Wiley Plus EXAM 3
a polarized cell
(ALL OF THESE CHOICES ARE CORRECT) Has a charge imbalance across its membrane, includes most cells of the body, and exhibits a membrane potential
Interoceptors are found in
(Blood vessels, visceral organs, and muscles.)all of these are correct
Which of the following are divisions of the peripheral nervous system?
(Somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system, and enteric nervous system)all of these are correct
list the 3 ways neurotransmitters can be removed from the synapse
1) degrade with enzyme in synapse, 2) reuptake by astrocyte or terminal bulb, 3) diffusion away from the synapse
Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?
ALL OF THESE ARE FUNCTION(sensory function, integrative function, and motor function)
Based on your knowledge of ANS receptors, explain how beta blockers are able to manage conditions such as hypertension (high blood pressure)?
ANS Neurotransmitters and Receptors Solution: Norepinephrine and epinephrine binds to beta adrenergic receptors on heart muscle cells and stimulate an increase in heart rate and force of contraction. Beta blockers are antagonists of norepinephrine and epinephrine meaning that beta blockers can bind and block their effects, leading to a decrease in heart rate and force of contraction and lowering of blood pressure.
Which neurotransmitter is released by the preganglionic neuron at the autonomic ganglion in the diagram?
Ach
Which neurotransmitter is released at the gland by the preganglionic neuron in the diagram?
Achetolchyoline
Which endocrine gland is directly innervated by sympathetic preganglionic axons?
Adrenal gland
Which of the following responses is NOT caused by activation of the sympathetic division?
Airway constriction
Which of the following responses is NOT caused by activation of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
Airway dilation
Which of the following is NOT a parasympathetic terminal ganglion?
All are parasympathetic terminal ganglion(otic ganglion, ciliary ganglion, submandibular ganglion, pterygopalatine ganglion)
When the summed total of postsynaptic potentials rises above threshold, creation of action potentials occurs
At the Trigger Zone
Which disorder is characterized by an exaggerated response of the sympathetic division of the ANS that occurs in most individuals with spinal cord injury at or above T6?
Autonomic dysreflexia
Which of the following types of neurons have one axon and one dendrite emerging from the cell body and are found in the retina of the eye, inner ear, and olfactory region of the brain?
Bipolar Neuron
Which type of depression results in an individual with a manic-depressive illness.
Bipolar disorder
Which of the following does NOT contribute to the longer lasting and more widespread effects observed with sympathetic activation versus parasympathetic activation?
Blood flow to the hypothalamus is decreased when sympathetic activation occurs.
Autonomic motor neurons regulate visceral activities by 1. increasing activities in effector tissue. , 2. decreasing activities in effector tissue. 3. changing the direction of impulse conduction across synapses.
Both 1 and 2
With respect to neurons, the term "nerve fiber" refers to
Both Axons and Dendrites
Chromatolysis refers to
Break up of Nissl bodies after neural injury
The ANS is involved in controlling what?
Cardiac, endocrine, smooth, and exocrine muscles
The superior mesenteric ganglion receives nervous input from the
Celiac ganglion
The nervous system can distinguish between a light touch and a heavier touch by
Changing the frequency of impulses sent to sensory centers
Which of the following is NOT a sympathetic prevertebral ganglion?
Ciliary ganglion
Which responses is caused by activation of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
Decreased pupil diameter, digestion jucies, increased gastric motility, decreased heart rate
Wallerian degeneration refers to
Degeneration of the distal end of axon and myelin sheath after neural injury
An excitatory neurotransmitter _____ the postsynaptic membrane.
Depolarizes
Describe four ways drugs can modify the effects of neurotransmitters.
Drugs can modify neurotransmitter effects by: 1) stimulating or inhibiting their synthesis, 2) enhancing or blocking their release, 3) activating or blocking their receptor, and 4) stimulating or inhibiting their removal.
Schwann's cells begin to form myelin sheaths around axons in the peripheral nervous system
During Fetal Development
In the process of spatial summation, _____ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.
EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials
A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating
Either EPSPs or IPSPs
Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of
Electrical Synapses
In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it
Fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold
Which of the following descriptions of a preganglionic neuron is NOT correct?
Forms gap junctions with postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia
Which of the following neurotransmitters are used in virtually all of the inhibitory synapses found in the spinal cord?
Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine
Which of the following does NOT describe the sympathetic division of the ANS?
Ganglia primarily found in the head
What region does the superior cervical ganglion primarily serve?
Head
Which disorder involves the loss of sympathetic innervation to one side of the face due to inherited mutation, injury or disease?
Horner's syndrome
Which is a sympathetic prevertebral ganglion?
Inferior mesenteric ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion, and celiac ganglion
what factors limit neurogenesis in the CNS of adults
Inhibitory influences from neuroglia, mainly from oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues present during fetal development.
Which of the following is NOT a type of channel used in production of electrical signals in neurons?
Ion-gated channel
Na+/K+-ATPase is considered to be an electrogenic pump because
It contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential
which type of channels are used in the production of electrical signals in neurons?
Leakage channel, ligand-gated channel, mechanically gated channel, and voltage-gated channel.
Name the type of membrane channel that opens in response to chemical binding and is found in dendrites of some sensory receptors like pain receptors, and in the dendrites and cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons.
Ligand-Gated Channels
A depolarizing graded potential
Makes the membrane less polarized
Name the type of membrane channel that opens in response to touch, pressure, vibration, or tissue stretching and is found in the auditory receptors of the ear, and in touch and pressure receptors in the skin.
Mechanically Gated Channels
Which of the following types of electrical signals allow rapid long-distance communication within the nervous system?
Nerve Action Potential
Which of following organelles is a common site of protein synthesis in neurons?
Nissl Body
Which ganglia contain the cell bodies of the parasympathetic postganglionic neurons that serve the parotid salivary glands?
Otic ganglia
Which of the following nerves provides innervation for the external genitals?
Pelvic splanchnic nerve
Ability to change based on experience.
Plasticity means
Which of the following types of neurons would normally have the shortest axon?
Preganglionic sympathetic neurons
Which of the following types of neurons is exclusively found in the cerebellum?
Purkinje cells
During this period, a second action potential can only be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus
Relative Refractory Period
Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to
Remove a Neurotransmitter
Occurs only in myelinated axons.
Saltatory conduction
Thoracolumbar is another name for which division of ANS?
Sympathetic
The motor portion of the autonomic nervous system can be divided into
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions
Which of the following does NOT describe the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
Synapses with smooth muscle in blood vessels
Describe the difference between spatial and temporal summation in a postsynaptic neuron
Temporal summation occurs when a single pre-synaptic neuron fires many times in succession, causing the post-synaptic neuron to reach its threshold and fire. Spatial summation occurs when excitation potentials from many different pre-synaptic neurons cause the post-synaptic neuron to reach its threshold and fire.
Describe the possible ways in which the axon of a sympathetic preganglionic neuron connects with postganglionic neurons after it reaches the sympathetic trunk ganglia.
The axon may 1) synapse with postganglionic neurons in the first ganglion it reaches, 2) ascend or descend to higher or lower ganglia via sympathetic chains, or 3) continue without synapsing through sympathetic trunk ganglia to end at a prevertebral ganglion and synapse with postganglionic neurons there. 4) also pass, without synapsing, through the sympathetic trunk ganglion and a prevertebral ganglion and then extend to chromaffin cells of the adrenal medullae that are functionally similar to sympathetic postganglionic neurons.
Which of the following statements describes a common response of an autonomic effector during the "fight-or-flight" response?
The pupils dilate
Name the type of membrane channel that opens in response to changes in membrane potential and is located in axons of all types of neurons.
Voltage-Gated Channels
Briefly describe the events that occur during the depolarizing phase of an action potential.
Voltage-gated Na + channels open rapidly allowing Na + to rush into the cell driven by both the electrical and chemical gradient. The inward rush of Na + causes the membrane potential to become less negative, resulting in depolarization.
Which of the following are structures containing sympathetic preganglionic axons that connect the anterior ramus of the spinal nerve with the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk?
White rami communicantes
This type of neuron has one dendrite and one axon emerging from the cell body.
bipolar neuron
During the resting state of a voltage-gated Na+ channel, 1. the inactivation gate is open. 2. the activation gate is closed. 3. the channel is permeable to Na+.
both 1 and 2
Which ganglion supplies the stomach with postganglionic neurons?
celiac ganglion
The largest autonomic plexus is called the
celiac plexus
Which disorder is a type of neuropathy often caused by long term diabetes mellitus?
diabetic neuropathy
This type of neural circuit consists of a single presynaptic neuron synapsing with several postsynaptic neurons
diverging circut
Which of the following terms is used to designate an effector that is innervated by both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the ANS?
dual innervation
Preganglionic neurons are supplied to the submandibular ganglion by which cranial nerve?
facial nerve VII
This type of nervous tissue contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglial cells.
gray matter
Which autonomic plexus is located anterior to the fifth lumbar vertebra and serves the pelvic viscera?
hypogastric plexus
Autonomic tone is regulated by the
hypothalamus
Which the following regions of the brain serve as the major control and integration center of the ANS?
hypothalamus
In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of _____ across the membrane.
ions
Name the type of membrane channel that randomly opens and closes and is found in dendrites, cell bodies, and axons of all types of neurons.
leakage-channel
Which nerve supplies the inferior mesenteric ganglion with preganglionic neurons?
lumbar splanchnic nerve
Which of the following types of neurons is the most common type of neuron found in the brain and spinal cord?
multi-polar neuron
Which of the following types of cells display the property of electrical excitability?
muscle cells and neurons
Which of the following are types of cholinergic receptors?
nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
The chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla possess what type of receptor that makes them responsive to the ACh released by preganglionic sympathetic neurons?
nicotinic receptors
The two main neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system are
norepinephrine and acetylcholine
Acetylcholine is released by _____ postganglionic neurons and is removed from the synaptic cleft at a _____ rate than norepinephrine
parasympathetic; faster
Postganglionic neurons from the otic ganglion supply the
parotid gland.
Which of the following lists the components of an autonomic reflex arc in the proper sequence of activation?
receptor, sensory neuron, integrating system, motor neuron, effector
A postganglionic neuron in the ANS
releases neurotransmitter that binds to the effector wall
Hearing your cell phone ring in an otherwise quiet lecture hall is an example of which of the following types of nervous system functions?
sensory function
Which does describe the sympathetic division of the ANS?
short preganglionic neurons, synapses with smooth muscle in blood vessel walls, stimulates sweat glands, thoracolumbar output
The autonomic nervous system is NOT involved in controlling
skeletal muscle
One of the main differences between a somatic reflex and autonomic reflex is the type of effectors that are activated. The effectors in somatic reflexes are _____, while the effectors in autonomic reflexes are _____.
skeletal muscles; smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Describe four ways drugs can modify the effects of neurotransmitters.
stimulating or inhibiting their synthesis, enhancing or blocking their release, activating or blocking their receptor, and stimulating or inhibiting their removal.
Which division of the ANS innervates the sweat glands and the hair follicles?
sympathetic
List the three major factors that contribute to the creation of the resting membrane potential in excitable cells.
unequal distribution of ions across the plasma membrane, inability of most anions to leave the cell, and the electrogenic nature of the Na+,K+ -ATPase
Parasympathetic innervation of the liver occurs through
vangus nerve X
When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,
voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly
Which of the following types of adrenergic receptors are only found in brown adipose tissue where their activation stimulates heat production?
Β3-adrenergic
Explain how blood flow to tissues changes during the fight-or-flight response
During the fight-or-flight response, vasodilation occurs in those vessels serving the heart and skeletal muscles crucial to fight or flight. In contrast, vasoconstriction occurs in those vessels serving areas less vital to fighting/fleeing like skin, digestive organs, and the urinary system. The changes in blood vessel diameter are induced by activation of the sympathetic division of the ANS.