Zoology Chapter 1: Intro to Animals
Species (Ernst Mayr)
"A group of actually or potentially interbreeding organisms that are reproductively isolated from other such groups" *BIOLOGICAL SPECIES CONCEPT*
What four things could a species be named after?
1. A reference to the LOCATION where it was discovered, 2. to HONOR a person with connection to the discovery, 3. a reference to a UNIQUE body part or behavior, 4. to reflect COMMON names given by people native to the area it was discovered
Evolutionary relationships are worked out largely based on what three things?
1. Anatomy, 2. DNA, 3. fossils
What three goals does a systematic zoologist have?
1. To discover all species of animals, 2. to reconstruct their evolutionary relationships, 3. to communicate those relationships by constructing an informative taxonomic system
What percentage of animals are part of Phylum Chordata?
3%
How many phyla are there?
34
What percentage of animals are Arthropods?
82%
What percentage of animals are invertebrates?
94%
What single organism is speculated to be what all animals evolved from?
A heterotrophic protist
What did Carolus Linnaeus develop?
A hierarchy (ranking system)
Cryptic species
A new species discovered through DNA testing
Evolution
A process by which organisms change over a period of time
Nested hierarchy
A ranking system of groups within groups according to evolutionary relationships
Taxa(pl.)/Taxon(sing.)
A system of groups that Linnaeus established; each taxon is a category into which related organisms are placed, based upon structural similarities between organisms
Dichotomous key
A tool that scientists use to determine the identity of items in the natural world, such as trees, rocks, mammals, reptiles, etc.
Outgroup
An organism in a cladogram that doesn't share any of the derived characteristics of the other organisms *look at image* EX) lancelet
Heterotroph
An organism that must consume other organisms to obtain energy and nutrients
Who was the first person to classify organisms by structural similarities?
Aristotle
Zoology is a smaller "branch" of what "tree" of science?
Biology
What are the advantages of being motile?
Can move about environment to find food, shelter, and mates
Motile
Capable of movement
Who developed binomial nomenclature?
Carolus Linnaeus
Who wrote Systema Naturae? What was it about?
Carolus Linnaeus, morphology
What is the progression from cells to organisms?
Cell > Tissue > Organ > Organ system > Organism
Eukaryotes
Cells with a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
Morphology
Comparative study of organismal form and structure
What are the traits in a cladogram called?
Derived characters; shared traits (inf.)
What does "dichotomous" mean?
Divided into two parts
What is the sequence from largest to smallest taxonomic groups?
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
What is a mnemonic device to use for Linnaeus' taxonomic grouping?
Dumb King Philip Came Over For Grape Soda
Phylum Annelida
Earthworms, leeches
Heterogametes
Eggs and sperm
Common name usage opposed to scientific CANNOT lead to confusion. T/F? (2)
False (2)
How would you TYPE a scientific name?
First letter of first word(genus) is capitalized, first letter of second word(species) is undercase, ITALICIZED
How would you WRITE a scientific name?
First letter of first word(genus) is capitalized, first letter of second word(species) is undercase, UNDERLINED
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Flatworms
What taxa are used for the scientific name of a living organism?
Genus(first), species(second)
Diploid
Having two sets of chromosomes
What are the disadvantages of being motile?
High amounts of energy are expended; uses a lot of oxygen
Sedentary
In between sessile and motile; some animals move very little. Clams and oysters follow this behavior
What are the disadvantages of being sessile?
Inability to move around to find food, shelter, mates., avoid predators
Phylum Arthropoda
Insects, arachnids, crustaceans
Phylum Chordata
Invertebrate chordates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
Phylum Cnidaria
Jellyfish, sea anenomes, coral
What language did Linnaeus use for the names of the taxa?
Latin
What are the advantages of being sessile?
Low energy requirement; don't expend much energy to find food
Multicellular
Made up of many cells
How many species have been named?
More than 1.5 million
Did Aristotle cover all forms of life? If not, which ones did he leave out?
No, bacteria, fungi, and protists
Sessile
Permanently attached to a surface
Zooxanthellae
Photosynthetic algae that lives in sessile organisms' cells (symbiotic relationship)
Which two groups did Aristotle break down the classification of organisms into?
Plants and animals
Where were the first animals thought to originate? How long ago?
Precambrian seas, over 600 million years ago
What are the two forms of cladograms?
Rectangular trees(right) and diagonal ladders(left) *look at image*
Phylum Nematoda
Roundworms
Phylum Echinodermata
Sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars
Phylum Mollusca
Snails, slugs, clams, octopi, squid
Phylum Porifera
Sponges
What organism is thought to be at the base of the "animal tree of life"?
Sponges
Marine Biology (biology)
Study of animal and plant life within saltwater ecosystems
Ecology (biology)
Study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment
Paleontology (biology)
Study of life-forms existing in former geological time periods
Limnololgy (biology)
Study of organisms that live in freshwater
Parasitology (biology)
Study of parasites (worms, protozoans, insects, etc.)
Comparative Anatomy (biology)
Study of the similarity and differences in the anatomy of different groups of animals
Anatomy (biology)
Study of the structure and organization of living things; physiology (how the body works)
Systematics
The science of describing the relationships between organisms and the processes behind their relationships; phylogeny
Genetics (biology)
The science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms
Taxonomy
The science of naming and grouping species; part of the broader science of systematics
Cryptozoology (zoology)
The scientific study of "hidden" animals
Herpetology (zoology)
The study of amphibians and reptiles
Zoology (biology)
The study of animals
Vertebrate Zoology (zoology)
The study of animals with backbones
Myrmecology (zoology)
The study of ants
Ornithology (zoology)
The study of birds
Lepidoptery (zoology)
The study of butterflies and moths
Cladistics
The study of evolutionary histories of animals through shared traits (derived characters)
Ichthyology (zoology)
The study of fish
Apiology (zoology)
The study of honey bees
Entomology (zoology)
The study of insects
Mammology (zoology)
The study of mammals
Cetology (zoology)
The study of marine animals
Conchology (zoology)
The study of mollusk shells
Malacology (zoology)
The study of mollusks
Invertebrate Zoology (zoology)
The study of multicellular animals without backbones
Primatology (zoology)
The study of primates
Arachnology (zoology)
The study of spiders
Phylogeny
The study of variation among animal populations to understand their evolutionary relationships; a smaller branch of systematics
Food is more abundant in water. T/F? (1)
True (1)
All phyla contain invertebrates. T/F? (3)
True (3)
What does binomial nomenclature mean?
Two-name naming system
Cladogram
Uses derived characters/shared traits to show evolutionary relationships
How can sessile organisms overcome their disadvantages?
Water contains more food; motile larvae/metamorphosis
Cell Specialization/Differentiation
When cells take on specific tasks and their own shapes; stem cells morph into different cells. ex) skin cells, liver cells, brain cells
