World Civilization- Midterm Study Guide

The indigenous religions of sub-Saharan African were essentially

polytheistic, recognizing numerous local gods as well as a single creator god.

Major motivations for European exploration of the world's oceans included all of the following except

population pressures in Europe.

An example of a syncretic cult combining elements of Christianity and African beliefs is

the Antonian movment.

One striking difference between the British and the French imperial models in Africa is that

the British preferred to use local institutions to control subject populations.

Which of the following could be considered an expression of enlightened ideas about government?

the Declaration of Independence

The Ottoman military had declined by the nineteenth century because

the Janissary corps was more interested in palace intrigues than in military training. the Janissaries resisted all efforts to modernize the army. many provincial rulers had private mercenary armies. Ottoman forces carried outmoded equipment.

One significant difference between the Portuguese settlement of Angola and the Dutch settlement of Cape Town was that

the Portuguese came to Angola as traders while in South Africa the Dutch settled on the land as farmers.

Reasons for the hysterical witch-hunts of the sixteenth century included

the conflicts of the Reformation contributed to a climate of suspicion and violence. unusual natural phenomena suggested supernatural causes.

The success of the Meiji restoration depended on destroying the power of

the daimyo and samurai classes.

Which of the following could be considered a contributing cause of the Russian revolution of 1905?

the lack of a representative legislative body the defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese War the Bloody Sunday massacre the government's failure to address the inequities of land ownership

The "white man's burden" proposed by Rudyard Kipling referred to the

the moral duty of the west to work to "civilize" the rest of the world.

Which of the following might be a feature or effect of cultural nationalism?

the study of your culture's language the study of your culture's history collecting folk songs and fairy tales of your culture anti-Semitism

The Russian intelligentsia promoted terrorism as a strategy for political reform because

their attempts at more peaceful reform were crushed by the tsarist authorities.

Most African slaves went

to the tropical and subtropical plantations of the Americas.

In response to socialist demands for social and economic reform, most governments

treated trade unions as illegal organizations. supported business and prosecuted strikers. eventually passed laws restricting child labor. extended the vote to the working class.

British rule undermined the Indian cotton industry by

undercutting the cost of Indian cloth with cheap British textiles.

The emancipation of Russian serfs in 1861

was achieved at the tsar's insistence. was intended to avert a revolution. brought freedom but few political rights for the peasants. did not significantly increase agricultural production.

In the New World, the Columbian Exchange generally resulted in

the introduction of infectious diseases. the staggering loss of indigenous populations. the introduction of domesticated animals such as cattle and horses. the introduction of food crops such as wheat.

In spite of the ravages of the slave trade, the population of Africa actually increased in the eighteenth century due to

the introduction of new staple foods from the Americas.

Spanish forces were able to conquer the Philippines because of

the lack of a centralized, powerful state to organize resistance.

The Russian empire was defeated in the Crimean War because

Britain and France joined forces to prevent Russian expansion into the Ottoman Empire.

The first European power to abolish the slave trade was

Britain.

Which region is incorrectly paired with a primary trade good?

Japan and spices.

Portuguese sailors were able to tack against the prevailing winds by using

a combination of square and lateen sails.

Cecil Rhodes was

a leading British imperialist active in south Africa.

Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power as

a military hero.

Olaudah Equiano's experience contributed to the abolishment of slavery because he

exposed the horrors of slavery, particularly the middle passage, to a European audience.

In spite of the isolation and harsh climate, Russians ventured over the Urals into Siberia in search of

furs.

This government gave the most workers' rights, pensions, and social security than other industrializing nations of the in the late nineteenth century?

Germany

The ideas of the Enlightenment challenged the long-term assumptions about sovereignty, and instead proposed that

governments are bound to the will of the people.

Sunni Ali's administration of the Songhay was strengthened by

a system of provincial governors. an effective chain of military command. an imperial navy to patrol the Niger River. the profitable trans-Saharan traffic.

In their critique of industrial capitalism, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels claimed that

only a communist revolution would overcome the abuses of capitalism and create a just and equal society.

By 1750, all of the following regions were linked by trade and commerce except

Australia.

The last country to abolish slavery was

Brazil.

As a result of the Seven Years' War, Britain gained all the following except

Cape Town from the Dutch.

John Calvin's contribution to the furthering of the Protestant Reformation came from

Codifying Protestantism into a coherent and organized manner.

The Peace of Westphalia, which ended of the Thirty Years' War, ensured that

Germany remained fragmented. the nations of Europe would no longer go to war over religion. each nation was permitted to direct its own internal affairs. the balance of power was the new principle of European diplomacy.

The Battle of Omdurman clearly demonstrated that

European troops with modern weapons could subdue a vast native army.

T/F: In contrast to modern stereotypes, nearly half of all accused witches were men.

False

Choose the order in which these African empires arose:

Ghana, Mali, Songhay

The population of the industrial world grew dramatically in the nineteenth century, in part because

Improved transportation networks resulted in cheaper food and therefore better diets.

The Songhay Empire was toppled by

Morocco

The Taiping rebellion was defeated when

Nanjing was defeated by a combined force of imperial and European soldiers.

The Portuguese slave trade began in the mid-fifteenth century with Portuguese raiders capturing African men and selling them in Europe. How had this trade changed by the mid-sixteenth century?

Portuguese merchants bought slaves from African raiders and sold them to Europe and the Americas.

Although relations between Portugal and the Kongo were initially friendly, the Kongo was ultimately destroyed because

Portuguese slave traders undermined the authority of the kings.

Which individual is incorrectly paired with a scientific discovery?

Ptolemy and the moons of Jupiter.

Match the two kingdoms involved in the Spanish Armada

Spain v. England

The Thirty Years' War began when

The Holy Roman Emperor tried to force his Bohemian subjects to return to Catholicism.

Which of the following is not considered to be part of the Catholic Reformation

The Institutes of the Christian Religion

Why had most European governments abandoned concessionary companies in Africa by the early twentieth century?

The brutal use of forced African labor by companies provoked a public outcry in Europe.

The sea route to the Indian Ocean discovered by Vasca da Gama offered European merchants

a chance to buy goods directly from Indian merchants.

The example of Thomas Peters establishing the slave refuge in West Africa called Sierra Leone illustrates

The extensive linkages between lands in the Atlantic Ocean basin.

Which of the following is NOT a correct explanation of why the Haitian revolution succeeded?

The revolutionaries had the support of British and Spanish forces.

The German people united behind King Wilhelm I because

The wars engineered by Bismarck generated strong nationalist sentiment.

Which of the following was NOT one of the causes of the French revolution of 1789?

accusation of treason against Louis XVI

The colonization of the Belgian Congo is noted for the

brutal treatment of the Congolese people by King Leopold II.

The British maintained their head start in industrialization

by forbidding the export of machinery and expertise.

Richelieu and his absolutist theory heir, Louis XIV, managed to control the nobles of France and their activities by

crushing the most powerful nobles in a civil war early in his reign. heavily taxing the nobles' estates so they could no longer fund private armies. requiring the nobility to live at Versailles where he could distract them and keep an eye on them. appointing hundreds of new nobles from the merchant class, who were loyal to him.

One social goal of the British authorities in India was to

establish English-style schools for children of Indian elites.

At the end of the nineteenth century, the Ottoman Empire, Russian empire, Qing dynasty, and Tokugawa Japan were "societies at crossroads" because they

discovered through wars and confrontations that they were militarily much weaker than the western powers.

In China, a "sphere of influence" was a

district in which a foreign power had exclusive trade, transportation, and mineral rights.

Unlike the British in India, the French in Indochina

encouraged conversion to Christianity.

In general, Napoleon championed

equality under the law but not political freedom.

Martin Luther's work had an enthusiastic popular support because

he attacked the sale of indulgences that the poor could not afford. many Christians shared his concern about the corruption of the Church. many German princes saw this as a way to break away from the Church. he supported the translation of the Bible from Latin into the vernacular languages.

Theodor Herzl's Zionism was the direct result of

his shock at the army's persecution of Alfred Dreyfus.

The British insisted on their right to trade opium with China because

it was the only trade good that they could sell in China at a profit.

Smallpox, influenza, and measles spread rapidly in the Americas because of

lack of previous exposure that would build natural immunity.

One advantage of the industrial corporation over the older joint-stock company was the

limited liability for investors.

Which of the following was NOT an economic advantage enjoyed by Britain in the eighteenth century?

local sources of raw cotton

Improvements in transportation, such as the railroads and steamships,

lowered transportation costs. linked industrial centers with overseas resources. facilitated the movement of people as well as goods. facilitated delivery of manufactured products to consumers.

Proponents of "scientific racism" argued that

race could be biologically defined and characterized. western dominance was justified on the basis on racial superiority. the theories of Charles Darwin supported world dominance by the "fittest" races. people of European descent were morally superior to other races.

By 1900, birthrates had sharply declined in most industrialized countries because

raising children was more expensive in an industrial society than in an agricultural one. declining infant mortality meant that more of the children born were likely to survive. improved health and nutrition reduced overall death rates. married couples actively practiced birth control.

African slaves were in demand for the New World because

so many Native Americans died from imported diseases. native peoples frequently escaped into the hinterlands. sugar plantations in the Caribbean required considerable labor. Spanish and Portuguese conquerors disdained manual labor.

In response to the challenges raised by the Protestant Reformation, the Catholic Church

summoned a council to clarify doctrine and strengthen their spiritual commitment.

The Luddites were threatened by industrialization of what industry in particular?

textiles

The Berlin West Africa Conference in 1884-1885 established

that, if a European power indicated its intention to colonize and then proceeded to occupy an African territory, it could claim that colony.