Woceans Test 4

trophic levels

(from top to bottom) 1. Apex predators 2. Tuna 3. Second-level carnivores 4. First-level carnivores 5. Herbivores 6. Primary producers

flow of energy through an ecosystem

(in order from middle top in a circle) 1. Oxygen 2. Heterotrophy (bracket on the right) 3. Chemical energy 4. Carbon dioxide 5. sunlight 6. Autotrophy (bracket on the left) 7. Organic carbon

oceanic environmental zones

(in order from top left to bottom right) 1. Neritic zone 2. Epipelagic zone 3. Mesopelagic zone 4. Disphotic zone 3. Bathypelagic zone 4. Abyssopelagic zone 5. Hadalpelagic zone

microbial food web.

(in order from top right to in a circle) 1. Net Plankton 2. Heterotrophic bacteria 3. Dissolved and particulate organic material 4. Microzooplankton 5. Zooplankton 6. Fish and other large organisms

vertical mixing processes

(in order from top to bottom) 1. Net positive photosynthesis 2. Compensation depth 3. Critical depth 4. Respiration rate

regions of the ocean in order from least productive to most productive

(least productive to most productive) 1. Open ocean 2. Coastal ocean 3. Estuaries 4. Upwelling zones 5. Salt marshes

Label the measured dispersal distances with the appropriate class of organism.

(top to bottom) 1. seaweeds (dark lines) 2. invertebrates (striped lines) 3. fishes (grey lines)

Benthic macroalgae

1. Blade (leaf looking) 2. Stipe (middle) 3. Holdfast (bottom)

Homeotherms

1. Blue Whale 2. Sea otter 3. Albatross

Zooplankton

1. Krill 2. Ciliate 3. Tintinnid 4. Radiolarian

Poikilotherms

1. Lobster 2. Nudibranch 3. Anemone 4. Barracuda

Fish

1. Organism loses water through osmosis 2. Organism has lower internal salinity than seawater 3. Organism excretes salt

Phytoplankton

1. Pyrococcus 2. Coccolithophore 3. Chaetoceros

Endotherms

1. Tuna 3. Lamnid Shark

Match the water types to the water masses

1. Very Turbid Coastal Water 2. Moderately Turbid Coastal Water 3. Clear Tropical Water

Which of the following traits are common among sea snakes but nor terrestrial snakes

1. ability to close the nostrils 2. flattened tail

Infauna

1. clam 2. lugworm

Viral abundance in the ocean is strongly correlated with

1. depth and distance from shore 2. planktonic biomass

Marine mammals use echolocation to detect objects. For echolocation to work, marine mammals must be able to

1. generate rapidly produced click of short duration 2. detect faint echoes as their clicks reflect back from objects 3. screen out unrelated loud noises in the sea 4. evaluate the time and direction of return sounds

algae types in the ocean shallows at the top and greater depths at the bottom

1. green 2. brown 3. red

Jawless fish

1. hagfish 2. lampreys

Seals, turtles, squid, and sea snakes are

1. heterotrophs 2. members of the nekton 3. pelagic organisms

Chemosynthetic communities are found associated with

1. hydrothermal vents 2. oil and gas seeps 3. salt brine seeps

The three major groups of fish

1. jawless 2. cartilaginous 3. bony

Cartilagenous fish

1. manta ray 2. basking shark 3. whale shark

Upwelling areas are more productive than oceanic areas because _______ in upwellings

1. organic matter is more concentrated 2. foods chains are shorter 3. there are more nutrients

rank the following colors based on depth of penetration into the ocean

1. red 2. yellow 3. green 4. blue

Alicella gigantea provides an example of deep-sea gigantism. Which of the explanations has been proposed to explain this phenomenon?

1. response to cold temperature and high pressure 2. continued growth in long-lived species

Bony fish

1. seahorse 2. emperor angel 3. moray eel

benthic meiofauna include which of the following organisms?

1. segmented worms 2. burrowing crustaceans 3. nematode worms

Epifauna

1. sunflower star 2. moon snail 3. sea pen 4 olive snail

diversity of life in the oceans

1. the oceans contain representatives from each of life's domains 2. the oceans contain a representative from each kingdom

Which of the following statements are true regarding walruses

1. they have no external ears 2. both males and females have tusks

Bacterioplankton

1. viruses

Animals are considered marine nekton if they spend at least _______________ of the time at sea.

50 percent

Redfield Ratio

C:N:P 106:16:1

Emperor Penguin

Chordata Aves Sphenisciformes Spheniscidae Aptenodytes forsteri

sperm whale

Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Kogiidae Kogia sima

The counter-current system of flow is involved in

Increasing the amount of oxygen that diffuses into the blood

small, shrimp like crustaceans that are widespread

Krill, copepods, euphausiids

Bay Scallop

Mollusca Bivalvia Ostreoida Pectinidae Argopecten irradians

Which zone is more likely to undergo seasonal changes?

Neritic

Nitrate and ammonium are important nutrients for marine plants because they need a source of

Nitrogen

Sea Cucumber

Organism has same salinity as seawater

giant kelp

Phaeophyta Phaeophycea Laminariales Lessoniaceae Macrocystis pyrifera

Whales

Size: 10's of meters Abundance: thousands per ocean basin

Bacteria and Viruses

Size: 10E-6 to 10E-9 m Abundance: 10E6 to 10E7 per milliter

Small Zooplankton

Size: Centimeters Abundance: tends per milliter

Microplankton

Size: hundredths of millimeters Abundance: thousands per milliliter

Neretic

a subdivision of a major zone; the ocean above the continental shelf

Oceanic zone

a subdivision of a major zone; the open ocean away from the direct influence of land

In the ____________ zone, below there is no light

aphotic

In the perpetually dark bathypelagic zone, fish tend to be

bioluminescent

Some phytoplankton, such as coccolithophorids, have plates or "coccoliths" composed of ______________________

calcium carbonate

A typical kelp forest shows strong vertical zonation from the well-lit surface to the bottom, including (from surface to bottom) the following zones:

canopy, understory, algae turf

the process of generating organic carbon dioxide is referred to as

carbon fixation

Armored dinoflagellates have external plates made of _______________

cellulose

Diatoms that are radially symetrical and shaped like pill boxes are _____________ in shape.

centric

Whales belong to a group of mammals called

cetaceans

Biomechanics involves the study go how______________

chemistry and physics affect basic biological characteristics

A fish with a dark back and a light underside is said to have a color pattern called

countershading

Some phytoplankton, such as __________________, do not have rigid cell walls

cyanobacteria

Some phytoplankton such as ____________ use silica as part of their cell wall structure.

diatoms

In the ___________ zone, above there is enough light

euphotic

If both primary productivity and grazing are large, the standing stock can not be small

false

Productivity is higher at a surface convergence than surface divergence

false

The total primary production of the world's oceans is determined more by the large seaweeds than it is by the single-celled microscopic phytoplankton

false

Manatees

frequently injured and killed by collisions with bats and propellers

Marine algae are found in which sequence from sea surface to deeper water?

green, brown, red

Plankton include large _______________ because they are not strong horizontal swimmers.

jellyfish

Macro-nutrients are required by organisms in higher concentrations than

micro nutrients

Poikilotherms

most invertebrates and fish

Organisms that can swim freely through the neritic and pelagic environment are ___________

nekton

Pelagic

one of the two major zones; covers the water environment

diffusion where water moves across a membrane form an area of lower salinity to an area of higher salinity is called

osmosis

Nekton includes invertebrates, such as the _________________ , and vertebrates

pelagic tuna crab

Bilaterally symmetrical diatoms shaped like a cigar box are ________________

pennate

Organisms at the mercy of horizontal currents, including those organisms that are strong vertical migrators, are the _____________

plankton

A keystone species is an organism that

plays a crucial role in an ecosystem

Dugongs

primarily found in Australia waters, are hunted for their tusks and have a rapidly degrading habitat

bioturbation

process of sediment disruption by feeding or burrowing organisms

oxidizing organic matter to derive energy is called

respiration

Homeotherms

seabirds and mammals

Epifauna organisms that move across the sea floor are referred to as mobile, whereas those organisms that stay in one place are referred to as

sessile

The different materials of the sea floor are referred to as

substrate

The best prediction of the abundance of phytoplankton in the photic zone is the_____________

supply of nutrients

A close relationship between unrelated organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected is known as

symbiosis and commensalism

Phytoplankton rapidly incorporate inorganic nutrients as they grow. The result of this is _______________

the concentration of inorganic nutrients generally increases with depth

Because whales are homeotherms, individuals of a single species can migrate between and survive in waters of very different temperatures.

true

Invertebrates and most fish are poikilotherms.

true

Net primary production equals gross primary production minus the respiration requirements of plants or phytoplankton.

true

The shorter food chains of coastal and upwelling areas generally are more efficient than longer open-ocean food chains

true

The standing stock of a population is equivalent to its biomass

true

Endotherms

tunas and some sharks

Psychrophiles are organisms that are well-adapted for living in _____________

very cold environments

a ________ is a noncellular particle composed of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat

virus

anoxic

without oxygen