World Geography Exams Pt 2
What are the three similarities between the four most populated regions?
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What proportion of the world's population lives in these ares?
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Where are the largest population concentrations in the Western Hemisphere and Africa? What percentage of the world's population is located in these areas?
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What was the NIR in the decade of 2000s?
1.2%
Nearly ___ % of the world's natural increase is clustered in ___. NIR is larger than ___% in ______, _____, ___, ____, and the ____. NIR is ____ in _____ meaning that without immigrants, population is declinging. 2/3 of the world's population growth is in ____. 1/3 of the world's population is in _____, ______, and _____.
100% , LDCs , 2% , Africa , Asia , Latin America , and the Middle East , negative , Europe , sub-Saharan Africa , Latin America , and the Middle East.
__ percentage of the population lives on __ percentage of the Earth.
3/4 ; 5
Population pyramid
A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.
Census
A complete enumeration of a population.
Zero Population Growth
A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.
How is population pyramid organized?
A population pyramid normally shows the percentage total population in 5-year age groups, with the youngest group (0-4 year olds) at the base of the pyramid and the oldest group at the top. It's a horizontal bar graph with males on the left and females on the right.
Industrial Revolution
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.
Explain the most lethal epidemic in recent years.
AIDS
How many people are added each year? Is this a decline or an increase?
About 80 million people were being added to the population of the world annually. That number represents a decline.
How does ethnic, age, and economic composition of cities and countries affect the shape of the population pyramid for that area?
African Americans & Hispanics have high birth rates Asians have less children. Top-heavy pyramid young population have more males so left side is bigger. Older populations have more females so right side is bigger.
Explain how small changes in NIR can cause large swings in world population.
As the base continues to grow in the 21 century, a change of only 1/10 of 1% would produce very large swings. Small changed in NIR cause large swings in world population because the base population is so large.
Why are different countries in different stages of demographic transition?
Because of diverse local culture and economic conditions, the demographic transition diffuses to individual countries at different rates and produces local variations in natural increase, fertility, and mortality.
Epidemiology
Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.
Why is CDR lower in LDCs than MDCs?
CDR is not extreme as CBR. Their people are older than LDCs. The populations of different countries are at various stages in an important process known as demographic transition.
What do demographers study?
Demographers look statistically at how people are distributed spatially & by age, gender, occupation, fertility, health, and so on.
Pandemic
Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.
Epidemiological transition
Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition.
Rank the four most populated regions in order from greatest to least.
East Asia, South Asia, Western Europe, and Southeast Asia
Who was Thomas Malthus and what did he argue?
English economist Thomas Malthus was one of the first to argue that the world's rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food supplies.
Explain 3 ways population change is measured.
Geographers measure population change through crude birth rate crude death rate, and natural increase rate. It helps to compares countries.
Why do geographers compare physiological and arithmetic densities? How is Egypt and example of how this comparison is important?
It helps geographers understand the capacity of the land to yield enough food for the needs of the people. In Egypt, the large difference between the physiological density & arithmetic density indicates that most of the country's land is unsuitable for intensive agriculture.
What are the effects of rapid population growth?
It's harder to provide food, clothing, & shelter for the population.
Why is having a large % of children a problem for a country?
Jobs will be scarce when they get out of school. It strains the ability of poorer countries to provide needed services such as schools, hospitals, and day care centers.
What three arguments do Malthus's critics make?
Many geographers consider Malthusians' beliefs unrealistically pessimistic because they are based on a belied that the world's supply of resources is fixed rather than expanding. A larger population could stimulate economic growth, therefore, production of more food. Marxists argue there is no relationship because population growth and economic development, poverty, hunger, and other social welfare problems are unjust.
Medical Revolution
Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.
Why do MDCs have a lower agricultural density than LDCs?
Money lets countries buy food. Technology & finance allow a few people to farm extensive land areas and feed many people.
What are the three reasons studying population is important?
More people are alive at this time than at any other point in Earth's long history, The world's population increased at a faster rate during the second half of the 20th century than ever before in history. Virtually all global population growth us concentrated in LDCs.
Why is it a problem that most of the world's additional people live in LDCs?
Most of the new people live in the countries that are least able to maintain them.
Is there overpopulation in the world?
No, only in certain regions.
Do countries ever reverse the path in demographic transition?
No, they can only stagnate.
Is Malthus's theory correct?
No, world food production has consistently grown at faster rates.
Why is having a large % of elderly a problem for a country?
Older people must receive adequate levels of income and medical care after they retire from their jobs.
What is the population of the Earth?
Over 7 billion people
What four arguments do neo-Mathusians make?
Overpopulation is a problem because rapid growth is in LDCs spurred by medical technology. LDCs have expanded their food production, but it has little effect because they have so many people; population outpaced economic development. Wars and civil violence will increase in the coming years because limited food, resources, etc.
Which groups are considered dependents?
People who are 0-14 years of age and 65 + are normally classified as dependents.
Explain what a rapid population increase, a slow population increase, and a population decline means.
Population increases rapidly in places where many people are born than die, increases slowly in places where the number of births exceed the number of deaths by only a small margin, and declines in places where deaths outnumber births.
What are 3 reasons to help explain the possible emergence of epidemiological stage 5?
Poverty, Evolution, Transportion
How was the NIR at the peak and when did this occur?
The NIR was 2.2% in 1963.
Total Fertility Rate
The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.
Life expectancy
The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.
Overpopulation
The number of a people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.
Sex ratio
The number of males per 100 females in the population.
Physiological density
The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.
Dependency ratio
The number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64, compared to the number of people active in the labor force.
Doubling time
The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.
Natural Increase Rate
The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.
Ecumene
The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
Demographic transition
The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.
Agricultural density
The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.
Demography
The scientific study of population characteristics.
What determines the shape of a population pyramid?
The shape of a pyramid is determined by the CBR.
Agricultural revolution
The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering
Infant Mortality Rate
The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.
Crude Death Rate
The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
Crude Birth Rate
The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
Arithmetic density
The total number of people divided by the total land area.
How the sex ratio change over time?
There are slightly more males than females born, but males have a higher death rate. In older populations, there are more females than males.
Why is agricultural density & physiological density used together?
To understand the relationship between population and resources in a country, geographers examine a country's physiological and agricultural densities together.
Explain how economic development affects CBR
Women would remain in school longer and put off having babies. Understand reproductive choices, rights, and use contraceptives. IMR goes down & it also reflects the low status of women.
The three Asian regions have more than __ of the world's population, but live on less than __ of the land in the world.
half ; 10
What countries have rapid population growth?
least developed countries
What are two strategies for reducing CBR?
reliance on economic development & the other on distribution of contraceptives
As countries pass through demographic transition, what increases?
the percentage of old people
Demographic transition influences population in which two ways?
the percentage of the population in each age group and the distribution of females & males
What are the two questions geographers ask about population?
where & why a region's population is distributed as it is