WVU Psych Unit 4 quiz

What is the highest level of analysis in psychology?

culture and the environment

Randy has joined a new social club on campus. Is it likely that Randy will:

form the impressions he makes of these club members after only one meeting

People naturally use mental "shortcuts" to simplify their social world. These shortcuts are known as:

heuristics

Which research method is used in social psychology to avoid the problem of having participants change their thoughts or behaviors as a result of being watched?

naturalistic observation

The line study conducted by Asch is a prime example of what process?

normative influence

Persuasion is most effective when individuals are:

not feeling that their freedom to make a choice is threatened

If a researcher is studying how people react to a command of an authority figure, then he/she are most likely studying what?

obedience

social referencing

provides incentives for a desired social behavior

Observing the emotions of others to determine how we should respond to a situation is known as social:

referencing

______ describes the tendency to favor one's own in-group over another's outgroup.

social identity theory

The fact that none of us are alone in the world - that we are all affected by others and, in turn, affect others - is the emphasis of the study of _____.

social psychology

Schemas

stereotypes

cognitive elements

thoughts and evaluations of the situation

Discrimination

BEHAVING differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group.

Ekman's Facial Feedback Theory

Each basic emotion is associated with a unique facial expression Sensory feedback from the expression contributes to the emotional feeling

When you drink spoiled milk or put a rancid piece of cheese in your mouth, you may spit it out before you have any cognitive awareness of why you are feeling disgusted. From an evolutionary perspective, this demonstrates which concept?

Emotions help us act with minimally conscious awareness.

Researchers had an infant crawl toward their mother across a table, and then the mother was instructed to make a face expressing a specific emotion. The response of the infants demonstrated an awareness of the mothers' emotions. Which emotional expression led to the child refusing to crawl to her in all instances?

Fear

Stanley Milgram's studies on obedience and more recent replications have shown that:

Female participants obediently shocked the experimental victim at a rate similar to males in the Milgram and other studies which was approximately 65% of participants.

How is it that schemas help people save time as they have new experiences or encounter new people or objects on a daily basis

We compare new experiences to previously stored schemas and this allows us to put forth less effort to assess those new encounters.

Which factor decreased the rates of obedience in studies conducted by Milgram?

a. Seeing other participants refusing to press the shock levers b. When the instructions to continue came from another participant c. When the person being shocked was in the same room as the participant

All of the following are functions of emotions

a. improving social interactions b. shaping future behavior c. preparing us for action

Milgram Experiment

an experiment devised in 1961 by Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University, to see how far ordinary people would go to obey a scientific authority figure

the maven

an expert

Complementary views for assessing and understanding a phenomenon in psychology are referred to as levels of _____, and they range from the most general to the most specific.

analysis

________ are opinions, feelings, and beliefs that a person holds about another person, a concept, or a group.

attitudes

The study of ______, which is a major topic of focus for social psychologists, examines the psychological process involved in having a sexual interest in another person.

attraction

Kathy is looking at a stack of books at a local bookstore, when Daina brushes past her, gently pushing Kathy. "Wow, she is very rude," Kathy thinks. This is an example of social _____, when occurs when we make educated guesses about the efforts or motives of another person.

attribution

What are the three characteristics of a speaker that makes him/her more trustworthy when delivering a persuasive message?

authority honesty and likability

Which heuristic would you likely use if you were asked, "are there more words in the English language that start with the letter "k" or that have "k" as the third letter in the wor

avalibilty heuristic

People who see someone who appears angry are likely to _____ the angry person.

avoid

central route processing

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The tendency to act like those around us and be influenced by what they do is called?

conformity

Emotions prepare us for behavior by _____ various systems such as attention, memory, and motivation.

coordinating

Cultural ____ rules are norms regarding the management and modification of emotional expressions based on cultural standards.

display

Cynthia smiles when her friend tells her a joke. She also smiles when her boss gives her criticism. Even though Cynthia might not actually be feeling happy, she knows the ________ rules of her work environment. In other words, she knows when emotions are appropriate to show.

display

In a popular movie about the Mafia, the head of the family chastises one of his sons, Sonny, for letting other people know what he was thinking and feeling. "Never let anyone outside the family know what you are thinking," the Mafia boss says to Sonny. From an emotions perspective, the father is speaking about _________.

display rules

Oscar would like to go to a movie without supervision. To try and get what he wants, he starts by asking his mom if he can go on a trip to the Rollercoaster Park with just his friends. When his mom says no, like he predicted, he goes on to ask if he can at least go to the movies by himself. Oscar's strategy in asking to go to the movies is an example of what persuasion trick?

door in the face

social cognition

how people think about themselves and the social world; more specifically, how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information to make judgments and decisions

stinging

immediately confront the individual

The Implicit Association Task (IAT) used in research, which records participants' reaction times to categorizing objects, is measuring what type of attitude?

implicit attitude

Lulu has never been to the United States and is unsure what behavior is socially appropriate in certain situations. As a result, she conforms by going along with the crowd in order to understand the norm. Which of the following terms BEST describes this example?

informational influence

Exposing participants to weak arguments before presenting them with strong persuasive messages helps participants resist persuasion. What is this effect called

inoculation

The ____ function of emotion refers to the effect of one's person's emotions on other people or on the relationships between people.

interpersonal

The effects that one's emotions have on other people refer to the ____ functions of emotions.

interpersonal

The _____ functions of emotions refers to the roles that emotions play within each of us individually. They can include physical changes in our bodies or psychological changes in our minds.

intrapersonal

Mood-congruent memory is occurring in which of the following scenarios?

john is currently sad and can more easily recall a time when he got in trouble for a late assignment.

Which processing route relies on heuristics?

perhipal

Emotions have

physiological and cognitive elements

Rueben is in a biology class and the professor tells the students to find a lab partner. Rueben immediately approaches an Asian classmate because he believes that all Asian students are naturally good in math and science. Rueben's mental shortcut is an example of a(n) ______.

stereotype

The physiological reaction we feel when we experience fear is due to the activity of the ____ nervous system.

sympathetic

he reason that a "foot-in-the-door" sales pitch technique works is that it

takes advantage of your need to be consistent

physiological elements

the activation of the autonomic (sympathetic) nervous system

fundamental attribution error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

interpersonal functions of emotions

what you do based on your feelings

stereotypes

widely held BELIEFS that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group

prejudice

your FEELINGS towards someone based only on their group membership

______ is the tendency to change one's attitude or behavior to match a perceived social norm.

conformity

Solomon Asch

1907-1996; Field: social psychology; Contributions: studied conformity, found that individuals would conform even if they knew it was wrong; Studies: conformity, opinions and social pressures

In Asch's line study roughly _______ of participants gave at least one wrong answer.

76%

attraction

Factors that draw members of a species together.

______ describes the tendency to favor one's own in-group over another's outgroup.

Social identity theory

hot cognition

The mental processes that are influenced by desires and feelings.

social attribution

The way a person explains the motives or behaviors of others.

Which of the following is a possible outcome when individuals' implicit and explicit attitudes do not match?

They are unaware they hold an actual bias, such as a bias towards an ethnic minority.

Why do some salespeople try to start a new interaction by asking for something small from a potential customer?

They know getting small acts of cooperation may lead to larger actions in the same direction.

What is one of the implications of the Triad of Trustworthiness?

Without carefully considering the facts, people will believe someone high on the three factors

Shortly after she gets to her new college, 2500 miles away from home Tomasa goes to the school's activity fair to find some groups to join. She immediately signs up to audition for two different musical clubs, which are her interest. Her desire to join these groups may help to satisfy her need to _____.

belong

When being considered for a job opening, people being interviewed often mirror the interviewer's behavior. This can be explained by what concept

chameleon effect

chameleon effect

change to fit the environment

The area of social psychological that focuses on how people think about others and about the social world is called social __________.

cognition

perhipheral route

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Kelly is at a college party and notices everyone is drinking. She concludes that the majority of students on campus must also drink alcohol frequently. What would we call Kelly's perception of what most people are doing?

descriptive norm

What do we rely on in situations in which there are no clear societal norms

descriptive norms