WW1 Reading
why did europe start an arms race
- needed new markets to buy raw goods and sell manufactured goods = competition bet france, britian germany and russia -- they all feel vulnerable and build up military
france hoped for? reacted?
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germany hoped for? reacted?
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great britain hoped for? reacted?
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italy hoped for? reacted?
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us senate hoped for? reacted?
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which big 4 leader was the strongest; which was the weakest at the treaty talks?
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why did wilson have trouble getting his 14 points passed?
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wilson hoped for what in the treaty -- reacted how?
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How did the war end?
1) Germany rushed to defeat allied soldiers before too many us soldiers enter the war 2) Germany's last offensive at the western front in France fails and they withdraw from france 3) Unrest within Germany - revolutions and military mutiny 4) surrender and ask for peace based on Wilson's 14 Points Nov 11 1918 Armistice Signed
Results of the War and cost in financial terms?
1) high casulties on all sides - 9 million soldiers and 10 million civilians died; flu of 1918 was worse because of the bad econ conditions and 20 million people died from flu 2) devastated economies of the major world powers -- war cost $337 billion 3) US had expanded investments and became the center of international finance 4) germany faced riots and internal upheaval
How did us advance war effort at home?
1) restricted freedoms at home -- NY teachers have to take a loyalty oath and have kids salute the flag 2) espionage act and sedition acts - outlaw obstruction of war effort and prohibit anti-war sentiments or pro-germain views; journalists could be jailed if disloyal 3) Eugene Debs - leader of the socialist party was jailed for speaking out against US in the war
Wilson in Paris for Peace Conference
1) wilson liked by citizens, but not european leaders 2) paris in tatters
Treaty of Paris Negotiations
1) wilson's nemisis, Henry Cabot lodge in power and Republicans have house and senate 2) wilson snubs republicans from paris except one less powerful 3) Wilson accused of consipiracy to shape information coming from Paris and some question legality
who participated in paris peace conference?
30 nations represented including the big 4 US; France; GB and Italy -- germany and russia not allowed -- Russia was banned because the allies were angry that Russia signed an early treaty with Germany to close the eastern front The Big 4: lloyd George (great Britain); Orlando (Italy); Clemenceau (France); Wilson (USA)
How did the war begin?
Assination of archduke franz Ferdinand of austria hungrier -- assinated by a serbian
What was the Committe of Public Information?
Created by Wilson - promote the war domestically and shape information -- our propoganda arm 75,000 volunteers - had Division of Civic and Educational Information - used students to convert adults
result of sinking of lusitania
German sub sank the ship -- one of Britains most famous passenger liners; outraged the american public; made many american's feel like they need to step in
Part 2 of the war?
Germany enters a peace deal with Russia in March 1818 -- agreement with Russian bolshevick who came into power after overthrow of the Russian Tsar. This would become the soviet union
how did immigrants react to the treaty?
Italian's mad that Wilson didn't get more territory for italy; Irish mad that Wilson didn't their homeland was not freed from occupation.
how was America's Neutrality Threatened?
Us wanted to stay neutral, but trade with both sides made it hard to stay neutral; London Declaration allowed both sides to stop neutral ships to search for contraband (items used for military use only) -- Woodrow Wlison felt strongly about staying neutral
How did the Senate react to the League of Nations Covenant
Wilson makes speech supporting the League; shares the draft with the Senate; some Republicans thought it would threaten the Monroe Doctrine - limits European involvement in North America; 39 senators sign the document even though Henry Cabot Lodge fights the Covenant
Why did Wilson finally enter the war?
Wilson tries to broker end of war but instead 1) German gov't renewed unrestricted sub warfare 2) Zimmerman telegram - German's foreign minister offered Mexico that he would give back AZ, NM, TX if Mexico joins them 3) wilson invokes concepts of democracy and rights of man as reason to enter "war is challenge for all mankind"
How was the treaty of paris written?
Wilson wanted his 14 Points to turn into reality; so did the Germans; other big 4 did not agree with Wilson; big 4 were in charge; drafted a League of Nations Covenant; Treaty called "Treaty of Versailles" included League of Nations and provisions to end all war; Signed 1919 by 32 nations
What were The 14 Points?
Wilson's vision for peace announced in 1918 Radical departure from the old methods of diplomacy; eliminated secret treaties; secured freedom of the seas for free trade; encuraged disarmament. Most important point was the 14th -- calls for an association of nations that would guarantee territorial integrity and political independence to large and small states. Roosevelt was critical
origins of nationalism?
arose in europe, people see themselves as part of common group that shares language culture; austria-hungary has nationalist pride groups that don't identify with their country such as the serbs
reaction of other countries to the treaty
big 4 wanted terms that kept their security and economic concerns first; Reaction of Germany - germany forced to accept blame for the war and pay for losses; reduced Germany's territory by 10%; ; Lloyd George of GB supported the League because the GB public liked it; French were pessimistic that international cooperation could prevent outbreak of future war
How was the Russian Bolshevik movement affected by WW1
early 20th century -- a movement to end the Russian monarchy and establish democacy -- violent uprisings lead to the Bolsheviks exhaled in 1917 Czar Nicholas out of power and a new government comes in Allies hope the new goverment will stay in the war but Germany brings back Vladimir Lenin from Exhile -- he hates the "capitalist war" and signs a peace treaty in 1918 with germany and takes power -- the allies (including USA) attack Russia and try to overthrow the bolsheviks -- this leads to the cold war.
what defence alliances did europe form?
germany, italy and austria-hungary formed triple alliance (Germany, Austia-Hungary and Ottoman Empire became the Central Powers in the War); great britain, france and russia formed the triple entente (formed the Allied forces) divided europe
Woodrow Wilson
minister's son; professor who studied American Democracy; respected the public more than politicians;
How did Amerian's at home view the war?
public follows closely; supportive
How did the U.S. address divisions among different immigrants populations
recent imigrants have not melted into the melting pot - Wilson tries to unify patriotic sentiment; after the treaty different groups still ally with their european homelands --
How did anti-German propoanda turn into war hysteria?
shut down german institutions; beethoven banned; no teaching german in public schools; german names eli; midwest mob lynches german american
Article X of the League of Nations Covenant
spelled out new collective security arrangements; national borders drawn up at versailles would be respected; any aggression would be met with sanctions and the use of force; Wilson hoped this would lead away from the traditional power politics that caused the great war; opposition from Canada to Article X based on violating national sovereignty; the Article was amended to ensure that the Monroe Doctrine would stay; wilson thought the League was most important outcome of the treaty -- supported open diplomacy and established a council with US as permanent member of the council
Congress' reaction to the Treaty
worry about what the treaty meant for american foreign policy. hotly debated in Senate
how did the war progress in the first months?
young people signed up thinking it would be short; started with pride toward country "we'll be home by christmas"
