Woceans Test 4
trophic levels
(from top to bottom) 1. Apex predators 2. Tuna 3. Second-level carnivores 4. First-level carnivores 5. Herbivores 6. Primary producers
flow of energy through an ecosystem
(in order from middle top in a circle) 1. Oxygen 2. Heterotrophy (bracket on the right) 3. Chemical energy 4. Carbon dioxide 5. sunlight 6. Autotrophy (bracket on the left) 7. Organic carbon
oceanic environmental zones
(in order from top left to bottom right) 1. Neritic zone 2. Epipelagic zone 3. Mesopelagic zone 4. Disphotic zone 3. Bathypelagic zone 4. Abyssopelagic zone 5. Hadalpelagic zone
microbial food web.
(in order from top right to in a circle) 1. Net Plankton 2. Heterotrophic bacteria 3. Dissolved and particulate organic material 4. Microzooplankton 5. Zooplankton 6. Fish and other large organisms
vertical mixing processes
(in order from top to bottom) 1. Net positive photosynthesis 2. Compensation depth 3. Critical depth 4. Respiration rate
regions of the ocean in order from least productive to most productive
(least productive to most productive) 1. Open ocean 2. Coastal ocean 3. Estuaries 4. Upwelling zones 5. Salt marshes
Label the measured dispersal distances with the appropriate class of organism.
(top to bottom) 1. seaweeds (dark lines) 2. invertebrates (striped lines) 3. fishes (grey lines)
Benthic macroalgae
1. Blade (leaf looking) 2. Stipe (middle) 3. Holdfast (bottom)
Homeotherms
1. Blue Whale 2. Sea otter 3. Albatross
Zooplankton
1. Krill 2. Ciliate 3. Tintinnid 4. Radiolarian
Poikilotherms
1. Lobster 2. Nudibranch 3. Anemone 4. Barracuda
Fish
1. Organism loses water through osmosis 2. Organism has lower internal salinity than seawater 3. Organism excretes salt
Phytoplankton
1. Pyrococcus 2. Coccolithophore 3. Chaetoceros
Endotherms
1. Tuna 3. Lamnid Shark
Match the water types to the water masses
1. Very Turbid Coastal Water 2. Moderately Turbid Coastal Water 3. Clear Tropical Water
Which of the following traits are common among sea snakes but nor terrestrial snakes
1. ability to close the nostrils 2. flattened tail
Infauna
1. clam 2. lugworm
Viral abundance in the ocean is strongly correlated with
1. depth and distance from shore 2. planktonic biomass
Marine mammals use echolocation to detect objects. For echolocation to work, marine mammals must be able to
1. generate rapidly produced click of short duration 2. detect faint echoes as their clicks reflect back from objects 3. screen out unrelated loud noises in the sea 4. evaluate the time and direction of return sounds
algae types in the ocean shallows at the top and greater depths at the bottom
1. green 2. brown 3. red
Jawless fish
1. hagfish 2. lampreys
Seals, turtles, squid, and sea snakes are
1. heterotrophs 2. members of the nekton 3. pelagic organisms
Chemosynthetic communities are found associated with
1. hydrothermal vents 2. oil and gas seeps 3. salt brine seeps
The three major groups of fish
1. jawless 2. cartilaginous 3. bony
Cartilagenous fish
1. manta ray 2. basking shark 3. whale shark
Upwelling areas are more productive than oceanic areas because _______ in upwellings
1. organic matter is more concentrated 2. foods chains are shorter 3. there are more nutrients
rank the following colors based on depth of penetration into the ocean
1. red 2. yellow 3. green 4. blue
Alicella gigantea provides an example of deep-sea gigantism. Which of the explanations has been proposed to explain this phenomenon?
1. response to cold temperature and high pressure 2. continued growth in long-lived species
Bony fish
1. seahorse 2. emperor angel 3. moray eel
benthic meiofauna include which of the following organisms?
1. segmented worms 2. burrowing crustaceans 3. nematode worms
Epifauna
1. sunflower star 2. moon snail 3. sea pen 4 olive snail
diversity of life in the oceans
1. the oceans contain representatives from each of life's domains 2. the oceans contain a representative from each kingdom
Which of the following statements are true regarding walruses
1. they have no external ears 2. both males and females have tusks
Bacterioplankton
1. viruses
Animals are considered marine nekton if they spend at least _______________ of the time at sea.
50 percent
Redfield Ratio
C:N:P 106:16:1
Emperor Penguin
Chordata Aves Sphenisciformes Spheniscidae Aptenodytes forsteri
sperm whale
Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Kogiidae Kogia sima
The counter-current system of flow is involved in
Increasing the amount of oxygen that diffuses into the blood
small, shrimp like crustaceans that are widespread
Krill, copepods, euphausiids
Bay Scallop
Mollusca Bivalvia Ostreoida Pectinidae Argopecten irradians
Which zone is more likely to undergo seasonal changes?
Neritic
Nitrate and ammonium are important nutrients for marine plants because they need a source of
Nitrogen
Sea Cucumber
Organism has same salinity as seawater
giant kelp
Phaeophyta Phaeophycea Laminariales Lessoniaceae Macrocystis pyrifera
Whales
Size: 10's of meters Abundance: thousands per ocean basin
Bacteria and Viruses
Size: 10E-6 to 10E-9 m Abundance: 10E6 to 10E7 per milliter
Small Zooplankton
Size: Centimeters Abundance: tends per milliter
Microplankton
Size: hundredths of millimeters Abundance: thousands per milliliter
Neretic
a subdivision of a major zone; the ocean above the continental shelf
Oceanic zone
a subdivision of a major zone; the open ocean away from the direct influence of land
In the ____________ zone, below there is no light
aphotic
In the perpetually dark bathypelagic zone, fish tend to be
bioluminescent
Some phytoplankton, such as coccolithophorids, have plates or "coccoliths" composed of ______________________
calcium carbonate
A typical kelp forest shows strong vertical zonation from the well-lit surface to the bottom, including (from surface to bottom) the following zones:
canopy, understory, algae turf
the process of generating organic carbon dioxide is referred to as
carbon fixation
Armored dinoflagellates have external plates made of _______________
cellulose
Diatoms that are radially symetrical and shaped like pill boxes are _____________ in shape.
centric
Whales belong to a group of mammals called
cetaceans
Biomechanics involves the study go how______________
chemistry and physics affect basic biological characteristics
A fish with a dark back and a light underside is said to have a color pattern called
countershading
Some phytoplankton, such as __________________, do not have rigid cell walls
cyanobacteria
Some phytoplankton such as ____________ use silica as part of their cell wall structure.
diatoms
In the ___________ zone, above there is enough light
euphotic
If both primary productivity and grazing are large, the standing stock can not be small
false
Productivity is higher at a surface convergence than surface divergence
false
The total primary production of the world's oceans is determined more by the large seaweeds than it is by the single-celled microscopic phytoplankton
false
Manatees
frequently injured and killed by collisions with bats and propellers
Marine algae are found in which sequence from sea surface to deeper water?
green, brown, red
Plankton include large _______________ because they are not strong horizontal swimmers.
jellyfish
Macro-nutrients are required by organisms in higher concentrations than
micro nutrients
Poikilotherms
most invertebrates and fish
Organisms that can swim freely through the neritic and pelagic environment are ___________
nekton
Pelagic
one of the two major zones; covers the water environment
diffusion where water moves across a membrane form an area of lower salinity to an area of higher salinity is called
osmosis
Nekton includes invertebrates, such as the _________________ , and vertebrates
pelagic tuna crab
Bilaterally symmetrical diatoms shaped like a cigar box are ________________
pennate
Organisms at the mercy of horizontal currents, including those organisms that are strong vertical migrators, are the _____________
plankton
A keystone species is an organism that
plays a crucial role in an ecosystem
Dugongs
primarily found in Australia waters, are hunted for their tusks and have a rapidly degrading habitat
bioturbation
process of sediment disruption by feeding or burrowing organisms
oxidizing organic matter to derive energy is called
respiration
Homeotherms
seabirds and mammals
Epifauna organisms that move across the sea floor are referred to as mobile, whereas those organisms that stay in one place are referred to as
sessile
The different materials of the sea floor are referred to as
substrate
The best prediction of the abundance of phytoplankton in the photic zone is the_____________
supply of nutrients
A close relationship between unrelated organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected is known as
symbiosis and commensalism
Phytoplankton rapidly incorporate inorganic nutrients as they grow. The result of this is _______________
the concentration of inorganic nutrients generally increases with depth
Because whales are homeotherms, individuals of a single species can migrate between and survive in waters of very different temperatures.
true
Invertebrates and most fish are poikilotherms.
true
Net primary production equals gross primary production minus the respiration requirements of plants or phytoplankton.
true
The shorter food chains of coastal and upwelling areas generally are more efficient than longer open-ocean food chains
true
The standing stock of a population is equivalent to its biomass
true
Endotherms
tunas and some sharks
Psychrophiles are organisms that are well-adapted for living in _____________
very cold environments
a ________ is a noncellular particle composed of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat
virus
anoxic
without oxygen