World History Midterm
Austria
Leader was Maria Theresa who had many wars to maintain power; Hapsburg's were the ruling family meaning they were Catholic; Center of music and arts
Louis Phillippe
The cousin of Charles X who had supported the French revolution in his youth; Later on was chosen as the Constitutional Monarch by moderate liberals
Huguenots
French Protestants of the 1500s and 1600s
Effects of the Thirty Years' War
- 1/3 of German States population died - German lands divided into small independent states - France gained land, Spanish Hapsburg's lost territory
Father Jose Morelos
A Mexican priest that lead independence movements after Hidalgo's death
Louis Kossuth
A Hungarian nationalist/revolutionary who demanded independence from Austria
Liberalism
A belief that government can and should achieve justice and equality of opportunity
Giuseppe Garibaldi
A longtime nationalist in Italy; Led the Red Shirts from Sicily to Naples as a campaign to help unify Italy
Restoration
A period where the monarch in England accepted limits on their power
Liberal
A person who wanted constitutions to be created and freedoms extended to include press, speech, etc.
Radical
A person who wants drastic and immediate change
Nihilist(s)
A youth movement made up of a new intellectual class that grew rapidly due to the increased attendance at schools by commoners; Believed in nothing and had an impulse to destroy
Otto von Bismark
After being appointed Chancellor by King William I, this man used his policy of iron and blood to unite the German states under Prussian rule
Charles II
After the puritans were defeated, this Stuart monarch came back from exile to rule, which began the Restoration Period
Czars(Tsars)
All powerful rulers; able to crush nobility, the church, etc.
Balkan Powder Keg
An area of Europe that consisted of a lot of built-up tension, where any conflict would lead to war
Catherine the Great
An empress of Russia in the late eighteenth century who encouraged the cultural influences of western Europe in Russia and extended Russian territory toward the Black Sea
Conservative
An individual who would prefer to keep the status quo and notexperience any change
Cardinal Richilieu
Appointed by Louis XIII as chief of minister; thought to destroy the power of the Huguenots and nobles; defeated the private armies of the nobles and their fortified castles
Dual Monarchy
Austria & Hungary shared an emperor, but each had its own parliament, prime minister, and constitution. They also shared ministries of finance, defense, and foreign affairs. This form of government was known as what?
Divine Right
Belief god has chosen the monarch; god-like king (Heredity - eldest son inherited the throne)
St. Petersburg
Capital of Russia; founded by Peter as a "window to the west"; became cultural center
Holy Roman Emperor
Controlled Spain, part of Italy, and Netherlands; head of Hapsburg family was chosen as this - suppose to defend the Catholic faith
Peter the Great
Czar of Russia; tried to "westernize" Russia; made people shave their beards, wear western clothes, upper class had to take math classes, mixed sexes at parties; created new class of nobility; modernized army and navy
Maria Theresa
Daughter of Charles VI; ruled Hapsburg land after her family
Kaiser
Emperor
Spanish Armada
Fleet of large ships
Limited Monarch
Government in which a constitution or legislative body limits the monarch's power
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Haitian slave who was taught to read/write by his master (allowed him to learn Enlightenment ideas); Encouraged slaves to revolt when France denied their freedom; Brilliant general; Died before Haiti was truly independent
King Victor Emmanuel II
He became the first king of a unified Italy in 1871
Parliament
Highest legislature; consisting of the sovereign, House of Lords vs. House of Commons; later changed name because it was on and off; actions triggered the greatest political revolution in English history
Chancellor
Highest official of a monarch
Louis XIV
His reign, the longest in French history, was characterized by a magnificent court, the expansion of French influence in Europe, and the establishment of overseas colonies. Known as "Louis the Great" and "the Sun King"
Miguel Hidalgo
In 1810, this man led a group of indigenous and mestizo peasants in a revolt against the peninsulares under the banner of the Virgin of Guadalupe; This was the beginning of the Mexican War of independence
Henry IV
King of France that converted to catholicism - "Paris is well worth a mass"
Edict of Nantes
Law issued by French King, Henry IV, in 1598; gave more religious freedom to French Protestants
Prussia
Leader was Fredrick II(Fredrick the Great); separated lands in northern, central Europe; strong military force; captured Silesia from Austria jumpstarting the Austrian Succession
Oliver Cromwell
Led civil war in England; became known as Lord of Protector
Ottoman Empire
Many of the Balkan territories controlled by Austria had once been part of this Empire that had begun to decline in the 1600s
Philip II
Married "Bloody Mary"; when she died he tried to marry Queen Elizabeth I (her sister), instead they became rivals; Spanish Hapsburg king, known as "Prudent King"; most powerful Spanish king
Absolute Monarch
Monarch rules by divine right and decides what is best for state; ruler holds unlimited power
Emigration
Movement away from the homeland
Duma
Nicholas II was forced to allow the Russian revolutionaries to create a legislature. This legislature was known as what?
Zemstov
One of the reforms made by Alexander II was to allow local governments to make laws, build schools, etc. These local governments were known as what?
Napoleon III
Original name is Louis Napoleon; Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte who won the election for president in France after the second French Revolution
Simon Bolivar
Participated in forming the foundation of Gran Columbia; Regarded as a hero, visionary, revolutionary, and known as "The Liberator"; During his lifetime he led Bolivia, Columbia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela to independence; Laid the foundations for democratic ideology in Hispanic America
Holy Roman Empire
Patchwork of several small separate states; neither holy, nor roman, nor an empire
Anarchists
People who want to abolish all government
Power of the Purse
Power to tax
Junkers
Prussian nobles; Fredrick Williams I gained their loyalty by giving them positions in the government and the army
Fredrick II
Prussian ruler; placed strong emphasis on military forces; made one of the best armies in Europe
Realpolitik
Realistic politics based on the needs of the state
Puritans
Religious group that wanted to "purify" the Anglican church: leaders in Parliament
Versailles
Royal French residence and seat of government established by King Louis XIV
Elizabeth I
Ruled England; called Golden Age of England; not married; political genius; defeated Spanish Armada
Tudors
Ruling family of England; very popular; Henry VII through Elizabeth
Romanov
Ruling family of Russia for 300 years; started after "Time of Trouble"
Hapsburg
Ruling family of Spain and Austria; Divided after Ferdinand and Isabella's grandson, Charles V abdicated; land was split between his son, Philip II, and younger brother, Ferdinand; they were catholic monarchs
Boyars
Russian landowners that were nobles; constantly in conflicts with czars
Autonomy
Self-Rule
English Bill of Rights
Series of acts passed by English Parliament in 1689; limited the rights of the monarchy and ensured superiority of Parliament
Peace of Westphalia
Series of treaties ending Thirty Years' War; settle conflicts between all of the nations involved in fighting
Thirty Years' War
Series of wars fought to maintain a balance of power between Catholics and Protestants
Gran Columbia
Simon Bolivar was the President of this short lived South American country
Napoleon Bonaparte
Spanish colonies saw their opportunity to rebel against Spanish rule when this man invaded Spain in 1808
Idelologies
Systems of thought and belief
1914 (Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand - led to WWI)
The "powder keg of the Balkans" refers to the volatility of the country due to the almost 15 different ethnic groups that were part of the empire. The spark that caused the "explosion" of the powder key occurred in what year?
Austria
The Congress of Vienna returned control of the various Italian city-states to different European powers. This country held the most territory and had the most control in Italy
Autocracy
The Russian government where one person ruled with unlimited power
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
The finance policies of this man made France the wealthiest state in Europe
Hohenzollern
The ruling family of scattered lands across north Germany; united lands to create Prussia
Commonwealth
The type of government established in England after Charles I was executed and the civil war ended
Stuarts
They took over England when Elizabeth died; lots of religious conflicts and issues with Parliament; power to tax was the main issue during their reign
Prussia
This German state was considered the most powerful and it led the way to unification
Belgium
This country became independent from the Netherlands following a revolution in 1830
France
This country promised to aid the revolutionaries in Italy who were fighting Austria by sending supplies, troops, etc
Toussaint L'Ouverture
This man was nicknamed the "Black Napoleon" for his military skills
Wilhelm I (William I)
This man was the first kaiser of unified Germany
Francis Joseph (Franz Josef)
This man was the one and only Emperor of Austria-Hungary
Poland
This nation was divided up between Austria, Prussia & Russia when it failed to achieve independence
Jose de San Martin
This revolutionary leader was in charge of the "Army of the Andes" and successfully liberated Peru, Chile, and Argentina as well; He was born in Argentina but went to Europe for his military training
Hapsburgs
This ruling family was responsible for governing the empire and held the crown in both countries
Nicholas II
This tsar took over after his father passed away. He was a weak leader, allowing revolutionary groups to threaten his power, and as a result soviets were formed
Alexander III
This tsar was a reactionary to his father's assassination and wanted to go back to how Russia had been. To do this, he imposed the Russian language and customs. He also persecuted non-Russian speakers and non-Eastern Orthodox believers. What Russian tsar was this?
Alexander II
This tsar was responsible for freeing the serfs in a declaration he made in 1861, establishing a system of local governments, and creating legal and military reforms
Kulturkampf
This was a deliberate attempt to free the German people from the control of the Catholic Church
Zollverein
This was the first step toward unification, the creation of an economic union free of trade barriers between the German states.
Pogroms
Under Alexander III, Russian Jews were subject to anti-Semitic attacks known as what?
Ferdinand and Isabella
United Spanish kingdoms of Aragon and Castile in 1461; under their reign they... - conquered the muslim stronghold of Granada; expelled Jews and Muslims - added territory to the Spanish crown: sent Columbus on voyages - policy of using marriage of alliances to strengthen their power
Miguel Hidalgo
What man gave the famous speech known as "El Grito de Dolores" to encourage the mestizos and indigenous people of Mexico to rebel against Spain?
No. Before Peter the Great, Russia was cut off from western Europe - did not have ideas from crusades, Renaissance, and Reformation. This allowed them to have their own, unique culture
Was Russia a westernized culture?
Cavaliers vs. Roundheads (Anglican vs. Puritans)
What two sides were fought in the English Civil War?
Russian Jews
What group of people were the pogroms directed towards?
Long Parliament
When Charles I dissolved Parliament, but later called them back to get money to suppress the Scottish Rebellion
Glorious Revolution
When William and Mary, the daughter of James II, take over as limited monarchs
Count Cavour
When this man was appointed as Prime Minister of Piedmont in 1852, his primary goal was unification; A shrewd and ruthless politician; He died 3 months after the Italian kingdom was completed
Sir Francis Drake
Who led the English fleet in defeating the Spanish Armada?
Louis Kossuth
Who said this quote, "...the house of Habsburg-Lorraine, perjured in the sight of God and man, had forfeited the Hungarian throne..."?
Charles I
Who was forced to sign the Petition of Right?
James I
Who was the first Stuart to take the throne after Elizabeth?