed a federal excise tax on fishing equipment boats, boat fuel, and other related items to provide funds for the management of sport fish and their assorted fisheries. (Choose all that apply)

Dingell-Johnson Act, Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration Act of 1950

The Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies is looking to its newly established Blue Ribbon Panel on Sustaining America's Diverse Fish & Wildlife Resources to reimagine a 21st century model of funding conservation that bridges the funding gap between game and nongame species and secures a future for diverse fish and wildlife and the economy in a similar manner that what acts provided funds that secured the future for game species. (Select all that apply)

Dingle-Johnson Act, Pittman-Robertson Act

As the desire to add new refuges to the system grew, a source of funding was necessary to purchase desirable lands. In l 934 Congress provided a means of obtaining funding through the Migratory Bird Hunting Act, commonly referred to as the_______________.

Duck Stamp Act

Some of the primary elements of the ESA include (Select all that apply)

ESA is the implementing legislation for U.S. participation in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species., ESA's principal parts are the listing and protection of species, designation of critical habitat and avoidance of its destruction, and consultation by federal agencies regarding actions that may harm listed species., ESA retains its authorities even though its authorization for funding expired in 1992, and funds may be and have been appropriated in the absence of a current authorization., ESA provides for exemptions from the act for agency projects, but the provisions are not used very often., ESA has broad provisions for citizen suits to enforce the act., Dwindling species are listed as either endangered or threatened according to assessments of the risk of their extinction. Once a species is listed, legal tools are available to aid its recovery and to protect its habitat.

__________________ is the amount of perturbation or disturbance an ecosystem can absorb without transitioning to an alternate state or condition.

Ecological resilience

In 1973 the Bureau or Sport Fisheries and Wildlife (later FWS) received a major responsibility when what act was passed?

Endangered Species Act

One of the first test cases for the __________________ was Tennessee Valley Authority v Hill in 1978. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is a quasi-government agency designed to build and maintain dams on the Tennessee River and its tributaries to provide electricity to the rural Southeast. In 1967, the multi-million dollar Tellico Dam project on the Little Tennessee River was started. Progress was halted on the project after 1973 because the endangered snail darter (Percina tanasi) was found upstream. The Supreme Court upheld a lower court decision that continuance of the project would exterminate an endangered species. (Choose all that apply)

Endangered Species Act

The US Fish and Wildlife Service writing a new regulation stating that shed migratory bird feathers can now be picked up and used is based on the authority of which branch of government. (Choose all that apply)

Executive branch

Active management or manipulation of habitat and landscapes on National Parks land is fairly common and can be rather extensive.

False

An EA would likely find a FONSI if the proposed action will have a high degree of disruption of districts, sites, highways, structures, or objects listed in or eligible for listing on the National Register of Historical Places, or may cause loss of destruction of significant scientific, cultural, or historic resources.

False

Ecosystem services are those services provided to humans by the environment, such as trees producing oxygen. Because these services are provided for free by the environment, there is no way to develop a monetary economic value for these services. This is known as the Unrealized Indeterministic Value.

False

NEPA contains specific provisions and penalties to federal agencies, and or contractors that take significant federal dollars, if they fail to protect the environment, some of which are highly significant in terms of the dollar amount that could be levied. The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) is responsible for enforcing these laws and levying these fines on federal agencies while the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for levying fines against private contractors or businesses.

False

What factors led to the incredibly large deer population in the 1500s? (Choose all that apply)

Farming, Habitat fragmentation, The creation of towns and villages

The ____________________ imposed a federal excise tax on fishing equipment, boats, boat fuel, and other related items to provide funds for the management of sport fish and their associated fisheries. (Choose all that apply)

Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration Act of 1950

Federal aid for fish and wildlife comes from two laws administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The ___________ provides money to support a wide variety of wildlife projects. The states and territories use these funds to acquire land for wildlife habitat, conduct research, manage and maintain wildlife habitats, provide access to hunting areas, and carry out hunter education and hunter safety training.

Federal Aid in Wildlife Resotration Act

The ____________________ imposed a federal excise tax on hunting equipment and firearms and apportioned the funds to the states for state management and restoration of fish and wildlife resources and habitats.

Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act of 1937

Which Act(s) is the current guiding legislation for the Bureau of Land Management. (Choose all that apply)

Federal Land Policy Management Act of 1976

The image above is a bill that will eventually become is what type of law, rule, regulation, or ordinance once it is passed? (Congress)

Federal Law

The _________________ office manages most of the FWS activities dealing with fish management and conservation.

Fish Hatcheries and Habitat Conservation

The _____________________ was enacted to promote federal research on wildlife on federal lands, and for state agencies to cooperate to develop a national program for wildlife conservation. (Choose all that apply)

Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act of 1934

The first step in the development of the lands now managed by the US Forest Service came with the ____________________ gave the president the power to set aside public land as forest reserves to protect watersheds (in 1907 they would be renamed "national forests")

Forest Reserve Act of 1891

Who is credited for the concept of the National Parks? (Choose all that apply)

George Catlin

Which case asked the following? In _____________, it questioned whether or not the state's power over wildlife was sufficient to give the state the ability to prescribing the property rights for harvested game. (Choose all that apply)

Greer v. Connecticut

In this case, the defendant was accused of breaking the law by transporting waterfowl that had been legally harvested within his state and then transporting that waterfowl outside of the state for sale. Waterfowl at that time could be sold on the open market. The State claimed that interstate transport of game was against their laws. The case was an important state versus federal issue because one of the federal authorities was to regulate interstate commerce, and the question was whether that State's law infringed on that authority. The majority opinion of the Court declared that the state had the right "to control and regulate the common property of game" when the right was to be used" as a benefit of the people". Thus, states could regulate the conditions of how game was to be taken and what could happen to the game after harvest. The court went on to say that, given the unique authority of states in regulating harvest, it was: (1) doubtful that commerce had been established; (2) if commerce had been established it was clearly intrastate; and (3) if it was interstate commerce, the duty of the state to protect its food for the common good of the people superseded federal jurisdiction. What court case is this referring to? (Choose all that apply)

Greer vs. Connecticut

San Francisco sought to dam Yosemite's ___________________ for a reservoir after the turn of the century, the utilitarian and preservationist wings of the conservation movement came to blows. Over the passionate opposition of John Muir and other park supporters, Congress in 1913 permitted the dam, which historian John Ise later called "the worst disaster ever to come to any national park." (Choose all that apply)

Hetch Hetchy Valley

You have been called to the Statue of Liberty because bats have been found in the crown of Lady Liberty. This is the first time this has ever happened at the statue and the NPS does not know how to handle this situation. You work for USDA APHIS Wildlife Services and you have been called in by the NPS to assist. You determine that the bats are a common species, little brown bats, which are not protected in the State of New York. The bats are using the site as a maternal colony. You will attempt to exclude them, but you are limited as to which methods you can use and it is possible that some bat will be killed in the process. What level of NEPA does the NPS need to complete. Explain why you choose that level and defend your answer in case I had something else in mind.

I would choose to prepare a Categorical exclusion for this population of bats. Little brown bats are relatively common in the state of New York and have large population numbers. Removal of these bats is likely to not have a large impact on the population as a whole, making a categorical exclusion appropriate. I would also attempt to wait for removal until the fall when juvenile mortality would be at a lower rate. Since these bats are common, a categorical exclusion would be appropriate. Federal Property that is a significant historical landmark; they have no idea what might be involved; it will be higly publicized; and bats may die. I would complete an EIS. PreviousNext

Administrative agencies do what in regards to state laws that are created by the Legislature (Choose all that apply)

Implement the law, Supplement the law, Interpret the law

What did Blade V. Higgs do?

In England, it did not allow a trespasser to keep game that they killed; however, in the US it did not set the same precedent

The above image regarding the American crow is what type of law, rule, regulation, or ordinance? (Says IAC)

Indiana Administrative Code, Indiana Rule

IC is the abbreviation for what type of law, rule, regulation, or ordinance?

Indiana Code

The Deer Research and Management fund is what type of law, rule, regulation, or ordinance?

Indiana Law, Indiana Code

The Deer Research and Management fund is what type of law, rule, regulation, or ordinance? (IC)

Indiana Law, Indiana Code

The unlawful taking of wild deer or turkey is what type of law, rule, regulation, or ordinance? (IC)

Indiana law, Indiana code

Referendums on wildlife issues help wildlife managers effectively reach their management objectives

It is possible, but not always

What 3 things does the President's budget do?

It lays out the President's relative priorities for federal programs, Outlines the President's recommendations for spending and tax policy changes, It spells out the Presidents's recommends for overall federal fiscal policy

The 1981 Lacey Act Amendment did what? (Choose all that apply)

It punishes trafficking in illegally taken wildlife, It made the improper or false labeling, marking or recordkeeping illegal, It prohibits commerce in fish and wildlife taken in violation of tribal, foreign, and federal wildlife laws., It combined the provisions of the 1900 Lacey Act and the Black Bass Act of 1926 so that fish, wildlife, and plants are now covered under the original federal prohibition on the interstate transport and sale of wildlife killed in violation of state laws or regulations.

Proposition 5 in Utah did what? (Select all that apply)

It required a 2/3 vote for any state laws which limits the taking of wildlife.

Which of the following journals generally publish articles which are more pragmatic in that they deal with resources used by humans. (Choose all that apply)

Journal of Wildlife Management, Human Wildlife Interactions, Journal of Forestry, Transactions of American Fisheries Society

The Tariff Act of 1930 strengthened which act(s) by prohibiting importation of any bird or mammal illegally taken or exported from a foreign nation. (Choose all that apply)

Lacey Act

Conservation Officers from the _____________ office within the US Fish and Wildlife Service work to enforce the national wildlife laws. They work within several frameworks including working at National Wildlife Refuges, regional offices, and working at airports and sea ports to inspect shipments entering or leaving the United States.

Law Enforcement

What document(s) served as a model for the Constitution and ultimately was responsible for states being responsible for managing wildlife. (select all that apply)

Magna Carta

In what case did the Supreme Court state that the most important purposes of the public trust today is to preserve tidelands "in their natural state, so that they may serve as ecological units for scientific study, as open space, and as environments which provide food and habitat for birds and marine life, and which favorably affect the scenery and climate of the area."

Marks vs. Whitney

To Chief Justice Taney, the legal question here involved whether the King of England had the right to make thjs grant and whether tills grant still pertained after independence. The Supreme Court declared that, due to the Magna Carta, the king did not have the authority to grant these lands to the Duke. Moreover, when the people of New Jersey took over the governance of the state they assumed the rights and authorities of the same. Thus the state, not individuals, assumed the role of successors to Parliament and the Crown. This decision was the basis for the Public Trust Doctrine that wildlife belongs to the people in common, and that state governments have the obligation to protect these resources for the common good. This doctrine was to permanently shape wildlife conservation in North America. What court case is described here? (Choose all that apply)

Marten vs. Waddell

In 1906 Congress created _____________________, containing dramatic cliff dwellings in southwestern Colorado, and passed the Antiquities Act authorizing presidents to set aside "historic and prehistoric structures, and other objects of historic or scientific interest" in federal custody as national monuments. (Choose all that apply)

Mesa Verde National Park

What law makes it illegal for anyone to take, possess, import, export, transport, sell, purchase, barter, or offer for sale, purchase, or barter, any migratory bird, or the parts, nests, or eggs of such a bird except under the terms of a valid permit issued pursuant to Federal regulations. (Choose all that apply)

Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918

Which of the following are division of the US Fish and Wildlife Service in Washington (choose all of the correct answers)?

Migratory Birds, Wildlife and Sport Fish Restoration, Fisheries and Habitat Conservation, Endangered Species, Law Enforcement, National Wildlife Refuges

Which case asked the following? In _____________, the court questioned whether or not the state could really claim to own all the birds within it's borders. (Choose all that apply)

Missouri v. Holland

Which case asked the following? In _____________, this case or cases did not have the authority to manage migratory birds in a sole capacity. (Choose all that apply)

Missouri v. Holland

Which case asked the following? In _____________, the court(s) affirmed that states had the ability to manage wildlife within their borders. (Choose all that apply)

Missouri v. Holland Greer v. Connecticut, Barrett v. State, California Supreme Court Ruling in 1894, Minnesota Supreme Court Ruling in 1894

Answer the following 4 part question: (1) What is NEPA, (2) what are the three major types of documents that can be created to fulfill the requirements of NEPA, (3) when do you use each of these, and (4) how does it affect federal agencies that manage wildlife?

NEPA stands for the National Environmental Policy Act. Its main purpose is to ensure the federal government considers the environmental impacts of its actions. Ultimately, NEPA is a research and writing process. It is comprised of three major parts: the Categorical Exclusion, the Environmental Assessment, and the Environmental Impact Statement. Categorical exclusions are a series of simple actions that have already been determined to not have a major impact on the environment. This includes things like the relocation of a common bird's nest. IF a categorical exclusion cannot be completed, a more in-depth Environmental Assessment can be completed. This explains the need for the action to be taken and its impact, lists alternatives and their proposed impacts, and lists all agencies and personnel involved. This gives the EPA enough information to determine if the action is a FONSI (Finding Of No Significant Impact). The most complex and involved element of NEPA is the Environmental Impact statement. This occurs when the action is likely to have a significant environmental impact and involves a lengthy process involving public input. The goal of NEPA is to ensure the federal government considers environmental impact in the decision-making process. With the creation, it involves a lot more paperwork, but it also does a good job of keeping the federal government in check with the choices it makes.

Which agency administers the ESA for marine species?

NMFS

What is the most visible federal agency that manages wildlife in the United States.

NPS

The _________________ was the broadest piece of Congressional legislation passed for the protection of the environment.

National Environmental Policy Act of 1969

Which one of these laws was the most significant act impacting federal agencies?

National Environmental Policy Act of 1969

The ______________________ is the current legislation directing the US Forest Service with the primary mission being multiple use. The US Forest Service manages habitat while the states manage fish and resident wildlife on the various national forests, which is different from the approach used on other federal lands (Choose all that apply)

National Forest Management Act of 1976

In terms of dollars, what are the two largest agencies within the Department of Interior? (Choose all that apply)

National Park Service, Bureau of Indian Affairs

The ________________________ is a dynamic, growing collection of protected areas for wildlife.

National Wildlife Refuge System

Which Act(s) sought to consolidate all of the different refuge areas into a single refuge "system"? (Choose all that apply)

National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966

Explain what a General Permit is under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and why General Permits are so controversial.

Of the approximately 100,000 activities each year that fall within the Corps' section 404 jurisdiction, only about 15 percent go through the full regulatory review process. The majority of the activities are covered by generic nationwide, regional, or programmatic permits known as "general permits." People seeking to engage in an activity covered by a general permit do not need to file individual applications and often do not even need to notify the Corps beforehand, so long as they comply with the conditions set out in the general permit. To date, the Corps has issued about 50 nationwide general permits. Under section 404(e) of the Clean Water Act, the Corps is to issue general permits only if it determines that the authorized activities "are similar in nature, will cause only minimal adverse environmental effects when performed separately, and will have only minimal cumulative adverse effect on the environment." But in an effort to reduce administrative burdens on both it and applicants, the Corps often has pushed the limits of its authority to avoid full permitting review by issuing general permits. The most controversial general permit for many years was Nationwide Permit 26, which authorized the filling of up to three acres of isolated wetlands for commercial or residential purposes. Faced by mounting criticism that Nationwide Permit 26 was leading to significant cumulative reductions in wetland acreage, the Corps allowed the permit to expire in 2000, replacing it with Nationwide Permit 39, which authorizes the filling of only half an acre or less subject to significant restrictions and mitigation measures, including the maintenance of a vegetation buffer.

What does the International Affairs office of the USFWS do?

One of the major authorities of the federal government is that it can make treaties with other nations. The International affairs office of the Us Fish and Wildlife Service does a lot of work with this where wildlife is concerned. Its main duties are managing the cooperations we have with other countries, Interacting with other nations to help conserve endangered species, preventing the importation of invasive plants, and sending consultants and assistance to other nations for wildlife issues.

What are 12 major laws and policies that affect the mission and daily operations of the US Fish and Wildlife Service. List each law and describe how it affects the operations of the agency.

Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge Lacey Act Migratory Bird Treaty Act Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act Duck Stamp Act Pittman Robertson Act Dingell Johnson Act Bald Eagle Protection Act CITES Clean Air Act Fish and Wildlife Act Administrative Procedures Act Wilderness Act National Refuge System Admin Act Refuge Sharing Act NEPA Clean Water Act Endangered Species Act and Others

_____________________ imposed a federal excise tax on hunting equipment and firearms and apportioned the funds to the states for state management and restoration of fish and wildlife resources and habitats. (Choose all that apply)

Pittman-Robertson Act, Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act of 1937

According to Wildlife Services Policy Directive 2.201 which referrs to the Wildlife Services Decision Model, wildlife damage managment methods are selected and implemented based on several factors. What are those factors. Select all that apply.

Potential biological, physical, economic, and social impacts, Status of the target and non-target species, Potential legal restrictions, Cost of damage management options, Species responsible for causing the damage or conflict, Magnitude, geoggraphic extent, frequency, historical damage, and duration of the problem

Regarding natural resources, what is the difference between Preservation and Conservation.

Preservation and conservation are often used interchangeably, but there are important differences between the two. Preservation is simply the protection of natural resources. This is often seen as a hands off approach, without any direct management but this is not always the case. In some cases when the goal is to protect the character of an entire landscape, management can be used to achieve that goal. In comparison, Conservation in its most basic form is defined as wise use of resources. This allows for the use of resources while keeping the needs of future generations in mind. Conservation is inherently against excessive use or waste. It also is inherently tied to management that allows the use of resources while still allowing for future use.

What are five Acts that are important for the operations and management of lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management? (select 5)

Public Rangelands Improvement Act, Wild Free-Roaming Horse and Burros Act, Taylor Grazing Act, National Environmental Policy Act, Federal Land Policy Management Act

________________ is the ability of an ecosystem to withstand stress without changing.

Resistance

During the 1970s, the SCS also gained greater authority to monitor and assess the nation's natural resource base. Congress authorized the ___________________________ and the _______________________ to better understand the implications of land use changes for soil erosion.

Rural Development Act, Natural Resources Inventory

The US has treaties with what countries regarding migratory bird conservation? (select all that apply)

Russia, Japan, Canada, Mexico

The _________________ was born during the upsurge in federal environmental and public land protection in the west. It argued that the federal government agencies lacked the constitutional authority to support long-term, extensive land ownership and that state ownership was superior to federal ownership because the state governments were closer to the people. (Choose all that apply)

Sagebrush Rebellion

Which aspect of the North American Model of Wildlife Conservation was first introduced by Roosevelt and then later reinforced by Leopold as the basis for informed decision making?

Science is the proper tool to discharge wildlife policy

The oldest federal regulator y authority over wetlands is

Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act

Rachel Carson's book ________________ was published in _________ and it described the consequences of pesticide contamination and environmental contamination. It was a wakeup call for many people throughout the country.

Silent Spring; 1962

What were the reasons that the early Spanish came to the New World? (Choose all that apply)

Silver, Gems, Gold

While we may have the authority to manage wildlife, including on private land, why can't wildlife management agencies actually manage wildlife populations on private lands (select all that apply)

State agencies often do no have the political will to force wildlife to be managed on private land, Some people don't hunt and therefore don't allow hunting on their land, We are often not effective at conviencing the public that a management action is necessary State agencies can protect wildlife on private land, but cannot force wildlife to be removed from private land, The landowner may feel he knows more than the state agency

Consider two items. A Remington 700 rifle and a Browning X Bolt rifle. Both are high quality rifles that you are considering purchasing. The Remington cost $1100 and the Browning costs $1200. You are initially considering purchasing the Remington because you like the brand and you have used them before. However, Cabela's has the Browning in the same caliber you desire, but now on sale for $800. Even though you initially desired the Remington 700, you purchase the Browning. This is an example of what?

Substitution effect

Which Acts were responsible for providing a cleaner environment throughout the US (select all that apply)

Surface Mining Reclamation and Control Act of 1977, Clean Water Act of 1972, Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976, National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976, Clean Air Act of 1970

What is the top level of law in the United States?

The Constitution

The federal government has the authority to manage some species of wildlife. What give them that authority for which species (Choose all that are correct)

The Constitution give the federal government the authority to enter into treaties with other countries which allows the federal government to manage migratory species that cross national boundaries, The Constitution give the federal government the authority to regulate commerce between states, which allows the federal government to become involved in cases where animals are illegally taken in one state and then transported to another state., The Constitution give the federal government the authority to enter into treaties with other countries which gives them the authrotity to manage species that are illegally brought into the US from other countries

NEPA came about as a law during a time when many new laws were being enacted and when important events that shaped the nation occurred. Select answers that represent either laws, events, or important issues that occurred during the decades surrounding the passage of NEPA (Select all that apply)

The Environmental Quality Improvement Act was passed., The Endangered Species Act was passed., Rachel Carson wrote Silent Spring., The Lacey Act was passed., The Administrative Procedure Act was passed.

What Federal Law and what international treaty has been the most important legal protections for endangered species? From which of the pillars do each of these derive their powers.

The Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973 is one of the most important protections given to threatened and endangered species. The act outlaws the taking of endangered species, and requires a section 7 consultation by the federal government before any potentially harmful action to an endangered species can be taken. The act also gives funds to acquire lands for conservation and allocates funds to states for the management of endangered species. This law is allowed to be enfored by the federal governemnt because of the Convention on International Trand in Endangered Species of Wildlife Fauna and Flora (Commonly called CITES) in 1973. This treaty regulated wildlife trasde among numerous countries. The Endangerd Species act is the law allowing this to happen. The federal Governemnt is within its constitutional rights to form treaties with other goverments, which is where the endangers species Act gets its power.

How does the Farm Bill and the NRCS promote wildlife conservation when they are primarily an agency works to conserve soil on farms?

The Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) and the recently passed farm bills have many ties to soil conservation but they still play an important role in conservation. While the NRCS historically has worked exclusively in soils it has gained more r3esponsibilities in recent years. One of these is the management of Conservation easements created by the farm bill. One provision of the farm bill is the creation of wetland and conservation easements from farmland. The bill funds for the creation of easements in areas prone to soil erosion or wetlands. The federal government pays rent to landowners for these easements in 10 year periods. The NRCS is the agency in charge of managing these conservation easements. These easements are really important sources of habitat for wildlife. Especially since they can act as a restored environment in areas where the landscape is highly fragmented with high levels of disturbance.

What is the function of USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service in regards to wildlife conservation?

The USDA Natural Resource conservation service has its origins rooted in soil conservation, but in recent years it has expanded to include a wide variety of conservation responsibilities. One of these with major implications is the management of conservation easements under the farm bill. One thing that the farm bill authorizes is the rental of environmentally critical areas of land to be turned into conservation easements. These include wetlands and areas with a high risk for soil erosion. The Natural resource conservation sevice is tasked with managing this land which provides a large amout of habitat for wildlife.

NEPA is composed of three sections. What are they? (choose three)

The declaration of national environmental policies and goals, The establishment of a Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), The establishment of action-forcing provisions for federal agencies to enforce those policies and goals

What is the ultimate basis for how or why the federal government can manage wildlife? Can the federal government take power to manage wildlife from the states? Why? Where does the power to manage wildlife at the state level come from?

The federal government gets its power from things explicitly stated in the constitution. The three original pillars of the federal government's power pertaining to wildlife They can control interstate commerce, they can make treaties with other federal governments, and they can manage wildlife on their own land. Anything else belongs to the state since it is not explicitly stated to belong to the federal government. This means most of the power of wildlife management falls to the states. The federal government does not have the right to take management power from the states since that would go against amendment 10 of the constitutionq

What is considered the "Fourth" federal right?

The fourth federal right is the right to manage endangered species. This power ultimately comes from the endangered species act which gets its federal power from the Conservation on the International trade of endangered species of fauna and flora.

As less of the public hunts, it becomes harder to manage wildlife for hunting, especially if we are to manage wildlife in trust for the people and those same people control the land on which the wildlife live. Explain why.

The primary source of funding for wildlife management at the state level comes from the sale of hunting and fishing licenses. The money is then matched by funding from the Federal Aid in Fish and Wildlife restoration acts. The issue with this system is that as fewer people hunt and fish, there are fewer funds to support the management of public land. This can lead to poor management of public lands. These people are more likely to then get frustrated with the poor management of these public lands and either stop hunting all together or call for reduced funding. This creates an unfortunate positive feedback loop where the problem gets progressively worse and worse.

The US Constitution recognizes three primary and exclusive powers of the federal government. What are they? (Choose all that apply)

The responsibility of protecting federally owned land, The authority to make treaties and conventions with other nations, The ability to control interstate commerce

What was the Sagebrush Rebellion? Which federal agency was most affected by the Sagebrush Rebellion? What "movement" did the Sagebrush Rebellion eventually lead to in the 1990s.

The sagebrush rebellion came from a feeling of dissatisfaction from private landowners out west about the management of federal land in the area. Many people felt that the government being based in the eastern half of the united states did not understand the wants and needs of the citizens of the west. Members of the rebellion argued that the constitution did not give the federal government (Mainly the Bureau of Land Management) the right to own land. They argued that the land should be placed in the hands of the states which were closer to the people actually near the land. This foreshadowed another movement that happened in the 90s which argued that individual counties should be placed in charge of the land because they were even closer to home.

How does a species qualify for protection under the MBTA (Choose all that apply)

The species is listed in the annex to the Japanese Convention of 1972. The species is covered by the Canadian Convention of 1916, as amended in 1996., The species is covered by the Mexican Convention of 1936, as amended in 1972., The species is listed in the appendix to the Russian Convention of 1976. The species is a native, migratory bird within the United States.

If the ESA's appropriations run out, what would be the result to the USFWS ability to carry out the law regarding the ESA. (Choose all that apply)

The would be no impact on the authority of the USFWS to enforce the ESA regulations and laws

Which are true about laws that govern "fair chase" (choose all that apply)

These are laws that can differ, even in neighboring states, These are laws that are created to legislate ethics, Fair chase laws govern how we hunt wildlife species

As the human population in North America shifted to urban areas, market hunters responded by doing what?

They provided game animals for sale in these growing markets

What was the primary reason the Bald Eagle Act was created? (Select all that apply)

To protect the national symbol of the US

Explain modern application of the Lacey Act of 1900. In your answer provide examples of modern applications of the Lacey Act.

Today it is primarily used to prevent the importation or spread of potentially dangerous non-native species. The Lacey Act also makes it unlawful to import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase in interstate or foreign commerce any plant in violation of the laws of the United States, a state, an Indian tribe, or any foreign law that protects plants.

What percentage of the population must be dead, affected, or missing from the population for a species to be considered Endangered under the ESA

Trick Question - There is no numerical standard

In 1963, Pelican Island was designated as a National Historic Landmark by the Secretary of the Interior because of its status as the first federal area set aside specifically to protect wildlife.

True

Lake Mead National Recreation Area was the first of several reservoir areas in the park system.

True

Public Law 95-616 also ratified a treaty with the Soviet Union specifying that both nations will take measures to protect identified ecosystems of special importance to migratory birds against pollution, detrimental alterations, and other environmental degradations.

True

Section 11(g) (16 U.S.C. §1540(g)) "allows any citizen to commence a civil suit on his own behalf" on various broad, specified provisions of the act.

True

The Clean Water Act provides little guidance regarding the appropriate standards for issuing a permit. Instead, section 404(b) instructs EPA to develop appropriate guidelines in consultation with the Corps.

True

The ROD is a document that states what the final decision is; identifies the alternatives considered by the agency, including the environmentally preferred alternative; and discusses mitigation plans, including any enforcement and monitoring commitments.

True

The exploration of North America by the French and English was fundamentally motivated by the wealth of the continent's renewable natural resources and the opportunity by individuals to exploit them.

True

The oldest federal regulatory authority over wetlands is section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899.

True

Wetlands can be defined as surface areas that are saturated or inundated with water long enough each year to support hydrophilic vegetation, provide a variety of valuable services.

True

When an agency is preparing an Environmental Assessment, the agency has some discretion as to the level of public involvement.

True

In 1975, all federal programs working on wildlife diseases were moved to the

USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC)

________ is the classifying of a species from threatened to endangered on the endangered species list.

Uplisting

Define "Use-Constrained Management" and provide an example of an agency that uses this type of management. How does it differ from "Multiple Use Management"?

Use constrained management is a management strategy often used by national parks and national wildlife refuges. These public lands may allow for some use of their lands but this often has strict restrictions to ensure use does not work against the goals of that land. For example, National wildlife refuges will usually allow for hiking and hunting but would not allow for mining, ATVs or timber harvest. National parks will often be more strict, allowing things like hiking but not hunting, mining, ATVs or timber harvest. In contrast, Multiple Use management is more lenient in how they allow the public to use natural resources. It is often seen in areas such as National forests. National parks will often allow all these things, including hiking, hunting, ATV riding, timber harvest and even mining in some cases. The difficult part is successfully splitting up the land to make sure that all of these uses can be done at one time without interfering with each other.

What law was enacted to prohibit the spring hunting and marketing of migratory birds and the importation of wild bird feathers for women's fashion, ending what was called "millinery murder". (Choose all that apply)

Weeks McLean Act of 1913

The ____________________ was implement to address the declining worldwide whale populations. (Choose all that apply)

Whaling Convention Act of 1950

Why was the Weeks Act so important for the US Forest Service and the eastern United States?

When the precursors to the forest service were first established, many of the forests existed primarily in the western united states where the federal government held large expanses of land. Around this time, many people living in Appalachia began campaigns for the creation of national forests in areas decimated by unsustainable farming and logging practices. This finally occurred with the passing of the Weeks act, led by Congressman John Weeks. Weeks suggested that land should be taken in as National Forests to help protect waterways which the federal government has the authority to do. The law was signed in 1911 by president Taft allowed for the creation of numerous national forests in the eastern United States.

The ____________________ declared that two exotic species were a living symbol of the historic pioneer spirit of the West and that these exotic species must be treated as an integral part of the natural system of the public lands. (Choose all that apply)

Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971

In the 1990's, the __________________ proposed placing a 0.25%-5% sliding scale, wholesale excise tax on outdoor recreation products such as binoculars, field guides, camping equipment, etc. to fund nongame fish and wildlife conservation, outdoor recreation and conservation education. It was estimated that the average outdoor recreationist would pay only an additional $20 per year to help raise $350 million annually. (select all that apply).

Wildlife Diversity Funding Initiative

The ____________________ of the USFWS manages several grant programs to assist states in their wildlife and fisheries management and research.

Wildlife and Sport Fish Restoration

Which aspect of the North American Model of Wildlife Conservation was most influenced with the passage of the Migratory Bird Treaty Convention in 1916?

Wildlife is an international resource

Which aspect of the North American Model of Wildlife Conservation is considered the keystone principle

Wildlife resources are a public trust

What are the seven components or principles of the North American Model of Wildlife Conservation (select all that apply)

Wildlife resources are a public trust, Wildlife is an international resource, Science is the proper tool to discharge wildlife policy, Democracy of hunting is standard, Markets for game are eliminated, Wildlife can be killed only for a legitimate purpose, Allocation of wildlife is by law,

As a wildlife biologist, it is important you understand how to develop an manage a budget. Why? (select all that apply)

You often have a limited amount of money to carry out management objectives, To obtain money from the Pittman-Robertson Act or Dingle-Johnson Act will require a budget to demonstrate how you will meet the reseach or management objectives for a particular project where funds are requested, Reserach projects often require a budget to submit to funding agencies, Because wildlife biologists are paid so little, you will need to understand budgeting to manage your own finances successfully

The Migratory Bird Treaty Act (select all that apply).

allows the USFWS to establish fines for violations of the law., makes it illegal to take, transport, or sell eggs of protected species., provided the authority for the continued breeding and sale of migratory game birds on farms and preserves for the purpose of increasing the food supply., makes it illegal to transport illegally acquired birds across international boundries.

The primary responsibilities of the agency are protecting and enhancing what? (select all that apply)

anadromous fisheries, migratory birds, certian marine mammals, waterfowl, endangered species. freshwater fisheries

In the 1950's, the Animal Damage Control section of the USFWS was moved to

b. USDA APHIS Animal Damage Control Program

The ____________________ is where positive network externalities occurs when a consumer wants a product because others do or other want to.

bandwagon effect

The US Forest Service's policy toward the management of its forest is multiple uses. In the early 1900s, possibly in response to often harsh and demanding working conditions, overcrowded city life, or a pervasive desire for a simpler existence, what activity became a popular pastime in the late 19th century and has become a major part of the national forest.

camping

Unless allowed by a permit, it is illegal to do what to an avian species that is protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. (Choose all that apply)

capture, offer to purchase, take, pursue, hunt deliver for shipment ship, sell, possess, attempt to take, capture, kill, or possess kill

_______________ is developed in the judicial branches of government and is sometimes referred to as the "Law of the Land" because it is based on precedent and what is accepted as law by the general public. This type of law uses the nation's constitution as the ultimate litmus test, although individual judges often interpret the constitutions differently at different times in history. (Choose all that apply)

common law

Guns and ammunition are examples of _________________. These are goods that are consumed together, so their demands are closely intertwined. If the demand for guns increase, then consumers will need bullets for those guns, thereby increasing demand for bullets.

complementary goods

_______ is removing a species from the list of endangered species.

delisting

The original Lacey Act was

designed to prohibit the transportation of illegally captured or prohibited animals across state lines., directed at the preservation of game and wild birds, making it a federal crime to poach game in one state with the purpose of selling the bounty in another.

___________ is reclassifying a species from endangered to threatened on the endangered species list.

downlisting

One of the ways that we represent the concept of sustainability is by three concentric circle of ____________, ________________, and _______________.

economy, society, environment

The _________________, including its various departments, has the authority to write regulations, ordinances, and rules. (Choose all that apply)

executive branch

An EA would likely produce a FONSI if the action may adversely affect an endangered or threatened species or its habitat that has been determined to be critical under the Endangered Species Act of 1973.

false

An EA would likely produce a FONSI if the proposed action may adversely affect the quality of the human environment or are highly uncertain or involve unique or unknown risks.

false

Another provision of the 1900 Lacey Act was the ability to prevent the importation of certain exotic species declared by the Secretary of Interior as nuisances.

false

Because of the realities of the Tragedy of the Commons, rules needed to be established, even in early America, to prevent over-exploitation of wildlife, except in areas with relatively large human populations.

false

Budget outlays and authorities serve different purposes. Budget outlays represents a limit on the new financial obligations federal agencies may incur (by signing contracts or making grants, for example), and is generally what Congress focuses on in making most budgetary decisions. Authorities represent actual cash flow and help determine the size of the overall deficit or surplus.

false

Congress generally holds hearings to question Administration officials about their requests and then develops its own budget plan called a "budget decision and reconciliation document"

false

Congress generally holds hearings to question Administration officials about their requests and then develops its own budget plan, called a "budget plan."

false

If Congress does not complete action on an appropriations bill before the start of the fiscal year on July 1, it must pass, and the President must sign, a continuing resolution (CR) to provide stopgap funding for affected agencies and discretionary programs.

false

In 1980 Congress passed the Fish & Wildlife Conservation Act (PL 96-366), which called for states to develop and implement comprehensive nongame fish and wildlife plans and required the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to study potential mechanisms for funding these activities, but only $100,000 per year was authorized for 50 states.

false

In contrast to the sustained yield, the multiple use form of conservation, many agencies insist on more limited use of their lands and the resources they produce. For example, national wildlife refuges and National Parks in the United States and Canada restrict the use of their properties to low-invasive purposes.

false

In the mid-1950's Leopold distinguished conservation biology from natural resource fields of fisheries biology, forestry and wildlife management in that conservation biology focuses on the environment whereas the other three areas are more utilitarian and include economics

false

In the west the Riparian Doctrine cover water rights usage, and in the east, it is the Prior Use Doctrine.

false

Individual states have only limited control of the harvest of fisheries.

false

It is acceptable to use technical language and jargon in the body of the NEPA document as long as you refer to journal articles where the reader can go to look up the information that is being referred to, such as how we might write a scientific journal article. However, no more than 20% of the document can be written in jargon.

false

Once a state's authority to manage wildlife, or to regulate any action, is set, it cannot be changed.

false

Other people who have little contact with the natural world may have a negative attitude toward natural resources.

false

Other people who have little contact with the natural world may have a positive attitude toward natural resources.

false

Pure conservation biology takes into account the human aspect

false

Social media has no place in the management of wildlife.

false

State agencies can make laws that are more relaxed than the federal law, but cannot make laws that stringent over wild species.

false

The Crown vs. New Jersey was the first US Supreme Court decision involving wild animals

false

The ESA contains only statutory authority for certain activities but not provisions authorizing appropriations.

false

The ESA is a comprehensive attempt to provide legal protection to identify species that are endangered of becoming extinct, but it does not include the habitat on which they are dependent.

false

The ESA not only requires federal consultation before major federal action impacting threatened or endangered species is undertaken, called a Section 1 Consultation, but it outlaws the taking of such species and provides for acquisition of habitat to protect threatened and endangered species.

false

The Pittman-Robertson Act can be used to pay for television advertisements.

false

The amendments of the Migratory Bird Treaty Reform Act of 1998, make it allowable to place or direct the placement of bait on or adjacent to an area for the purpose of taking or attempting to take migratory game birds, and makes these violations punishable under title 18 United States Code

false

The citizens of Indiana have a right to hunt and fish under the US constitution.

false

The congressional budget resolution is a very complex document that consists of a detailed set of numbers stating how much Congress is supposed to spend in each of 19 narrowly-defined spending categories (known as budget "functions")

false

The mission of the National Park Service is to "modify the natural and cultural resources and values of the national park system for the enjoyment, education, and inspiration of this and future generations''

false

The term "navigable water" has a very clear and distinct definition and is defined as waters that a fully loaded boat, skiff, or similar floating conveyance can float upon without touching the soil under the water at the normal, yearly average water level for no more than twice the length of the boat. So a navigable waterway for a 9' boat cannot "bottom out" for a stretch of more than 18'. This adaptive definition has caused significant problems in that some people have tried to declare temporary streams, channels, and other waterways as navigable to gain access to land and other resources.

false

When an agency is preparing an Environmental Assessment, the agency has no discretion as to the level of public involvement because it is set by the law

false

the United States Geological Service (USGS) is "a science organization that provide impartial information on the health of our ecosystems and environment, the natural hazards that threaten us, the natural resources we rely on, the impacts of climate change, land-use change, and the core science systems that help us provide timely, relevant, and useable information".

false

The ________________ have extensive powers over the regulation of wildlife harvests (Choose all that apply)

individual states

Common law is created by (Select all that apply)

judges

Active management or manipulation of habitat and landscapes on National Parks land is _____________. (Choose all that apply)

minimized

There are several exemptions to the discharge rule under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. These apply to normal practices for several types of industries. Which of the following industries are NOT exempt under Section 404.

mining

You work for the State Park System in Oregon and desire to put in new trail system that will affect 80 linear miles of virgin forest that is owned by the State Parks and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. This will be a highly developed trail with several clearings for developed backcountry sites, bridges, switchbacks, and other features to make this a trail that will be used by thousands of visitors on an annual basis. What level of NEPA will you need to complete.

none

Critical habitat, as defined, includes (select all that apply)

not only geographic areas occupied by the species at the time of listing, but also areas outside that geographic area, if the Secretary determines that such additional areas are essential for the conservation of the species.

Each document prepared as part of the NEPA process is required to be written in _________ .

plain language

____________________________ are situations in which each individual's demand depends upon the purchases of other individuals.

pricing effect

In the eastern US, water rights are governed by which doctrine(s)? (Choose all that apply)

riparian doctrine

The WS program strives to develop and use wildlife damage management strategies that are biologically sound, environmentally safe, and __________.

socially acceptable

As the power of the various English kings and queens power was diminished, the ability to manage wildlife was considered a ________ right.

sovereign

Legislators develop a Bill in the House of Representatives or Senate, debate its contents, perhaps amend it, and vote on its acceptability to create a (an) _______________. (Choose all that apply)

statutory law

__________ is created by the enactment of new laws by the legislative branches of the nation, states, and provinces. (Choose all that apply)

statutory law

Who was the first director of the National Park Service?

stephen mather

The mission of the Forest Service is to

sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the nation's forests and grasslands to meet the needs of present and future generations.

The NEPA implementing regulations consider the significance of impacts in terms of which of the following factors (select all that apply).

the context of impacts, if the resource is legally protected, if the natural resource is of great interest, other factors that of a particular importance, whether or not the resource is rare, the severity of the impact

An Environmental Assessment should include a discussion of what parts? (Choose all that apply)

the need for the proposal, alternative courses of action for the proposal which involves unresolved conflicts concerning alternative use of the available resources, the environmental impacts of the proposed action and the alternatives, a listing of the agencies, personnel, and other resources consulted

Preservation is defined as

the protection of resources, such as land, various species of wildlife or plant, specific genotypes, and even entire landscapes or other feature.

When we say that Common Law is based on precedent, we mean that (Choose all that apply)

the whole history of previous decisions influences current decisions.

Conservation, as coined by Gifford Pinchot, is defined as (Choose all that apply)

the wise use of natural resources.

The mission of the Natural Resource Conservation Service is

to provide resources to farm owners and land owners to aid them in conservation.

A prime example of the right to make treaties involves migratory birds. In 1913 the United States Congress passed the Migratory Bird Act, which declared that all migratory and insectivorous birds were within the protective custody of the federal government and that none could be harmed or harvested without specific authority of the federal government.

true

A reconciliation bill is a single piece of legislation that typically includes multiple provisions (generally developed by several committees), all of which affect the federal budget — whether on the mandatory spending side, the tax side, or both. A reconciliation bill, like the budget resolution, cannot be filibustered by the Senate, so it only requires a majority vote to pass.

true

A very controversial and hotly contested wildlife law issue is the critical habitat clause of the Endangered Species Act. This clause has the power to prevent new and existing use of property if it is deemed essential habitat for an endangered species. Law suits are filed almost monthly by disgruntled property owners or users.

true

Active management or manipulation of habitat and landscapes on National Parks land is held to a minimum.

true

An EA would likely find a significant impact if the action may adversely affect an endangered or threatened species or its habitat that has been determined to be critical under the Endangered Species Act of 1973.

true

An EA would likely find a significant impact if the action will have a high degree of disruption of districts, sites, highways, structures, or objects listed in or eligible for listing on the National Register of Historical Places, or may cause loss of destruction of significant scientific, cultural, or historic resources.

true

An EA would likely find a significant impact if the proposed action may adversely affect the quality of the human environment or are highly uncertian or involve unique or unknown risks.

true

Budget authority and outlays serve different purposes. Budget authority represents a limit on the new financial obligations federal agencies may incur (by signing contracts or making grants, for example), and is generally what Congress focuses on in making most budgetary decisions. Outlays represent actual cash flow and help determine the size of the overall deficit or surplus.

true

Each document prepared as part of the NEPA process is required to be written in plain language which is language and at a level that can be understood by the general public who may desire to comment on the documents.

true

Ecosystem services are services provided by elements of the ecosystem, such as bees and trees, that provide a service, such as pollinating and cleaning the air, that is valuable to humans.

true

Ecosystem services are those services provided to humans by the environment, such as trees producing oxygen. One way to estimate the value of trees is to place a value on these services provided by the ecosystem.

true

Following adoption of the budget resolution, Congress considers the annual appropriations bills that are needed to fund discretionary programs in the coming fiscal year and legislation to enact changes to mandatory spending or revenue levels as specified in the budget resolution.

true

For cost benefit analyses to be comparable, such as those from multiple studies, they have to be adjusted so the that the dollar values are in the same year.

true

Funding for discretionary programs must be renewed each year to keep government agencies open and the programs in this category operating. The USDA APHIS Wildlife Services budget is an example of a discretionary program.

true

In 1900, the Lacey Act was passed by Congress. This was the first Act to support federal authority over wildlife, and it consisted of two parts. One part made it a federal crime to transport game that had been illegally harvested in one state across state lines and sell it in another state.

true

In 1980 Congress passed the Fish & Wildlife Conservation Act (PL 96-366), which called for states to develop and implement comprehensive nongame fish and wildlife plans and required the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to study potential mechanisms for funding these activities. Despite passage of the Act, no funds were appropriated for its implementation.

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In 2001, Congress appropriated funding for two new programs (referred to as "CARA-lite")—the Wildlife Conservation and Restoration (WCR) and the State Wildlife Grants (SWG) programs —at $50 million each. Appropriators vowed that funding would ultimately reach $350 million annually; but WCR funding ended after the first year and SWG peaked at $90 million in FY10 and has been cut by 35% in recent years.

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In some cases where an issue could be managed by multiple agencies, that segment of the public affected by the law may try to get those powers moved to the more sympathetic agency.

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In the east the Riparian Doctrine cover water rights usage, and in the West, it is the Prior Use Doctrine.

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Learning to work with the public is a critical skill for wildlife biologists.

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Marten vs. Waddell was the first US Supreme Court decision involving wild animals.

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Microeconomics is essentially the study of why people make the decisions they do. Many questions can be answered by understanding that people respond to incentives and that many people make their decisions based upon economics. If you understand why people make decisions, you can influence their decision making.

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Migratory Bird Treaty Reform Act of 1998, amended the law to make it unlawful to take migratory game birds by the aid of bait if the person knows or reasonably should know that the area is baited. This provision eliminates the "strict liability" standard that was used to enforce Federal baiting regulations and replaces it with a "know or should have known" standard.

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NEPA is first and foremost a research and writing process

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Nearly all of the federal tax code is set in ongoing law that either remains in place until changed or requires renewal only periodically.

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New York established the first warden system in 1739.

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Of the approximately 100,000 activities each year that fall within the Corps' section 404 jurisdiction, only about 15 percent go through the full regulatory review process. The majority of the activities are covered by generic nationwide, regional, or programmatic permits known as "general permits."

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Other people who have little contact with the natural world may have a indifferent attitude toward natural resources.

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Pure conservation biology does not take into account the human aspect

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Section 10 of the 1969 amendments to the Lacey Act (P.L. 91-135) repealed the provisions of the MBTA prohibiting the shipment of wild game mammals or parts to and from the U.S. or Mexico unless permitted by the Secretary of the Interior. The definition of "wildlife" under these amendments does not include migratory birds, however, which are protected under the MBTA.

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Sometimes an agency will need to prepare a supplement to the final EIS. They might need to do this if they make a substantial change in the proposed action, such as what might occur if there are not good alternatives to their original action that minimize environmental damage or impact. An agency must also prepare a supplemental EIS if it determines that doing so will further the purpose of NEPA.

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State agencies can make laws that are more stringent than the federal law, but cannot make laws that relax protection over these species.

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Supply is a schedule or curve showing the quantities of a product that producers are willing and able to make available for sale at each of a series of possible prices during a specific period.

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Sustained yield is the mandate that resources should not be depleted or abused and that ideally these resources should last into perpetuity.

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Tensions over the ESA have increased as species have been added to the protected list.

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The CCC was important to the National Parks because it provided a mechanism for physical improvements to the structures and grounds of the Park System.

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The Conservation and Reinvestment Act (CARA) proposed to dedicate offshore drilling royalties on oil and gas development to wildlife conservation, historical preservation and other purposes. CARA passed by a 3:1 margin in the U.S. House of Representatives and had the support of 60 Senators, but failed to advance.

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The Department of the Interior (DOI) is the principal federal department for managing natural resources other than agriculture, oceans, and forests in the United States.

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The ESA been a success in protecting and recovering endangered and threatened species using the measure of the number of species that have stabilized or increased their populations, even if the species is not delisted.

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The ESA is a comprehensive attempt to provide legal protection to identify species that are endangered of becoming extinct, as well as on the habitat on which they are dependent.

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The ESA not only requires federal consultation before major federal action impacting threatened or endangered species is undertaken, called a Section 7 Consultation, but it outlaws the taking of such species and provides for acquisition of habitat to protect threatened and endangered species

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The Federal government has the exclusive rights, as provided by the Constitution, to form treaties with other nations, regulate interstate commerce, and protect its property and lands.

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The Lacey Act was introduced into Congress by Rep. John F. Lacey, an Iowa Republican, the act was signed into law by President William McKinley on May 25, 1900.

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The North American Model of Conservation is a set of principles that, collectively applied, has led to the form, function, and successes of wildlife conservation and management in the United States and Canada.

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The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is also actively involved in managing the nation's migratory fish species and populations that involve multiple states.

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The USFWS routinely works with other federal agencies, industries, state wildlife agencies and members of the public to provide important biological advice regarding the harmful effects of development, such as costal development and the conversion of wetlands for other purposes. Projects such as dams and reservoirs, dredging, oil leasing, energy projects, and interstate highways, all of which may require federal permits or funding, are studied by USFWS personnel to assess their potential effects on wildlife species.

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The Weeks-McLean Act was a law of the United States sponsored by Representative John W. Weeks (R) of Massachusetts and Senator George P. McLean (R) of Connecticut that prohibited the spring hunting and marketing of migratory birds and the importation of wild bird feathers for women's fashion, ending what was called "millinery murder".

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The Wildlife Diversity Funding Initiative had the support of some key members of Congress, the Department of the Interior and several major retailers and manufacturers of outdoor equipment. It was, however, opposed by the Outdoor Recreation Coalition of America, a trade group representing many large outdoor recreation companies. In part due to a lack of support from members of Congress who pledged "no-new-taxes," it was abandoned by the mid-late 1990s.

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The amendments of the Migratory Bird Treaty Reform Act of 1998, make it unlawful to place or direct the placement of bait on or adjacent to an area for the purpose of taking or attempting to take migratory game birds, and makes these violations punishable under title 18 United States Code

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The congressional budget resolution is a very simple document that consists of a set of numbers stating how much Congress is supposed to spend in each of 19 broad spending categories (known as budget "functions").

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The federal Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA) replaced previous weaker acts and is another Act that has had significant impact on both governmental and private interests. The ESA has been considered "the most comprehensive legislation for the preservation of endangered species ever enacted by any nation." Essentially, Congress declared that species of fish, wildlife and plants are of esthetic, ecological, educational, historical, recreational, and scientific value

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The market supply curve comes from horizontally adding the individual supply curves of all the producers in the market.

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The military was once responsible for the management of National Parks.

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The mission of the National Park Service is to "preserve[s] unimpaired the natural and cultural resources and values of the national park system for the enjoyment, education, and inspiration of this and future generations''

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The mission of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is to conserve, protect, and enhance fish and wildlife and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people.

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The original Lacey Act was directed at the preservation of game and wild birds, making it a federal crime to poach game in one state with the purpose of selling the bounty in another. The law prohibited the transportation of illegally captured or prohibited animals across state lines, and addressed potential problems caused by the introduction of non-native species of birds and animals into native ecosystems.

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The precursor to the United States Forest Service, the Department of Agriculture's Division of Forestry was established in 1881.

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This user-pay system of conservation funding, known as the Wildlife and Sportfish Restoration Program is another name for the Pittman-Robertson Act

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While most modern natural resource policies are geared toward sustainability, conservation, or other long-term use, many policies that are recommended by companies desiring to maximize short-term profits may lean more toward heavy exploitation.

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Wildlife is owned by the people collectively, with the state acting as the managerial trustee.

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