World War 1 and the next chap
What happened to Armenian inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire during World War I?
(The Ottoman Empire ordered their mass deportation from their homeland, resulting in about a million Armenian deaths from murder, starvation, and disease)
. Unemployment in the United States averaged only 5 percent in the 1920s but in 1933 soared to about
30 percent
Who was Alexander Kerensky?
An important liberal political leader of the Provisional Government in Russia.
What was the primary consequence of the First Moroccan Crisis in 1905?
Britain, France, and Russia began to see Germany as a threat to dominate all of Europe.
Which nations joined the war on the side of the Central Powers?
Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire
According to Primary Source 25.1, why did Kaiser Wilhelm offer Austria-Hungary unconditional support in its actions against Serbia after the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand?
Germany would stand by Austria-Hungary in case of war with Russia, but the Kaiser did not believe Russia was at all ready for war.
Which countries are in the Triple Entente according to Map 25.1: European Alliances at the Outbreak of World War I, 1914?
Great Britain, France, Russia
What was French premier Georges Clemenceau's opinion at the Paris Peace Conference?
He wanted to create a buffer state between Germany and France.
In Civilization and Its Discontents (1930), Freud argued that civilization required
Individuals to renounce their irrational instincts in order to live peaceably in groups.
What did the Popular Front do after its 1936 victory in France?
It encouraged the union movement and launched a far-reaching program of social reforms that included a forty-hour workweek.
What did the theories of Albert Einstein assert?
Matter and energy are interchangeable, linking the apparently infinite universe with the subatomic world.
Who assassinated Grigori Rasputin in 1916?
Nationalistic aristocrats
Following the First World War, what was one of the most difficult domestic problems faced by governments?
Providing care for the large number of injured veterans
The German Communist Party, noisy and active in the 1920s, reserved their greatest hatred and sharpest barbs for
Social Democrats.
What was the immediate cause of British entry into the First World War?
The German invasion of neutral Belgium
An invasion of Russia together with diplomatic reassurances to France
The Ottoman Empire had been forced to give up its territory in the region, leading to growing ethnic nationalism.
What was the fatal turning point in the Russian prosecution of the war?
The tsar's decision to assume command of Russia's armies, leaving the government in the hands of the strong-willed, autocratic tsarina
Throughout the First World War, what mistake did military commanders repeatedly make?
They attempted to mount massive offensives designed to break through entrenched lines.
For artists such as the Dadaists and Surrealists, what was the purpose of art?
To expose the bankruptcy of modern society and produce radical social change
The Great Depression in the United States and Europe, 1929-1939, explain the relationship between unemployment and rioting.
Countries with moderate unemployment experienced more strikes and riots.
What agreement did the United States develop to resolve the economic problems of Germany and international tensions in Europe in 1924?
Dawes Plan
What did the "war guilt clause" in the Treaty of Versailles declare?
Germany (with Austria) was solely responsible for the war and had to pay reparations.
Which nations made up the Central Powers and allies according to Map 25.3: World War I in Europe and the Middle East, 1914-1918?
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire
How did Lenin and the Bolsheviks' view of the Marxist party in Russia differ from the Mensheviks' view of the party?
The Bolsheviks wanted a small, disciplined party, while the Mensheviks wanted a democratic party with mass membership.
Why did the German military command recommence submarine warfare in the Atlantic despite knowing that it would lead the United States to enter the war against them?
They believed that improved submarines could starve Britain into submission before the United States could come to Britain's rescue.
How did the moderate Social Democrats in Germany put down the radical Communist Spartacist Uprising?
They called for a labor strike against the Communists until their movement collapsed
The American stock market crash of October 1929 was primarily the result of
an imbalance between real investment and speculation.
James Joyce's Ulysses weaves ironic parallels between the adventures of Homer's hero Ulysses and
an ordinary man's aimless wanderings through the streets and pubs of Dublin.
With the United States' failure to ratify the Versailles treaty, many French leaders placed their hopes for future security on
strict implementation of the treaty.
Gabriel Marcel found the answer to the postwar broken world in
the Catholic Church.
Germany's initial offensive was stopped on the outskirts of Paris at the Battle of
the Marne.
What did the Schlieffen Plan call for in 1914?
A lightning attack through neutral Belgium and a quick defeat of France before turning on Russia
What was the February Revolution in Russia in 1917?
An unplanned uprising of hungry and angry people in the capital.
What did orthodox economists believe in the 1930s?
Balanced budgets were the key to economic growth.
What idea does the functionalist architecture of Le Corbusier promote?
Buildings should be built without ornamentation and instead be practical structures with clean, straight lines.
What was an important factor in both the rapid growth of the American stock market in the 1920s and its collapse in October 1929?
Buying on margin
What were the two-front wars that military planners had anticipated prior to the First World War?
Germany had assumed a two-front war against France and Russia, and Italy had assumed a two-front war against Austria-Hungary and France.
What issue contributed to tensions between Germany and Great Britain in the first decade of the 1900s?
Germany's decision to build a large fleet of battleships
The nineteenth-century Danish theologian Søren Kierkegaard taught that
God's existence could not be proven, but believers must take a leap of faith and accept the existence of a majestic God.
How did Lenin respond to the peasants' seizure of land when he rose to power in 1917?
He mandated land reform in order to offer his approval for what the peasants had already done.
What is the composer Arnold Schönberg known for?
His creation of twelve-tone music that abandoned traditional harmony and tonality
What was the result of Allied support of the White armies in the Russian civil war?
It helped the Bolsheviks, who could appeal to patriotic nationalism against the Allies.
Why did Austria-Hungary deliberately choose war in July 1914?
It hoped to stem the tide of hostile nationalism within its borders.
Why did Italy, after declaring neutrality in 1914, decide to join the Triple Entente in 1915?
It was promised Austrian territory in return.
Who was the director of Triumph of the Will, a brilliant piece of cinematic propaganda based on the1934 Nazi Party rally at Nuremberg?
Leni Riefenstahl
What did the Petrograd Soviet Army Order No. 1 state?
Military officers were stripped of their authority and power was placed in the hands of elected committees of soldiers.
The Great Depression in the United States and Europe, 1929-1939, which American states contain the highest percentage of population receiving unemployment relief?
North Dakota, South Dakota, Oklahoma, and New Mexico
How did Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff react to Germany's loss in the war in the fall of 1918?
Not wanting to shoulder the blame, they insisted moderate politicians should take responsibility for the defeat.
What was the principle of national self-determination promoted by Woodrow Wilson?
People should be able to choose a national government through a democratic process and live free from outside interference.
What did President Franklin Roosevelt's National Recovery Administration (NRA) attempt to do?
Plan and control the U.S. economy
What did Jean-Paul Sartre mean by the expression "existence precedes essence"?
Since there are no timeless or absolute truths, people must struggle to define their essence after they are born, completely on their own.
Which European nations were neutral in World War I according to Map 25.3: World War I in Europe and the Middle East, 1914-1918?
Spain, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland
What does Wilfred Owen want the reader to understand in "Dulce et Decorum Est"
That it is neither sweet nor fitting to die for one's country
What does the "middle way" refer to?
The Scandinavian response to the Great Depression
As noted in Primary Source 25.5, the General Syrian Congress in July 1919 sought "absolutely complete political independence for Syria." How did it reconcile this demand with the mandate system?
The mandate system was to be understood as nothing other than economic and technical assistance that did not prejudice the complete independence of Syria
How did the war on the eastern front differ from the war on the western front?
The war on the eastern front remained more mobile, with Germany in a more dominant position.
What was the common effect of western-front offensives during the First World War?
They caused the slaughter of massed infantry units.
What was the primary political weakness of the White forces as they fought against the Bolsheviks?
They had a poorly defined political program that failed to unite the enemies of the Bolsheviks.
Why did the Germans accept the Treaty of Versailles?
They had little alternative, especially as the naval blockade was still in place and the German people were starving
How did the Western powers react to the declarations of independence by Syria and Iraq shortly following the First World War?
They invaded the two regions and defeated the independence movements.
How did Jean-Paul Sartre think that people could live authentically in the twentieth century?
They must passively accept the loneliness and meaninglessness of human existence.
. How did France and Belgium react when Germany refused to make its second reparations payment?
They occupied the Ruhr district.
The German government's printing of money to pay unemployment benefits to workers striking in the Ruhr against the Franco-Belgian occupation of 1923 led to
hyperinflation.
Bismarck's alliance system was designed to isolate France and to
maintain peace between Russia and Austria-Hungary.
In the early twentieth century, the traditional arts and amusements of people in villages and small towns was overshadowed by
modern mass media such as cinema and radio
John McCrae's poem "In Flanders Fields," as shown in Primary Source 25.2, states that the dead want
poppies to be adopted as the symbol of their ultimate sacrifice
The signatories of the 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact, initiated by French prime minister Aristide Briand and U.S. secretary of state Frank B. Kellogg, agreed to
renounce war as an instrument of international policy.
Famine caused by Austro-Hungarian trade restrictions had left the region struggling for survival and furious at Austrian policies.
role in Germany's total war mobilization.
In his philosophical writings, Friedrich Nietzsche argued that
the Western world had overemphasized rationality and stifled the authentic passions that drive human activity and true creativity.
In his writings on human psychology, Sigmund Freud asserted that
the id is the unconscious source of sexual and aggressive instincts.