WW2 Test

Demilitarization

- The disbanding of military forces, or any armed forces. MacArthur left them with a small police force.

Rape of Nanking

- 4 years after Manchuria, Japanese forces invaded Norther China. The Japanese would gain control of Beijing, other Northern Cities, and the Capital City Nanking. Many Chinese soldiers were captured and killed along side women and Children. Japanese officers would go and rape all women typically of younger age and would then kill them immediately after.

J. Robert Oppenheimer

- A Jewish scientist who was a main contributor to the development of the Atomic-Bomb during the Manhattan Project.

Auschwitz

- A concentration camp / extermination camp located in Poland, that had the most casualties of the Jewish population.

Adolf Hitler

- A former citizen of Austria who enrolled into the German army as a messenger would later become the fascist leader of Germany. He would be inspired from the ideas of Benito Mussolini.

Munich Conference

- A meeting between Italy, Germany, France, and Britain where Neville Chamberlain would make an appeasement with Hitler saying he can have the Sudetenland as long as he promises not to expand Germany any further.

Soviet-Nazi Non-Aggression Pact

- A pact made in August 23rd of 1939 between Nazi Germany, and Communist Russia that stated that these 2 nations wouldn't attack one another.

Hashimoto Kongoro

- A soldier in the Imperial Japanese Army, and was a politician. He would write a speech regarding why the Japanese were forced into invading Manchuria.

Lebensraum

- A specific living space. For the Jews this living space would be the Ghetto's.

Three Doors

- A speech created by Hashimoto Kingoro that argued the invasion of Manchuria was the only option for Japan. He stated that all outside nations banned the emigration of Japanese civilians meaning that no one from Japan is allowed to go and live in another country. Secondly the tariffs of the World Trade Market rose, due to this Japan wasn't able to trade, and they wouldn't be able to create a stable economy, meaning hey can't protect the citizens of Japan. Lastly the only option left was for Japan to go and invade land so they could have land to build industries to allow for protection within the nation, but that this was the only option as the 2 other options were cut off.

Manhattan Project

- A top-secret project, which was a making of an Atomic-Bomb. This was headed by General Leslie Groves and Jewish scientist J. Robert Oppenheimer. A test bomb was dropped in New Mexico on July 16th, 1945. With the results President Harry Truman gave Japan a formal warning that if they do not surrender they would be destroyed.

Anschluss

- A union between Austria and Germany where Austria would become a part of Germany. In March of 1938 Hitler sent his army to Austria where Austria would then be annexed. Many Austrians supported the unification of Austria and Germany.

Isoroku Yamamoto

- Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto is Japans greatest Naval Strategist. He would be the one to call an attack on the U.S. fleet in Hawaii.

Kristallnacht

- After a 17 year old boy in Paris killed a German Official to get revenge for his father being deported news spread to Germany where the Germans began violently attacking the Jews. On November 9th, Nazi Storm Troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues across Germany and Austria and murdered 100 Jews. Later 30,000 Jews were rounded up and sent to concentration camps. It became known as Kristallnacht because the German officials smashed windows to the shops and killed any Jews that were in the shops.

Invasion of Ethiopia

- After the defeat from Ethiopia in 1890, another invasion led by Benito Mussolini in October of 1935, the Italians would go and invade Ethiopia as they wanted to re-create the Roman Empire. The Ethiopian weaponry were no match to the Italian weaponry, and even though Ethiopia pleaded for aid they never got any from the League of Nations.

Charles De Gualle

- French General who set up a government in exile in London. He was committed to regaining control of France. He called all French people to join together to resist the Germans. He would organize the Free French military forces that battled Nazi Germany until France was liberated in 1944.

Douglas MacArthur

- General Douglas MacArthur was the commander of the Allied land forces in the Pacific, and he would developed a plan. His plan was to island-hop past Japanese strongholds and seize the islands with little defense as it was more cost efficient than storming each island.

D-Day

- Also known as Operation Overload, in 1943, a secret attack force was being created to fight against the Germans that controlled France. By 1944, the force was ready for an attack. Thousands of plane, ships, tanks, and landing crafts, alongside 3 million troops were ready to attack on the order. General Dwight D. Eisenhower planed to attack the beaches of Normandy, to avoid giving away there attack position dummy armies were set up on the seaport of Calais. The invasion began on June 6th, 1944, British, French, American, and Canadian troops pushed into a 60 mile stretch of beach. On July 25th a hole was put into the defenses at Saint-Lo and the third army commanded by General George Patton pushed through and defeated the Germans. After a month the Allies march into Paris and liberated France, Belgium, and Luxembourg.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

- An American General who led Operation Torch. Also led the Battle of D-Day.

El Alamein

- An Egyptian Village west of Alexandria. On the night of October 23rd, 1,000 British guns began fire. By November 4th Rommel and his troops had to fall back. While Rommel was retreating, Operation Torch began. On November 8th, an allied force of 100,000+ troops (mostly Americans) landed in Morocco, and Algeria. In May of 1943 Rommel's troops fell as they were pinched between Eisenhower and Montgomery's troops.

Potsdam

- Another meeting between the U,s, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union. This time the representatives are Harry Truman for the U.S, Clement Attlee was the new Prime Minister of Great Britain, and Stalin for the Soviet Union. They would declare and discuss what was supposed to happen due to Yalta.

Aryans

- Aryans were the German race/"the master race" claiming that all non-Aryan people especially Jewish people were inferior to the Germans.

Battle of the Bulge

- As the Allied forces pushed from the west the Soviets were pushing from the east. Hitler made the decision to take the fight on the west to try and split the Allied forces and cut off supply lines. On December 16th, German tanks broke through the Ardennes Forest and broke through the weak American defenses along a 75 mile front. The Germans caused a bulge in the Allied lines, hence the name "The Battle of the Bulge," however the Allies were able to push back the Germans.

Atlantic Charter

- Between 1935-1937 the congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts stating that it is illegal to sells arms or end money to nations at war. Franklin D. Roosevelt knew if the Allies fell that the U.S would be dragged into the war regardless, so he asked congress in September of 1939 to allow Allies to buy American arms. The Allies would pay cash then bring the arm over via their own ships. Under the Lend-Lease Act passed in March of 1941, the U.S Navy was escorting British ships that contained the American arms. Hitler ordered submarines to sink any cargo ship that was seen. Roosevelt and Churchill met up secretly and made the Atlantic Charter, this charter upheld free trade among nations and the right of people to choose their own government.

Dunkirk

- By May of 1940 the Allied powers were cornered by the German troops in a Northern French City called Lille. The Allies would retreat to the beaches of Dunkirk. Great Britain would go and send out 850 Naval ships across the English Channel, these ships consisted of Royal Navy ships, civilian craft yachts, lifeboats, motorboats, paddle steamers, and fishing boats. From may 26th to June 4th, the British were able to rescue over 338,000 soldiers from Dunkirk to safety.

Nuremberg Trials

- During 1945 and 1946, and International Military Tribunal representing 23 nations put Nazi war criminals on trial in Nuremberg, Germany. In the first trials 22 Nazi leaders were charged with waging of war aggression, and were accused of committing crimes against humanity. Rudolf Hess was sentenced to life in prison, Goring received the death penalty but killed himself before his date of execution.

Haile Selassie

- Emperor of Ethiopia during the Italian invasion brought forth by Benito Mussolini. Selasse would plead the League of Nations for assistance, but even with the League seeing what was happening no nation wanted to aid Ethiopia.

Hirohito

- Emperor of Japan, voted as head of state

Benito Mussolini

- Fascist leader of Italy who would dream of remaking a modern day Roman Empire. He would declare war on Ethiopia in 1935.

Phony War

- France and British would declare war on Germany after the invasion of Poland. The French and British troops would hold their ground at what is known as the Maginot Line. Nothing would happen for a while and both the Allied and Axis forces become bored, the Germans called this the "Sitzkrieg" but it was formally called the Phony War. Hitler broke the silence and on April 9th, 1940 Hitler launched a surprise invasion on Denmark and Norway. Denmark was won over quickly but Norway took a few months.

Erwin Rommel

- General of the Afrika Korps / German tank force. Rommel led a surprise attack in 1941 on the British pushing them back to Tobruk, Libya. However by 1942 Rommel and the Afrika Korp had been pushed back to where they started, but Rommel was able to recover and once again pushed back the British except this time he successfully took Tobruk. He was nicknamed "Desert Fox."

Francisco Franco

- General of the Spanish Army led a revolt in 1936 to change the Spanish government from a Republic to a Fascist state. After 3 years Franco was named the fascist dictator of Spain.

Guernica

- Guernica was a vulnerable city located in Spain. Hitler would use Guernica as a testing sight to test out his elite air force also know as the Condor Legion.

Balkan Campaign

- Hitler planned to attack the USSR by summer of 1940. Hitler wanted control of the southeastern countries in Europe so he could build bases to attack the USSR. Also, Hitler wanted to make sure that Britain wouldn't intervene. By 1941, Hitler was able to persuade Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary to join the Axis Powers. Yugoslavia, and Greece resisted as they were Pro-British countries, however in April 1941 Hitler invaded Yugoslavia and Greece. Yugoslavia fell in 11 days and Greece surrendered in 17 days.

Stalingrad

- Hitler sent his 6th Army to gain control of the oil field in the Caucasus Mountains, as well as Stalingrad. The Battle of Stalingrad began on August 23rd, 1942. The Luftwaffe began by doing nightly bombings on the city. By November of 1942, the Germans controlled 90% of Stalingrad. On November 19th, Soviet troops outside the city sprung a counterattack on the Germans. The Germans were trapped in the middle of Stalingrad with all supply line cut off, but Hitler refused to back down. On February 2nd, 1943, some 90,000 frostbitten, half-starved German troops surrendered, this is all that remained from the initial 330,000 troops.

Invasion of Manchuria

- In 1931 the Japanese invaded Manchuria for the iron and the coal. Manchuria was a part of the Northeast province of China. After the invasion was complete many Japanese technicians began arriving to build mines and factories. As a result the League of Nations protested that Japan would stop, however Japan ignored the League and would leave the League of Nations in 1933.

Yalta

- In February 1945, the U.S, Great Britain, and Soviet Union met at the Soviet Black Sea Resort of Yalta, There they agreed to split Germany into zones of occupation controlled by the Allied military forces. Germany would have to pay the Soviet Union for damages. The 3 leaders were Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Stalin.

Iwo Jima

- In March of 1945, after a month of fighting the Allied forces gained control over Iwo Jima. The Americans would take control of Okinawa later on April 1st. On June 21st, a bloody battle ended where 100,000+ Japanese troops died, and 12,000+ American troops died.

Fall of France

- In May of 1940, Hitler sent troops through Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg to keep the Allied attention there. While this was happening Hitler sent a massive number of tanks through the Ardennes Forest, the Germans would get behind the Maginot Line and decimate France in 10 days.

Mediterranean Campaign

- In September of 1940 Mussolini and Italy gained control of the Suez Canal in Egypt. By 1941 the British had brought the Italians back 500 miles across North Africa. Hitler would then put Eriwn Rommel in charge of the Afrika Korps / German tank force. By a surprise attack Rommel was able to push Britain back to Toburk, Libya where they would fight for control. However by mid-January of 1942 the British pushed Rommel and the Afrika Korps back to where the had started, unfortunately by June of 1942 Rommel was able to push Britain back and this time successfully gained control of Toburk.

Invasion of Poland

- In the Soviet-Nazi Non-Aggression Pact a deal was made that Germany would get one half of Austria and the USSR would get the other half as well as Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. - On September 1st, 1939 Germany used the Blitzkrieg tactic and quickly one over Austria. Germany gained control of western Austria, and Stalin was gifted eastern Austria.

London Blitz

- In the summer of 1940 the Luftwaffe began bombing Great Britain. Initially the Germans targeted British Airfields and Aircraft Factories. However on September 7th, 1940, Hitler focused his attention towards cities such as London. Germany attempted to break the British Morale by bombing their most beloved city. However the Royal Air Force (RAF) began to fight back. With the help of radar and the Enigma machine the RAF was able to fend off the Germans to the point where Hitler decided bombing runs would happen at night. The RAF kept up the resistance and caused Hitler to take his eyes off Britain and move on to the Soviet Union and to aid Mussolini.

Bataan Death March

- Japan was able to take over Guam, Wake, the Philippines, the Peninsula Bataan, and a month later Corregidor fell. The Japnese were able to gain control of Hong Kong, Malaya, Thailand, adn by February of 1942 the Japanese reached Singapore. A month later the Dutch East Indies, the islands of Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and Celebes. Later Burma would be taken. By the time Burma fell Japan controlled over 1 million square miles of Asian land. The Japanese often treated the people of their new colonies horribly. The Japanese considered it dishonorable to surrender so they made all prisoners of war march 50 miles up the Peninsula of Bataan. Out of 70,000 prisoners, only 54,000 survived.

Battle of Midway

- Japan would target the Midway Island, which was the location of an important American Airfield about 1,500 miles west of Hawaii. Due to code breakers, Admiral Chester Nimitz, commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet was able to plan a way to fight the Japanese fleet led by Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. The attacks began on June 4th, Nimitz allowed the attack to begin and he would then send planes to bomb the Naval Ships. The strategy was a success, American Pilots destroyed 332 Japanese planes, all 4 Aircraft Carriers, and the Support Ship. By June 7th, 1942, the battle was over.

Kamikaze

- Japanese suicide pilots that would fly into Allied ships to sink them.

Guadalcanal

- Led by Douglas MacArthur, the Battle of Guadalcanal was fought using an island-hopping strategy, where the islands with less defense as attacked first as this was more cost efficient. The U.S military had learned the Japanese were making a giant air base on the Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. At dawn on August 7th, 1942, several thousand U.S marines and Austrians landed on the Guadalcanal. The air base was seized easily however the fight for the island took 6 months, it wasn't until after the Japanese lost 24,000 of the beginning 36,000 troops did they abandon the island.

Spanish Civil War

- Led by Francisco Franco in 1936, a revolt to change the Spanish government from a Republic to a Fascist state took place. This Civil War lasted 3 years, and the Nationalist were aided by Hitler and Nazi Germany, as well as Mussolini and Italy. Finally in 1939 Franco was named the Fascist leader of Spain.

Winston Churchill

- New Prime Minister after Neville Chamberlain, persuaded all the British people through a speech to continue fighting this war and that with enough determination the war will be won.

Hiroshima

- On August 6th, 1945, the U.S dropped an Atomic-Bomb on Hiroshima. Nearly 350,000 people lived in this Japanese city. Between 70,000-80,000 people died from the attack. On August 9th, 1945, a bomb was dropped on the city of Nagasaki, a city of around 270,000 people. More than 70,000 people were killed instantly, but radiation fallout killed many more in the future.

Royal Airforce

- The Royal Air Force (RAF) was the Air Force of Great Britain. Hitler would aim to take out the RAF first then he planed to land 250,000+ troops on the English shores. To help fight the Luftwaffe radar was used, and a code making machine called Enigma was smuggled in from Germany to Great Britain which allowed the British to decode any secret German messages.

Third Reich

- The Third Reich is another name for the German Empire

Isolationism

- The belief that political ties to other countries should be avoided (Many Americans supported this idea)

Operation Barbarossa

- Operation Barbarossa was the plan to take over the USSR. By morning of June 22nd, 1941, Hitler declared war against the USSR, initially started with the Blitzkrieg strategy. Even though this wasn't as effective due to the size of the USSR it was able to begin pushing back the Russians. Germany would push them back 500 miles into Soviet Russia, while retreating the Russians used the "scorched Earth" tactic where they would burn anything they passed to try and block out the Germans. On September 8th, the Germans had put pressure on Leningrad, and by November the Germans had taken control over Leningrad. Hitler bombed the food warehouses to force the Soviets to surrender due to starvation, and through 1941-42 1 million people died yet the Soviets still resisted. Hitler would let go of Leningrad and focus on Moscow, he would start the invasion on October 2nd, 1941. By December the Germans had advanced into Moscow, however General Georgi Zhukov counterattacked. By March of 1943 the Germans made no progress and lost 500,000 soldiers.

Axis Powers

- Originally Germany and Italy became an alliance forming the Rome-Berlin Axis. Later Japan was added o the alliance thus creating the Axis Powers of Japan, Germany, and Italy.

Nuremberg Laws

- Passed in 1935, deprived Jews of their rights to German citizenship and forbade marriages between non-Jews and Jews. Later laws limited the kind of work Jews were allowed to do.

Pearl Harbor

- Planed by Isoroku Yamamoto on December 7th, 1941, a Japanese attack began at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. Within 2 hours the Japanese had sunken or damaged 19 ships, including 8 battleships. More than 2,300 Americans were killed, and over 1,100 were wounded. War was declared by Roosevelt on December 7th, 1941.

Neville Chamberlain

- Prime Minister of Britain who made a deal with Hitler that he may take the Sudetenland, however that Hitler must stop expanding from that point on.

Blitzkrieg

- Referred to as "lightning war" it was an attack strategy first used on Poland where fast moving planes and tanks, followed by massive infantry forces would catch enemies off guard thus resulting in a quick and easy invasion.

Ghetto

- Specific areas were many numbers of Jews were held captive in barbed wires and wall, and that eventually the Jews would die to starvation or disease.

Sudetenland

- Sudetenland is a part of Czechoslovakia that consisted mostly of German people. Hitler demanded that Germany should regain this territory as most of the population was German in 1938, however Czechoslovakia refused. Instead a deal was made at the Munich Conference by Neville Chamberlain saying that Hitler could have the Sudetenland as long as he doesn't take the rest of Czechoslovakia.

Final Solution

- The Final Solution was Hitler's way to kill off the Jews as he became impatient. The Final Solution would be whats known as genocide, which is the mass murdering of an entire race. This meant he killed those of the "subhuman" race which consisted of Roma Gypsies, Poles, Russians, homosexuals, the insane, the disabled, and the incurably ill, but the Nazi's were focused on the Jews.

Appeasement

- The making of concessions to an aggressor in order to avoid war

Democratization

- The process of letting the citizens choose the form of government. In February 1946, American political advisers drew up a new constitution making Japan into a constitutional monarchy like Great Britain. This went into effect on May 3rd, 1947.

Holocaust

- The systematic mass slaughter of Jews, and the slaughter of other people the German people saw as inferior.

Genocide

- The systematic murder of an entire race. This was what Hitler's plan was for the Final Solution.

Doolittle's Raid

- Wanting revenge for Pearl Harbor in April of 1942, 16 B-25 bombers were under the command of Lieutenant Colonel James H. Doolittle. He ordered the bombers to bomb Tokyo and other Japanese cities, the bombs did little damage, but the bombs increased American morale and made it obvious the Japanese were vulnerable. In May 1942, a planed Japanese strike force was intercepted by Americans and Australians on Moresby in New Guinea, which is a very important Allied air base. In the battle that followed, "The Battle of the Coral Sea" a new form of naval attack was introduced by both sides, where no shots were fired but planes would take off from ships and fire upon the enemy boat. Even though the Americans faced more casualties and destroyed planes, and boat, the job of buffering the Japanese was successful.

Philippines

- While retreating the Japanese landed on the island of Leyte in the Philippines. General Douglas MacArthur and his troops returned to the Philippines. The Japanese took a gamble and to stop the Allied forces advancing they would attempt to destroy the American fleet so supply lines would be cut off. On October 23rd, the Battle of Leyte Gulf began but within 4 days the Japanese lost the battle.

Battle of Britain

- With France falling Britain stood alone against Germany. Winston Churchill would give a speech persuading the British citizens that the war isn't over and if the British fight hard enough the war can be won. With this Hitler decided to target Britain as his next target. In the summer of 1940 the Luftwaffe began bombing Great Britain. Initially the Germans targeted British Airfields and Aircraft Factories. However on September 7th, 1940, Hitler focused his attention towards cities such as London. Germany attempted to break the British Morale by bombing their most beloved city. However the Royal Air Force (RAF) began to fight back. With the help of radar and the Enigma machine the RAF was able to fend off the Germans to the point where Hitler decided bombing runs would happen at night. The RAF kept up the resistance and caused Hitler to take his eyes off Britain and move on to the Soviet Union and to aid Mussolini.

Reinhard Heydrich

.- A SS-Office, and he was also the Chief of the Reich Main Security Office. He would help construct the Holocaust.