World History, Chapter 3 & 4, Test
Which of the following happened at Thermopylae?
A Greek force of 7,000 held off the Persian army of 180,000 for two days.
Who were the ephors?
A group of five Spartan men who oversaw the education of the youth and all citizens' conduct.
What is the "Socratic method"?
A teaching method in which a teacher asks questions that help students find answers by using their own reasoning skills
Who was the hero that Alexander strove to imitate?
Achilles, hero of Homer's Iliad
What city did Alexander establish as the capital of Egypt?
Alexandria
Which pharaoh was ruling when the New Kingdom reached the height of its power?
Amenhotep III
Aristotle's approach to philosophy was to
Analyze and classify things based on investigation and observation
When Athens was an oligarchy, who were the people who served as its rulers?
Aristocrats
How did Hellenistic sculpture differ from sculpture of the classical ere?
Artists began to try to create more emotional and realistic art
The center for philosophy during the Hellenistic era was
Athens
Hammurabi established a capital for his empire at
Babylon
After the Akkadian empire, the next great empire in Mesopotamia was called the
Babylonian Empire
Why is the Greeks' adoption of the Phoenician alphabet considered a cultural innovation?
By reducing all words to combinations of 24 letters, the alphabet made it easier to learn to read and write.
The classical style of art and architecture was meant to
Civilize the emotions
The pharaoh Akhenaten believed that
Egyptians should worship only one god, Aten.
According to Homer, a man wins arete by
Engaging in a struggle or contest to protect his family and preserve his honor.
What was the most famous feature of the city of Babylon after Nebuchadnezzar II made it the center of his empire
Hanging Gardens
How did Cleisthenes lay the foundations for democracy in Athens?
He created a council of 500 that proposed, debated, and voted on laws before enacting them.
How was the Persian emperor Cyrus different from the Assyrian emperors
He had a reputation for being merciful and respectful to other civilizations.
Why did Alexander the Great bring together the Macedonian and Greek armies
He needed more men because he wanted to expand his empire by invading the Persian empire.
Sargon's power came primarily from
His military strength
What brought Alexander's empire-building campaign to an end?
His soldiers refused to travel any farther.
Herodotus wrote ____, a work commonly regarded as the first real history in Western civilization.
History of the Persian Wars
The first recorded Olympic festival including athletic games was held in 776 BC in order to
Honor the gods and goddesses
The Middle Kingdom ended around 1650 BC, when
Hyksos invaded Egypt
Why is the period between 1100 BC and 750 BC called the Dark Age?
Little is known of what happened during this time because few records have survived.
According to Greek religion, the gods lived
Mount Olympus
One of the sites discovered and excavated by the German archeologist Heinrich Schliemann was
Mycenae
Why do scholars believe that the Mycenaeans developed a wide commercial network?
Mycenaean pottery has been found throughout the Mediterranean area.
Before the independent state of Kush was established around 1000 B.C., the area was called
Nubia
A society in which men hold the greatest control in both private and political shepherds is known as
Patriarchy
In 539 B.C., Babylon fell to the
Persians
What was most seriously weakened the Athenians during the Peloponnesian War?
Plague in the overcrowded city and the defeat of their navy at Aegospotami
In the Persian empire, a system of well-maintained roads connected the various provinces, also known as
Satrapies
Invasions by the ______ in the 1200s B.C. marked the beginning of the end of the New Kingdom.
Sea Peoples
What was the name of the most popular school of though during the Hellenistic era?
Stoicism
Why did the Greeks come into conflict with the Persians?
The Greek settlements had begun to encroach on the Persian empire.
What technology advance helped bring the Dark Age to an end?
The Greeks began to make weapons and farming tools out of iron
The Iliad tells the story of
The actions of the Greek hero Achilles during the Trojan War
In a Mesopotamian family's who wielded the most power?
The father
The phrase "an eye for an eye" sums up a concept known as
The principle of retaliation
According to the Code of Hammurabi, how should a son be punished if he hits his father?
The son's hand should be cut off.
Why isn't it surprising that the Greeks became seafarers?
The territory is occupied by the Greeks included many small islands as well as 8,500 miles of coastland
Why did Alexander's empire fall apart after his death?
The top Macedonian generals got embroiled in a power struggle, instead of collaborating to preserve Alexander's legacy
What helped the Kushites establish a successful trading empire?
Their land had good supplies of iron ore, which they made into tools and weapons for sale abroad.
What did the Athenians do in preparation for Xerxes's invasion?
They built up their navy into a fleet of about 200 boats
What did the people of Sparta do when they wanted to expand their city-state?
They conquered the neighboring colonies of Laconia and Messenia.
What was one important advantage the Hyksos had over the Egyptians in battle?
They rode in horse-drawn war chariots.
Which of the following is considered by many historians today to be the greatest historian of the ancient world?
Thucydides
The Greeks believed that at the oracle at Delphi
a priestess was able to communicate with the god Apollo to learn the answers to questions asked by worshipers.
At its height, the Akkadian empire included
all of Mesopotamia and lands westward to the Mediterranean.
In Athenian society, women
always had a male guardian.
The central meeting place in a polis was usually a hill called
an acropolis
Hammurabi is now most remembered for
developing the set of laws known as the Code of Hammurabi.
In addition to iron goods, the major exports of Kush were
gold, ivory, ebony, and slaves.
The new Greek military system, based on the use of hoplites, involved
heavily armed footsoldiers who marched into battle in tight formations, carrying large shields to protect them from the enemy.
The Sophist philosophers argued that
it wasn't possible for humans to understand the universe, so they should work to improve themselves as individuals.
The Greeks spread their culture throughout the ancient world by
leaving their homeland to establish distant colonies with good prospects in farming and trading.
To help control his large empire, the Akkadian emperor Sargon
made the former rulers of the city-states he conquered into governors.
To protect the government from politicians with harmful intentions, the Athenians devised the policy of
ostracism
The Mycenaean civilization was ruled by
powerful monarchies
At the height of their prosperity, the Kushites buried their kings in
pyramids
The Pharaoh Hatshepsut first gained power by
serving as regent for her stepson, Thutmosis III.
According to Aristotle, to whom did a citizen of polis belong?
state
Greek city-states finally lost their independence when
the Greeks were defeated by the Macedonians, under the leadership of Philip II.
When the emperor Darius conquered Thrace,
the Persian empire became the largest the world had yet known.
As a result of the Athenian defeat in the Peloponnesian War,
the age of classical Greek culture came to an end.
The word Zoroastrianism comes from
the name of the prophet whose teachings are recorded in the sacred book of the religion.
The territory of Greece was about the size of
the state of Louisiana
The Zoroastrians believe that
the supreme god, Ahuramazda, is a good spirit who is opposed by an evil spirit, Ahriman.
What theory did Aristarchus develop?
the theory that the earth revolved around the sun
How did the Athenians react to the laws enacted by their leaders Draco?
they gave full power to Solon, who canceled debts and feed those who had been enslaved for owing money under Draco
Who supported the efforts of the Greek tyrants to control the city-states?
those who had used their skills in trade and industry to become wealthy
What was the mission of the Delian League
to liberate all Greek states that remained under Persian control
At the turn of the 5th century B.C., Greek city-colonies in Asia Minor
united to defeat the Persian invaders
Greek tragedies dealt with
universal themes that are still relevant today.
When an Assyrian army approached an enemy city, it would most likely
use battering rams and siege towers to destroy the walls surrounding the city.
The Assyrian communication system was so efficient that a governor could send a message anywhere within the empire and receive a response within
week
At its height, the Assyrian empire was ruled by kings
who claimed absolute power over their subjects.
Athenians produced ______, both for local use and export.
wine and olive oil