World History Chapter 26
What were the results of the Battle of Verdunand the Battle of the Somme
Both battles resulted in enormous casualties but the front lines were virtually unchanged.
Why did the Western Front change very little between 1915 and 1917
Both sides were evenly matched, developing technology at the same pace.
Why did the artist use a fan and a block of ice in this cartoon
To show that USA patience with Germany was wearing out and thinning.
propaganda
information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.
U-boats
A German submarine used in World War I or World War II.Zimmermann Note -
What issues made the peace process difficult
Differing allied goals/opinions/tensions
How might Germany have worked to stop the war from beginning?
Germany could have avoided attacking Serbia's allies.
List the war's events outside of Europe.
The Japanese captured German colonies in China and the Pacific; British and French troops attacked German colonies in Africa.
Franz Ferdinand
The archduke of Austria-Hungary. Murdered by a young Serbian man: Gavrila Princip with his pistol took him along with his wife Sophie's life.
What were the main events of the Russian Revolution
(1914) Russia enters World War I on the side of the Allied Powers, (1917) Russian citizens revolt and force Czar Nicholas II to give up power. a provisional government is established, (1917) In the Bolshevik Revolution, Communists led by Vladimir lenin take over the Russian government.
What were the major events of the fighting in 1914?
1.) Germany advanced through Belgium to attack France. 2.) Russia attacked East Prussia. 3.) Russians crushed in Battle of Tannenberg. 4.) British and French forces regrouped. 5.) Millions died or were wounded. 6.) Trench warfare resulted in a stalemate.
What were the costs of the war
8.5M soldiers killed, 13M civilians killed/died of flu (not including the Armenian massacre) 21.2 million soldiers wounded, $332 Billion
Gregory Rasputin
A Russian peasant, mystical faith healer, and trusted friend of the family of Nicholas II, the last Tsar of the Russian Empire.
Neutral (country)
A country that takes no side in a conflict.
Treaty of Versailles
A document signed between Germany and the Allied Powers following World War I that officially ended that war.
Triple Entente
A less formal promise to cooperate that untied France, Russia, and Great Britain.
Bolsheviks
A small Marxist group sought to change life in Russia through revolution. Led by Vladimir Lenin, the Bolsheviks wanted to overthrow the czar so that the proletariat—the industrial workers—could gain the power to rule Russia as a socialist country.
trench warfare
A type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other.
total war
A war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, especially one in which the laws of war are disregarded.
How did fighting come to an end
After difficult negotiations, the Allies finally compromised on the Treaty of Versailles.
How do you think the political unrest after World War I will affect the world in the years that follow
After the Treaty of Versailles was signed, many politicians, historians and philosophers believed that more unrest would ensue and another Great War was inevitable. For this reason, among others, everyone was nervous about the future of the world as they knew it.
What happened in the Gallipoli Campaign
Allies suffered nearly 200,000 losses.
armistice
An agreement made by opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for a certain time; a truce.
League of Nations
An international organization established after World War I under the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles.
After Franz Ferdinand was killed, why do you think that austria-hungary chose to take the actions it did?
Austria-Hungary opposed Serbian expansion, so they used the assassination as an excuse to punish Serbia.
How did civilians help support the war effort
Civilians conserved food and material; women joined the work force.
How did Wilson work for world peace
During the early years of World War I, Wilson worked tirelessly for peace, winning reelection in 1916 in part by promising to keep the United States out of the war. His Fourteen points speech proposed the League of Nations, which would help prevent future wars.
What was the condition of the Russian military at the beginning of World War I
Economically unstable, short of ammunition and supplies, and weak soldiers who's army titles were not gained through ability and experience but rather personal connections.
How did World War I affect Russia
Europe was shattered both economically and culturally. It was no longer a superpower and lost influence.
How did the war affect the home front?
Factories began to produce military equipment. Civilians conserved food and other goods for military use. Governments also sought to control public opinion. They censored newspaper reports about the fighting, worried that truthful descriptions of casualties might discourage the public.
In what ways did the war affect the home front
Factories began to produce military equipment. Civilians conserved food and other goods for military use. Governments also sought to control public opinion. They censored newspaper reports about the fighting, worried that truthful descriptions of casualties might discourage the public.
How was the world war I battlefield different than those of earlier wars?
Fighting from trenches or sometimes living in them, sometimes going "over the top" to fight out in the open and resulted in death most of the time; new weapons: poison gas, rapid-fire machine guns, high-explosive shells; tanks and aircraft: tanks not really used, aircraft--> at first, used to spot enemies from the sky, then weapons such as machine guns and bombs attached.
List the new nations and mandates created after World War I.
Finland, Estonia, Lativa, Poland, East Prussia, Lithuania, Czech, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Albania, Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Palestine.
Fourteen Points
Fourteen goals of the United States in the peace negotiations after World War I.
What were the results of the fighting in 1914?
From their strongly defended trenches on the Aisne, the Germans were able to fight back the Allied forces. But the Allied forces soon dug trenches of their own. As a result, German and Allied positions would change little in the coming months, despite a series of major battles. The deadlocked region in northern France became known as the Western Front.
What forces fought in the war's first major battle?
German troops fought French and British.
What event that began in 1918 added to the suffering caused by the fighting in World War I
Germany transferred troops back to France, and in March 1918, launched a major assault on the Western Front. For a while, German forces made great progress against Allied defenders, advancing to within 40 miles of the French capital of Paris.
How did unrestricted submarine warfare affect U.S. entry into the war
Germany was attacking ships that were carrying goods to Great Britain and they accidentally started killing American lives in which the U.S. complained bitterly to Germany about the loss of American lives.
How did the Treaty of Versailles affect Germany
Germany was forced to pay an enormous amount of money to the war's victims. The treaty also assessed responsibility for the war. Germany was forced to take full responsibility for the conflict.
What role did Vladimir Lenin have Russia in 1917
He was the leader of the Bolshevik Revolution.
When did the Russian Civil War begin
In 1917.
How did world war I differ from previous wars
Increase of Nationalism, increase in technology, and modern state allow for total mobilization of the resources of the state for total war.
What effect did U.S. troops have on the war
It dramatically increased the strength of the Allied Powers.
Why did the Russian economy begin to improve after the civil war
Lenin created a solution to the economic crisis by introducing the New Economic Policy, a plan that permitted some capitalist activity. Peas- ants, for example, could sell their food at a profit. The plan was meant to encourage more food production, which Russia badly needed.
What events took place after the Russian Revolution
Lenin set about ending Russia's involvement in World War I. He sent Leon Trotsky, a top Bolshevik official, to negotiate for peace with the Central Powers, a civil ware begun between the Reds and the Whites, and Russia's economy collapsed to the edge of total ruin so Lenin responded to this crisis in 1921. He introduced the New Economic Policy, a plan that permitted some capitalist activity, and Russia reunited with several neighboring lands that had been part of the Russian Empire before 1917. The new country was called the Union of Soviet Socialist
What major events took place after the Russian Revolution
Lenin set about ending Russia's involvement in World War I. He sent Leon Trotsky, a top Bolshevik official, to negotiate for peace with the Central Powers, a civil ware begun between the Reds and the Whites, and Russia's economy collapsed to the edge of total ruin so Lenin responded to this crisis in 1921. He introduced the New Economic Policy, a plan that permitted some capitalist activity, and Russia reunited with several neighboring lands that had been part of the Russian Empire before 1917. The new country was called the Union of Soviet Socialist
Why is Lenin considered the father of the Russian Revolution
Lenin was the founder of the Bolshevik group
Battle of Verdun
Main purpose of battle was to kill or injure as many French soldiers as possible—to "bleed France white."
Why do you think many Russians were anxious for radical change in 1917
Many Russians were unhappy with their new leadership. The government planned to continue fighting in World War I, even though most Russians were thoroughly tired of war. Russian peasants, who simply wanted land and food, felt that Kerensky's government was doing too little to help.
Gavrilo Princip
Murderer of Franz Fernidad and his wife Sophie; young Siberian man that opened fire with his pistol on them which triggered WWI.
How did new technology affect the world war I battlefield
New inventions changed the science and technology of modern warfare, which became more deadly and destructive than ever before.
How did the war spread around the world?
Ottoman Empire=side of Central Powers: faught with Allied Powers--> huge losses for both sides, weakened ottoman empire even more, British took advantage and with support from Arabs, overthrew empire; battles occurred in other countries, drawing them into the war: Japanese captured German colonies, Brit. and French took German colonies in Africa
Why were the Armenians killed in the Ottoman Empire?
Ottoman leaders claimed that the Armenians were aiding the Russians. In the spring of 1915, Ottoman leaders began forcibly removing Armenians from the Caucasus.
What did Lenin want Russians to do? Why?
Overthrow the czar so that the proletariat—the industrial workers—could gain the power to rule Russia as a socialist country.
Why was it so difficult to work out a peace agreement
Parts of the Treaty of Versailles were designed to weaken Germany which made it humiliating for the Germans to agree with it.
What words does Lenin try to convince readers to follow his instructions
Peace, land, and bread.
What role did new weapons and military tactics play in trench warfare
Poison gas was one of the new weapons used in the war. Different types of gas could blind, choke, or burn the victims. Other new weapons were far more effective. For example, rapid-fire machine guns came into wide use during the war. Modern industry also produced artillery and high-explosive shells with enormous destructive power.
Why was Europe on the brink of war in 1914?
Rising tensions as a result of militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism.
Leon Trotsky
Russian revolutionary; born Lev Davidovich Bronshtein. He helped to organize the October Revolution with Lenin and built up the Red Army.
How did the technological developments of world war I affect trench warfare
Tanks, aircraft, and poison gas killed millions.
mandates
Territories to be ruled by European powers.
Woodrow Wilson
The 28th President of the United States
Were the Allied Powers or the Central Powers more affected by the changes in national boundaries?
The Allied Powers
Balfour Declaration
The Balfour Declaration was a letter from the United Kingdom's Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour to Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, a leader of the British Jewish community, for transmission to the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland.
What actions did the Bolsheviks take in Russia between 1914 and 1922
The Bolsheviks led protests, kicked the Czar and Czarina out of power, led two rebellions (The February Revolution and The October Revolution), and won the Russian Civil War
Describe the movements of the Allied Powers and the Central Powers.
The Central Powers had advanced towards France while the Allied Powers were advancing towards Berlin. Central Powers received victories at the frontier of France and Berlin, and Allied Powers received victories only by the Western Front and not the Eastern.
What were the results of the major battles fought on the Western Front during this time
The Central powers had one victory, the Allied Powers had two victories, and there were 3 outcomes that were undecided.
New Economic Policy
The New Economic Policy was an economic policy of Soviet Russia proposed by Vladimir Lenin, who described it as a progression towards "state capitalism."
What were the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente?
The Triple Alliance was a unity with Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. The Triple Entente was a unity between France, Russia, and Great Britain with a less formal contract to cooperate.
Why did the United States enter the war
The United States entered the war because of the Germans' decision to resume the policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, and the so-called "Zimmerman telegram," intercepted by the British, in which Germany floated the idea of an alliance with Mexico
Where was the Western Front located at this time? What were the results of the major battles fought there?
The Western Front was located in northern France. The result of fighting there was Germany advanced through Belgium to attack France.
What was the crime that led to the start of World War I?
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife by Gavrilo Princip.
Western Front
The deadlocked region in northern France.
genocide
The deliberate destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group.
Marxism-Leninism
The doctrines of Marx as interpreted and put into effect by Lenin in the former Soviet Union
How did the increased size and power of military forces make fighting more likely?
The growing of power of Europe's armed forces left all sides ready for war.
What events led to the outbreak of World War I?
The immediate cause of World War I that made the aforementioned items come into play (alliances, imperialism, militarism, nationalism) was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary. In June 1914, a Serbian-nationalist terrorist group called the Black Hand sent groups to assassinate the Archduke.
What events led to the end of the fighting
The intervention of USA, The low moral of the German citizens, The failure of the Schlieffen plan, weak countries overall, unskilled officials, lack of resources, and inefficient policy made by the government.
What was the outcome of Germany's last offensive
The offensive came at a high cost to Germany, however. By the end of June, they had lost 800,000 troops. Also by that time, hundreds of thousands of Americans had arrived in Europe.
How has the role of women in war changed since world war I
The role of women in the armed forces began to change slowly after the war. in world war II, most women were still limited to non-combat roles, but some fought as soldiers or as part of organized resistance movements. Today, women serve in many of the world's armed forces, filling roles ranging from soldiers on the front lines to support staff on the home front.
Central Powers
The side of the Great War or World War I that included Germany and Austria-Hungary.
Allied Powers
The side of the Great War or World War I that included Great Britain, France, Russia, and Serbia.
Triple Alliance
The so-called alliance that united Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
Why do you think European governments expanded the size of their armed forces?
They did so mostly by the desire to protect overseas colonies from other nations.
How did Bolsheviks plan to change Russian
They wanted to make Russia a socialist country.
Why did the United States enter the war in 1917
They were infuriated when Germany took the lives of many Americans after the germans were attacking boats that carries goods going to Great Britain.
What was Russia's experience in World War I
They were poorly prepared for it with little supplies, ammunition, and resources for their soldiers (who were also unskilled and unprepared to fight) for the upcoming war.
What role did U-boats have in World War I
They were used by Germany to attack British naval vessels.
Gallipoli Campaign
To destroy the guns and forts that lined the Dardanelles, the Allies landed a force on the Gallipoli Peninsula in the spring of 1915.
How did the construction of trenches affect the war in 1914?
Trench warfare would cause higher casualties.
What was the result of the battles on the Western Front
Western Europe was suffering for the Allied Powers. In 1915, a series of battles had resulted in many Allied casualties.
What happened on the Western Front?
While people on the home front supported their troops, the war in Western Europe was going badly for the Allied Powers. In 1915, a series of battles had resulted in many Allied casualties.
Do you think that Czar Nicholas II's decision to take take over command in chief Russian army was wise
Why or why not? It was not wise because he had no clue how to be in charge of an army and this had a terrible impact on Russia in the future.
How do you think total war affected life on the home front
Women joined the work force for the first time; citizens united to help their countries.
How did the various allied goals for peace differ
Woodrow Wilson mainly wanted self-determination and democracy for various countries, whereas France wanted to weaken Germany so it could never again threaten France. Other representatives of countries circled around the Big Three asking for self-determination and independence.
In what areas of the world did the war take place
World War I took place in various countries across Europe, European colonial bases in South America and Africa, the Ottoman Empire in Asia and in Russia. The war was mainly fought on the Eastern and Western Fronts in Europe as well as at sea.
Was this cartoon created by a supporter or an opponent of U.S. entry into the war
how can you tell? Supporter of someone who wanted USA in the war because it showed Uncle Sam wanting to go into the war because he was becoming impatient.