World History Feltman Test 1
Versailles
The Palace of Versailles is the central part of a complex that housed the French government, most notably its royalty, during the reigns of Louis XIV (France's famed "Sun King"), Louis XV and Louis XVI. After the French Revolution in 1789, it ceased to be a permanent royal residence. Louis XIV built the Palace of Versailles because so that his nobles don't betray him.
The Protectorate
The Protectorate Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector and created a dictatorship where he denied religious freedom to Anglicans and Catholics and allowed Jews to return to England. He also invaded Ireland and conquered Scotland. He was no fun and regulated the lives of English.
Issac Newton
The brilliant English physicist, astronomer, and mathematician. He published "The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy," better known as "Principia Mathematica." Discovered the nature of gravity.
Divine Right
The doctrine that kings and queens have a God-given right to rule and that rebellion against them is a sin. This belief was common through the seventeenth century and was urged by such kings as Louis xiv of France.
Jan Hus
The leader of the Czech religious reforms, and the spiritual founder of the Protestant reformation in the 1500's. He was convicted by the Council of Constance for heresy. Burned at the stake.
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
The major work of Nicolas Copernicus. Refuted the theory of a geocentric universe in favor of a heliocentric one
Antisemitism
The oldest prejudice. Many blamed the Jews for the Plague. They claimed that the Jews poisoned their water wells. Jewish communities were destroyed. Jews were tortured for information so that Christians could further use them as scapegoats for the Plague.
Tainos
The people Columbus came in contact with in the West Indies. They grew corn, yams, and cotton. (which they wove into cloth). They were friendly and generous toward the Spanish. They were wiped out by disease and Europeans who enslaved them.
Salons
These were meeting places for philosophical discussion that were for the upper and middle class citizens who would talk about different doctrine
Philosophes
Thinkers of the Enlightenment; Wanted to educate the socially elite, but not the masses; were not allowed to openly criticize church or state, so used satire and double-meaning in their writings to avoid being banned; Salons held by wealthy women also kept philosophes safe; They considered themselves part of an intellectual community, and wrote back and forth to each other to share ideas.
The Peace of Augsburg (1555)
This 1555 peace agreement established the compromise between Lutherans and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire. Allowed the rulers of the various territories to decide the religion within their realms.
The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572)
This was the massacre that occurred during the wedding of a Catholic and Huguenot that was thought would resolve the conflict between the two conflicting parties
The Ottoman Empire
Took over Turkey from the Byzantine Empire and strived to expand its borders into Eastern Europe, mainly fighting the Holy Roman Empire and its various princes throughout the Middle Ages. Constanople the center. Over time it started to shrink and grow weaker, it was dismantled after WWI.
The Atlantic System
Triangular trade between Europe, Africa and the New World. Slaves, industrial goods, raw materials. Europe ships processed goods to Africa, slaves are taken from Africa and the New World sends products to Europe. Asia was eventually added because England would get silk and tea from them. The Atlantic System was the first system of global exchange and exploitation.
"Doubting Thomas"
Used to mean a "skeptic"; based on when he doubted Jesus' resurrection and demanded to feel Jesus' wounds before being convinced, and after that happened he professed his faith in Jesus. Faith vs. Speculation.
Vasco da Gama
Vasco da Gama Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. His success in doing so proved to be one of the more instrumental moments in the history of navigation.
The Anglican Church
Weakens power of Catholic Church.
William III and Mary of Orange
William III and Mary of Orange William and his wife Mary, Protestant daughter of James II ruled England as king and queen limited by English Law.They have no real power.
Martin Luther
a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. "Taking out the middle man" you and god
Racial Hierarchy
a system of stratification that focuses on the belief that some racial groups are superior or inferior to others
Louis XIII
r. 1610-1643)Influenced by Richelieu to exult the French monarchy as the embodiment of the French state. Established absolute rule.
Heliocentric Model
sun is the center of the universe.
Hispanola & San Salvador
the first island that was found by Christopher Columbus & Carribbean island near Hispaniola that Columbus named, meaning "Holy Savior"
Rahel Varnhagen
was a German writer who hosted one of the most prominent salons in Europe where woman could have coffee, tea, etc. and talk.
The Fall of Constantinople (1453)
was the capture of Constantinople, the capital of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, which occurred after a siege by the invading Ottoman Empire, under the command of 21-year-old Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II, against the defending army commanded by Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos. The siege lasted from Friday, 6 April 1453 until Tuesday, 29 May 1453, when the city fell and was finally conquered by the Ottomans. Basically: the Muslims run the Christians out and cut off access to Marco Polo.
Cardinal Richelieu
was the chief of government under King Louis XIII. He achieved two difficult goals in his career: establishing absolute monarchy in France and breaking the political power of the Huguenots, or French Protestants.
The Glorious Revolution
was the overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland and James II of Ireland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange). When the daughter overthrows her father
Plague Doctors
wore mask and capes to keep the plague away - They were not real doctors and used people for their money; took advantage
Ninety-Five Theses
written by Martin Luther and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. It is vitally important to understand that these theses were used for the intent of displaying Luther's displeasure with the Church's indulgences. Attack on the abuses of the church and was copied and spread throughout Germany.
The Crusades
• 1096 Called crusade to take back Jerusalem • Jerusalem was a important city to Jesus and the Muslims were taking it over, Christians were sent there to protect it. • 3-5 years 098-1204 AD. Holy Land taken over by Muslims, people in Western Europe enraged and sought out to take the Holy land back. Only 1st is successful.
Charles II
• Decide to go back to the Stuart line of Kings • When he dies he converts to Catholicism • Is replaced by his brother James II 1633-1701 -King of England and Scotland and Ireland during the Restoration (1630-1685). Admits he is Catholic on deathbed.
James II
• He is a catholic • Did not have a son • In 1688 the elderly James II has a son but ppl do not believe it is his kid • Ppl were scared of a catholic reign (r. 1685-1688) a Catholic king who puts policies in place for Catholics and greatly angered Parliament nobles. His actions led to the Glorious Revolution. His Daughter is Mary and her husband William III helps rule.
Oliver Cromwell
• Is the man that takes over Parliament in the English civil war • "round heads" (believed against divine right) • Was a puritan (God is on his side) • Puts together new model army • Become victorious in England civil war refuses to become king, does not want kings -As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator under martial law.
The Stuart Kings
• Stuart Kings known for having a bumpy road w/ parliament
The Battle of White Mountain
• The Catholics defeat the Protestants at the battle of white mountain • General Tilly: Catholic • More protestants come into the battle from surrounding countries and the war continues
Article: The Social Contract by Jean Jacques Rousseau
"Man was borne free, but everywhere he is in chains. This man believes that he is the master of others, and still he is more of a slave that they are." -The social contract terms can be reduced to a single stipulation: "the individual member alienates himself totally to the whole community together with all his rights" -The rights of the individual is second best to the rights of the whole community -Cannot buy representation, you have to participate -The people are sovereign and the government is NOT
Mesoamerica
"Middle America" the region extending from modern-day Mexico through Central America
The Renaissance
"Rebirth" time period from 1350-1650. People studied literature from ancient Greece and Rome, paintings, plays, poems, musical compositions, and scientific inventions. Artists and inventors were taking more credit for their work.
Article: Devastation of the Indies
"These people are the most guileless, the most devoid of wickedness and duplicity, the most obedient and faithful to their native masters and to the Spanish Christians whom they serve"- Talks about how the Spaniards are the ones being the savages
Article: Dissolution of the Long Parliament by Oliver Cromwell
"Ye have no more religion than my horse; gold is your God; which of you have not bartered your conscience for bribes" -Cromwell is talking about how these people only care about money and power rather than the interest of the people
Christo Ferens
"carrying Christ"; the name Christopher Columbus took on because he stressed to Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain the potential of converting natives in the new world.
Marco Polo
(1254-1324) Italian explorer and author. He made numerous trips to China and returned to Europe to write of his journeys. He is responsible for much of the knowledge exchanged between Europe and China during this time period. He establishes the spice road by effectively creating a guidebook.
James I
(1603-1625) Stuart monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings. Takes over when Elizabeth dies
Voltaire
(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church. Beginning of funny political slander.
Jean Jacques Rousseau
- Believed there should be a relationship between the ppl and the government - Comes up w/ a great idea- The General Will= how society should be run - Single stipulation- "the individual member alienates himself to the whole community together with all his rights" A Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer of the 18th century. His political philosophy influenced the French Revolution as well as the overall development of modern political, sociological, and educational thought. Rousseau was the most popular of the philosophes among members of the Jacobin Club.
Magna Carta—1215
- Signed by King John in 1215 - Means great charter - The right to check the king
Article: Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
-"Adopted in the regard to those of the said religion, and the places in which they might meet for public worship, established extraordinary judges to administer justice to them, and provide particular articles for whatever could be thought necessary for maintaining tranquility of his kingdom and for diminishing mutual aversion between members of two religions" -The Edict of Nantes allows people of different religions to coexist in peace but when king Louis XIV revoked this then protestants began to leave because they weren't welcome anymore
Article: Sermon on Indulgences by Johann Tetzel
-"As soon doth the coin in the collection box ring, the tortured soul to heaven doing spring" -Why should you give money? Because you can also buy your dead families redemption -Tetzel uses peoples' families to get people to buy indulgences to save them from being in hell
Article: What is Enlightenment? by Immanuel Kant
-"Enlightenment is man's release from his self-incurred tutelage." - *Sapere aude*: Have courage to use your own reason- this is the motto of enlightenment -If you don't take the initiative to learn then you are lazy -"Everywhere there is a restriction on freedom"
Article: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies by Copernicus
-"I am aware that a philosopher's ideas are not subject to the judgement of ordinary person's because it is his endeavor to seek the truth in all things, to the extent permitted to human reason by God." -Talked about how he disagrees with the Church and says that the Sun is in the center of the universe
Article: On Social Order and Absolute Monarchy by Jean Domat
-"It is in this principle that we must seek the origin of the rules that determine the duties, both of those who govern and those who are subject to government" -Domat says that you cannot move up the social ladder but do the best at the job you have and God placed Louis XVI in power
Hernan Cortes
-1485-1547, Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico.
Ann of Austria
-Anne will take over as queen and run the kingdom until her son is old enough to rule -Rules beside Cardinal Mazarin\ Regent of Louis the XIV, Hapsburg, supposedly in love with Mazarin
Article: Florentine Chronicle
-Had no idea how the disease spread -Animals got sick too -"Child abandoned the father, husband the wife, wife the husband, one brother the other, one sister the other"- people were so afraid that they left their family behind which caused a lot of tension in families -"Like layers of cheese in a lasagna"- there were so many dead that they piled them on top of each other in ditches -There was so much death during the plague, that no one even noticed after a while
Article: The Court of Louis XIV
-He didn't seem to be looking a the bigger picture rather looking at petty things like dressing and the drill of his soldiers -"He loved splendor, magnificence, and profusion in all things, and encouraged similar tastes in his Court; to spend money freely on equipages and buildings, on feasting and at cards, was a sure way to gain favor"
The Sacking of Magdeburg
-It was raised to the ground; it was erased burnt to the ground -Murdered, raped, took whatever they wanted -refers to the siege, the subsequent plundering, and the massacre of the inhabitants of the largely Protestant city of Magdeburg by the forces of the Holy Roman Empire and the Catholic League during the Thirty Years' War
Article: What is the Third Estate?
-The third estate is the people of France -"Whatever may be your services, whatever may be your abilities, you shall go thus far; you may not pass beyond"- This is pretty much saying that you cannot rise in your social status and you should just stay where you are at. -"Imperium in imperia"- a government, power, or sovereignty within a government, power, or sovereignty -"The third estate embraces then all that which belongs to the nation; and all that which is not the third estate, cannot be regarded as being of the nation"
Article: Ninety-Five Theses by Martin Luther
-This is a protest and call for reform -Luther attacked the practice of selling indulgences -"His theses are a brilliant combination of theological argument and polemical tone" -Talks about the right way to worship God rather than what is being done now
Mercantilism
.- An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought.
Adam Smith
...-Law of Supply and demand..1723- 1790; Scottish; "Wealth of Nations"; first economist; "laissez-faire capitalism"; not completely against govt regulation; pro free trade; let individuals pursue own interest; attacks mercantilism- peep do thinks out of self interest (baker); prices should be fluctuated on just supply & demand- not what gov't say it is; philosophe; not hard-core conservative (gov't does have part); didn't trust businessmen; economics should have an economic (not military) end goal; skilled workforce and strong infrastructure determines power of country- not how much stacks of gold you have; colonization is dumb
Francis Bacon
1561-1626, experiment! Truth may only be found in the world around you! • Made the first encyclopedia An English lawyer, a high royal official, and an author. He wrote "The Advancement of Learning," "Novum Organum,: and "New Atlantis."
Edict of Nantes
1598 proclamation that recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France but also gave the Huguenots the right to worship and to enjoy all political privileges.
The Restoration
1660. Restored the English monarchy to Charles II, both Houses of Parliament were restored, established Anglican church, courts of law and local government.
Rene Descartes
: 1596-1650: Only what can be proven • Can not believe in something if it can not be proven • Question the world around you
The Fronde'
A French rebellion that was caused by Mazarin's attempt to increase royal revenue and expand state bureaucracy; caused Louis XIV to distrust the state and turn to absolutism.
Johannes Kepler
A German astronomer and initially a staunch Copernican. He utilized Brahe's observations to discover that the orbits of the planets were elliptical, not circular, forcing him to abandon the Copernican concept of circular orbits. He published "On the Motion of Mars."
Saladin
A Muslim conqueror, he recaptured Jerusalem in 1187, then agreed in 1192 with Richard the Lionheart to a three year truce where Jerusalem remained under Muslim control but unarmed Christian pilgrims could freely visit the city's holy places.
Wittenberg
A city in northern Germany, where Luther drew up his 95 theses.
The Spice Road
A commercial route for European
Colbert
A finance minister under Louis XIV that applied mercantilism to France to help increase revenue.
Mestizos
A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry.
Johann Tetzel
A priest who set up a pulpit on the outskirts of Wuttenburg. He offered indulgences to any Christian who contributed money for the rebuilding of the Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome. The leading seller of Indulgences (signs and purgatory)--"your family is in pain unless you pay". Infuriated Luther
Pluralism
A theory of government that holds that open, multiple, and competing groups can check the asserted power by any one group
Protestant
A theory of government that holds that open, multiple, and competing groups can check the asserted power by any one group.
Wealth of Nations
Adam smith wrote this. focuses on the state of economics during the industrial revolution and still has a great influence on democratic economic policies today.
Dona Maria
American indian who played a critical role in the spanish conquest of Mexico. She was thought to be a princess of an Aztec speaking tribe and was sold to coastal slave traders in her youth. 1519 she was presented to Cortez as well as 20 other female slaves. When he found out she could speak the aztec language, he took a special interest in her as a lover. She was very intelligent and made herself indispensible to Cortez. She sometimes would over hear the enemy making plans and warned Cortez to avoid warfare, she became an advisor to Cortez. Leads to first Mestizo child.
Christopher Columbus
An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journeys until the time of his death in 1503.
Galileo
An Italian scientist who exclusively utilized a telescope to refute the Ptolemaic system. He publicized his findings and arguments for the Copernican system in his "Dialogues on the Two Chief Systems of the World."
Mongol Empire
An empire founded in the 12th century by Genghis Khan, which reached its greatest territorial extent in the 13th century, encompassing the larger part of Asia and extending westward to the Dnieper River in eastern Europe. Were extremely vicious, but also extremely advanced.
Zheng He
An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.
Moctezuma
Aztec Ruler, mistook Cortes to be god and welcomed him into the empire. Offered him gifts, but was killed nonetheless by his own people because he was being used as puppet for Cortes.
Yersinia Pestis
Bacteria that cause the black plaque bubo: swelling on neck septicernic: blood based pneumonic: respiratory form
Septicemic Plague
Bacterium spreads throughout bloodstream; usually death occurs before diagnosis can be made. Infected the circulatory system.
Columbian Exchange
Biological and ecological exchange that occurred after European arrival in the New World; peoples of Europe and Africa came to the Americas; animals, plants, and diseases moved between the Old and New Worlds. There were foods and diseases that had never been experienced before.
The Black Plague
Black Plague - 14th century, largest outbreak Urban environment ~25 million people died ~three years time ~1/3 of population
Cardinal Mazarin
Cardinal Mazarin (1602-61) & Ann of Austria (1601-66) -Anne will take over as queen and run the kingdom until her son is old enough to rule -Rules beside Cardinal Mazarin
The Catholic Union (1608)
Catholic Princes coming together and forming alliances. preparing for what might come.
Scientific Revolution
Characteristics • Reason & rationality • Observation • Self Discovery • Breaking w/ the Past
Pneumonic Plague
Characterized by a continuous fever and spitting up blood. Spread through the air, common cold. Lungs Affected
Charles I
Charles I King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649. Cromwell takes over.
Huguenots
Converts or adherents to Calvinism in France, including many from the French nobility wishing to challenge the authority of the Catholic monarch. Also known as French Protestants.
New Model Army
Cromwell's Puritan army; was drilled, disciplined, and zealous; part of the civil war
Ferdinand and Isabella
During the late 15th century, they became King and Queen of a united Spain after centuries of Islamic domination. Together, they made Spain a strong Christian nation and also provided funding to overseas exploration, notably Christopher Columbus.
Conquistadors
Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.) They wanted to make money and a name for themselves. People became this because of primogeniture.
Geocentric Model
Earth is the center of the universe
Edward VI
Edward VI (1547-1553) King Henry VIII's only son. Sickly, and became King at 9 years old. Since he wasn't capable of governing his country the Protestant church was soon brought in through his advisors Cromwell and Cranmer.
The Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
Ends the Thirty Years War. Birth of Modern diplomacy. Lose lands. Understanding that Europeans need to make a standing army with Officer Soldiers.
Tenochtitlan
Extravagant capital of the Azetecs. Their leader was Moctezuma
Immanuel Kant
Figure of the enlightenment - Struggled to know the meaning of "to be enlightened" -Have the courage to use your own reason
Flagellants
Flagellants People who whipped themselves with ropes with metal pieces attached to cleanse their sin--they thought Plague was God's punishment for sins. Some women wiped the blood on their faces to cleanse themselves as well.
Encomiendas
Grants given to Spanish settlers by the Spanish Armada. These grants gave settlers the right to own Native American Slaves
Charles V (Habsburg)
Holy Roman Emperor who claimed to rule through divine right. Utilizes Luther for Protestant reform.
Inca
Inca Empire & Atahualpa • Second empire to be taken over by Europeans • Inca Empire just fought a civil war between brothers after their fathers death • Leader of Spanards in the Inca empire is called Francisco Pizarro\ -An advanced peoples that were already familiar with brain surgery. Led by Atahualpa. Had silver and significant amounts of gold.
Indulgences
Indulgences • Indulgence is known as forgiveness, buying forgiveness from the priest • The priest were keeping the money and living lavishly Johan Tetzel & Indulgences • Defends indulgences • Says they are important not only for your sake but your dead loved ones
John Calvin
John Calvin was responsible for founding Calvinism, which was reformed Catholicism. He writes about it in "Institutes of a Christian Religion" published in 1536. He believed God was all knowing and everyone was predestined for heaven or hell.
John Locke
John Locke 17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. Created "The Social Contract", the country is made by the people and is for the people and the people have the power to overthrow a corrupt government.
King Henry IV of France
King Henry IV (France) & The Edict of Nantes: 1598 - Has to do something to stop the violence - Edict of Nantes 1598- allowed religious tolerance
The Edict of Nantes (1598)
King Henry IV (France) & The Edict of Nantes: 1598 - Has to do something to stop the violence - Edict of Nantes 1598- allowed religious tolerance
King Henry VIII
King of England from 1509 to 1547 and founder of the Church of England; he broke with the Catholic Church because the pope would not grant him a divorce.
Khubilai Khan
Last of the Mongol Great Khans (r. 1260-1294) and founder of the Yuan Empire. He helped establish secularism. He held his empire together through fear of his brutality. Like the mafia: would raise places and demand they pay fees to him so he wouldn't do it again.
Atahualpa
Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish. He was originally going to be burned, but it was against his religion so Spanish bargained: if he converted to Christianity they would just kill him by a role that tightens and eventually pops head off
Francisco Pizzaro
Led conquest of Inca Empire of Peru beginning in 1535; by 1540, most of Inca possessions fell to the Spanish. He captured Atahualpa and makes it clear who is in charge. He kept Atahualpa around for while until they decided to kill him.
Louis XIV
Louis XIV as a Child -Was treated as the king he was going to be - In his early twenties he announces that he wants to be King -Does not want a religious adviser -His power came from God, did not need an earthly person to interpret God's word for him -"I am the state" -Louis XIV (1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.
The "Sun King"
Louis XIV, meaning he's the light of his country. France revolves around him. Symbol of his reign.
Encomenderos
Men that demanded tribute and forced labor from Native Americans.
The Aztecs
Native Americans who that lived in what is now Mexico and routinely offered their gods human sacrifices, these people were violent, yet built amazing pyramids and built a great civilization without having a wheel. They had a powerful empire. Their capital was Tenochtitlán. They were captured by Hernando Cortes.
Mehmed the Conquerer
Nickname of Mehmed II, an Ottoman Emperor responsible for leading the Fall of Constantinople.
Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus made a very important discovery. He discovered that the earth and all of the planets revolve around the sun. Before Copernicus discovery astronomers believed that the Earth was the center of the universe and the sun and planets revolved around it.
Vasco da Gama
Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route
Principia, 1687
Principia Mathematica Perhaps the greatest work of Issac Newton's. Thanks to the work of Galileo, Newton was able to hypothesize many important theories
The Protestant Union (1608)
Protestant Princes coming together and forming alliances. preparing for what might come.
The Defenestration of Prague (1618)
Protestant grab Catholics and throw them out the window
Elizabeth I
Queen Elizabeth I (tudor): 1533-1603 (rule begins 1558) • Would not marry • Brilliant • Well respected
slave trade
Slave Trade European trade agreement with Africa dealing with slaves brought from Africa. Integral part of Triangle Trade between the Americas, Africa, and Europe.
Sicily
The Black Plague first hit in sicily. Where the ships moored and the rats escaped, thus beginning the infection of millions
English Civil War
The English civil war was cause by Charles I not communicating with Parliament