Zoology Chapter 1: Intro to Animals

Species (Ernst Mayr)

"A group of actually or potentially interbreeding organisms that are reproductively isolated from other such groups" *BIOLOGICAL SPECIES CONCEPT*

What four things could a species be named after?

1. A reference to the LOCATION where it was discovered, 2. to HONOR a person with connection to the discovery, 3. a reference to a UNIQUE body part or behavior, 4. to reflect COMMON names given by people native to the area it was discovered

Evolutionary relationships are worked out largely based on what three things?

1. Anatomy, 2. DNA, 3. fossils

What three goals does a systematic zoologist have?

1. To discover all species of animals, 2. to reconstruct their evolutionary relationships, 3. to communicate those relationships by constructing an informative taxonomic system

What percentage of animals are part of Phylum Chordata?

3%

How many phyla are there?

34

What percentage of animals are Arthropods?

82%

What percentage of animals are invertebrates?

94%

What single organism is speculated to be what all animals evolved from?

A heterotrophic protist

What did Carolus Linnaeus develop?

A hierarchy (ranking system)

Cryptic species

A new species discovered through DNA testing

Evolution

A process by which organisms change over a period of time

Nested hierarchy

A ranking system of groups within groups according to evolutionary relationships

Taxa(pl.)/Taxon(sing.)

A system of groups that Linnaeus established; each taxon is a category into which related organisms are placed, based upon structural similarities between organisms

Dichotomous key

A tool that scientists use to determine the identity of items in the natural world, such as trees, rocks, mammals, reptiles, etc.

Outgroup

An organism in a cladogram that doesn't share any of the derived characteristics of the other organisms *look at image* EX) lancelet

Heterotroph

An organism that must consume other organisms to obtain energy and nutrients

Who was the first person to classify organisms by structural similarities?

Aristotle

Zoology is a smaller "branch" of what "tree" of science?

Biology

What are the advantages of being motile?

Can move about environment to find food, shelter, and mates

Motile

Capable of movement

Who developed binomial nomenclature?

Carolus Linnaeus

Who wrote Systema Naturae? What was it about?

Carolus Linnaeus, morphology

What is the progression from cells to organisms?

Cell > Tissue > Organ > Organ system > Organism

Eukaryotes

Cells with a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

Morphology

Comparative study of organismal form and structure

What are the traits in a cladogram called?

Derived characters; shared traits (inf.)

What does "dichotomous" mean?

Divided into two parts

What is the sequence from largest to smallest taxonomic groups?

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

What is a mnemonic device to use for Linnaeus' taxonomic grouping?

Dumb King Philip Came Over For Grape Soda

Phylum Annelida

Earthworms, leeches

Heterogametes

Eggs and sperm

Common name usage opposed to scientific CANNOT lead to confusion. T/F? (2)

False (2)

How would you TYPE a scientific name?

First letter of first word(genus) is capitalized, first letter of second word(species) is undercase, ITALICIZED

How would you WRITE a scientific name?

First letter of first word(genus) is capitalized, first letter of second word(species) is undercase, UNDERLINED

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Flatworms

What taxa are used for the scientific name of a living organism?

Genus(first), species(second)

Diploid

Having two sets of chromosomes

What are the disadvantages of being motile?

High amounts of energy are expended; uses a lot of oxygen

Sedentary

In between sessile and motile; some animals move very little. Clams and oysters follow this behavior

What are the disadvantages of being sessile?

Inability to move around to find food, shelter, mates., avoid predators

Phylum Arthropoda

Insects, arachnids, crustaceans

Phylum Chordata

Invertebrate chordates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

Phylum Cnidaria

Jellyfish, sea anenomes, coral

What language did Linnaeus use for the names of the taxa?

Latin

What are the advantages of being sessile?

Low energy requirement; don't expend much energy to find food

Multicellular

Made up of many cells

How many species have been named?

More than 1.5 million

Did Aristotle cover all forms of life? If not, which ones did he leave out?

No, bacteria, fungi, and protists

Sessile

Permanently attached to a surface

Zooxanthellae

Photosynthetic algae that lives in sessile organisms' cells (symbiotic relationship)

Which two groups did Aristotle break down the classification of organisms into?

Plants and animals

Where were the first animals thought to originate? How long ago?

Precambrian seas, over 600 million years ago

What are the two forms of cladograms?

Rectangular trees(right) and diagonal ladders(left) *look at image*

Phylum Nematoda

Roundworms

Phylum Echinodermata

Sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars

Phylum Mollusca

Snails, slugs, clams, octopi, squid

Phylum Porifera

Sponges

What organism is thought to be at the base of the "animal tree of life"?

Sponges

Marine Biology (biology)

Study of animal and plant life within saltwater ecosystems

Ecology (biology)

Study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment

Paleontology (biology)

Study of life-forms existing in former geological time periods

Limnololgy (biology)

Study of organisms that live in freshwater

Parasitology (biology)

Study of parasites (worms, protozoans, insects, etc.)

Comparative Anatomy (biology)

Study of the similarity and differences in the anatomy of different groups of animals

Anatomy (biology)

Study of the structure and organization of living things; physiology (how the body works)

Systematics

The science of describing the relationships between organisms and the processes behind their relationships; phylogeny

Genetics (biology)

The science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms

Taxonomy

The science of naming and grouping species; part of the broader science of systematics

Cryptozoology (zoology)

The scientific study of "hidden" animals

Herpetology (zoology)

The study of amphibians and reptiles

Zoology (biology)

The study of animals

Vertebrate Zoology (zoology)

The study of animals with backbones

Myrmecology (zoology)

The study of ants

Ornithology (zoology)

The study of birds

Lepidoptery (zoology)

The study of butterflies and moths

Cladistics

The study of evolutionary histories of animals through shared traits (derived characters)

Ichthyology (zoology)

The study of fish

Apiology (zoology)

The study of honey bees

Entomology (zoology)

The study of insects

Mammology (zoology)

The study of mammals

Cetology (zoology)

The study of marine animals

Conchology (zoology)

The study of mollusk shells

Malacology (zoology)

The study of mollusks

Invertebrate Zoology (zoology)

The study of multicellular animals without backbones

Primatology (zoology)

The study of primates

Arachnology (zoology)

The study of spiders

Phylogeny

The study of variation among animal populations to understand their evolutionary relationships; a smaller branch of systematics

Food is more abundant in water. T/F? (1)

True (1)

All phyla contain invertebrates. T/F? (3)

True (3)

What does binomial nomenclature mean?

Two-name naming system

Cladogram

Uses derived characters/shared traits to show evolutionary relationships

How can sessile organisms overcome their disadvantages?

Water contains more food; motile larvae/metamorphosis

Cell Specialization/Differentiation

When cells take on specific tasks and their own shapes; stem cells morph into different cells. ex) skin cells, liver cells, brain cells