World History Unit 4

Who was Bartolome de Las Casas (Spain) and why was he significant?

Bartolome de Las Casas was a dominican friar who did not agree with conquering, killing, and racism. He wrote the book Brief Account of the Devastation of the Indies (1542) which was about the horrible things that happened because of the conquistadors in North America. He focused on protecting indigenous rights.

According to excerpts from his journal, how did Columbus view the Native peoples?

Columbus was very ignorant towards the Natives. He is condescending and judges the Native people based on how they look. He is basically calling them dumb. He later says that they would be good servants and that in his opinion, they would readily become Christians, as they have no religion.

Who were the conquistadors?

Conquistadors were leaders in the Spanish conquest of the Americas.

Besides Spain and Portugal, which other European nations explored and settled in the Americas?

England Netherlands France

French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)--Henry IV's actions? Significance of the Edict of Nantes (1598)?

France was mostly Catholic, but they didn't like the power of the Huguenots (French Protestants w/ Calvinist influences) so they fought over religion in France. Henry IV became king, but he was a Huguenot, and converted to Catholicism to get greater acceptance from the mainly Catholic country. In the Edict of Nantes, he made Catholicism the official religion of France, but he gave Huguenots the right to free worship and political rights. This made both groups happy and ended the religious wars in France in 1598.

Who was Francisco Pizarro (Spain)? How did he conquer the Incas (1533)? Advantages?

Francisco Pizarro was a conquistador that arrived in Peru. He conquered the Incas by convincing Atahualpa (Emperor) to go to a religious gathering and a priest's comes up and gives him a bible, Atahualpa then throws the bible on the ground; Pizarro uses this as an excuse to kill the Incas. When Pizarro captured Atahualpa he says that he would give them a room of gold if they let him go, Pizarro "accepts" but ends up killing him and taking all the gold. Also he had gun powders, horses and was immune to the diseases he brought over.

How did King Philip II's "militant Catholicism" spark conflict with England? What happened to the Spanish Armada in 1588?

Happened because of Martin Luther He wanted to conquer England and make it Catholic because they were Protestant. He thought he was unbeatable, but the English navy was very powerful and defeated the Spanish. armada ended up losing so much money which caused the Spain to slowly go down in terms of global power.

Who was Hernan Cortes (Spain)? How did he conquer the Aztecs (1521)? Advantages?

He was a conquistador that arrived in the land of the Aztec Empire (Mexico). He conquered the Aztecs by pretending to be the sacred god Quetzalcoatl, who was supposed to appear around the time Cortes appeared. Also he had gun powders, horses and was immune to the diseases he brought over.

What is mercantilism? Connection between mercantilism and the pursuit of colonial empires?

Mercantilism is a set of principles that held that the prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply of gold and silver. Sell more than you're buying. European colonial expansion around the world produced a great increase in European trade. To bring in gold and silver payments, nations tried to have a favorable balance of trade. Colonies were a good source of goods.

What does Olaudah Equiano's (Gustavus Vasa) autobiography (1789) reveal about the slave trade and the Middle Passage? Why was his book so significant?

Olaudah Equiano's autobiography reveals the horrors of the middle passage. The book reveals that the mistreatment of slaves, such as flogging (whipping). The masters were whipping people for not eating because they had spent good money for them, and if they died, they would be worthless. Equiano says that slaves would rather die than be enslaved for life. This book was significant because it stirred up opposition feelings against slavery.

How did Portugal and Spain take the lead during the Age of Exploration? Who were the key players? How did each contribute to an expanded view of what was possible in terms of maritime exploration and trade?

Portugal and Spain took the lead during the Age of Exploration by creating the Treaty of Tordesillas, and sending a lot of people to search for new lands. The key players were Christopher Columbus, Hernan Cortes, and Francisco Pizarro.

What were the causes and effects of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)? Significance of the Peace of Westphalia? (1648)

STARTED IN THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE (CATHOLIC) ALL EUROPEAN POWERS EXCEPT ENGLAND Initially, The Thirty Year's War was caused by Religion. In Bohemia, they felt that they were not getting enough government attention in the Catholic Holy Roman Empire. As more countries got involved, the focus turned more political. The effects were that it was the most destructive European war before the 20th century. Also, ⅓ of the German population died. The Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Year's War. It was significant because it was a turning point in European history. It moved towards a system of sovereign states. Each state would have the right to determine domestic and religious affairs. Also, political and diplomatic affairs were also left up to the state. It focused on the balance of power - each state would have an "equal" power in government.

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)? Significance and impact?

Spain and Portugal 1494 Spanish controlled west Portugal controlled east Divided the new world This is why Brazil speaks portuguese Spanish gained more

What role did the Catholic Church play in the colonization of Latin America?

The Catholic Church sent missionaries to Latin America. These missionaries brought the native population together to convert, teach them trades and labor. The natives became the docile subjects of the empire and did a lot of work for them (craftsmanship, farming, etc.) The missionaries set up cathedrals, hospitals, and schools that taught Catholicism along with other subjects.. Most of the native population was converted.

What was the Columbian Exchange? Significant effects on the Old World & New World (positive & negative)?

The Columbian Exchange was the exchange of plants and animals between the Americas and Europe. The negative (-) effects were: -diseases ↠ epidemics -smallpox+worst -100 million died between 1500 & 1800 -90% - Mexico died -abuse/mistreatment of Native Americans The positive (+) effects were: -increased food supplies -increased world population (425-900 million) -Exchange of Plants and Animals New World: -Corn -potatoes -Tomatoes -Tobacco Old World: -livestock (horses, cows,etc.) -grains (wheat) -diseases

What fueled the Transatlantic Slave Trade? What was the impact of the slave trade?

The Transatlantic slave trade was fueled by European expansion, and the settlement in the Americas. The impact of the slave trade was: -10 million slaves were taken -depopulation of Africa -leads to war

What were the key motives of European explorers?

Their motives were the three g's: God, Glory, and Gold.

What specific technology and knowledge made such European exploration possible?

There were advances in technology and knowledge -Caravels: Uses less human power, Holds more cargo -Lateen Sails: Caught the most wind, Made them go a lot faster, Could go in any direction against the wind -Astrolabe: Helped sailors determine latitude -Magnetic Compass: To tell you where you are going -Sternpost Rudder:To steer the boat -There were more accurate maps -They understood wind patterns

What was Triangular Trade? The Middle Passage? What were slave coffles?

Triangle Trade: European ships carried European goods to Africa where they were traded for enslaved people. The people were sent to the Americas and traded them for goods. European ships then brought them back to Europe to sell. Middle Passage: the forced voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas Slave Coffles: were chains that chained slaves together in a line

What was unconventional about Columbus' plan to reach the Indies (1492)? Who sponsored his voyages? What were his key miscalculations? Results & significance?

What was unconventional about Columbus' plan to reach the Indies (1492) was that the he did not know about North America, so he actually ran into NA instead of the Indies. His key miscalculations

What two factors determined a person's status in colonial Latin America?

Where you were born: if you were Spanish or Portuguese If you own land or not

What are some of the most significant Spanish legacies in the New World?

•Language (South America) •Place names (San Francisco, San Antonio, etc...) •Religion (Roman Catholicism) •Architecture (Alamo) •Death (violence, disease) •Plants/animals