Pharmacology of the Autonomic Nervous System
chemical neurotransmitter of skeletal muscles, the preganglionic sites of both the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous system, and the postganglionic sites of the parasympathetic nervous system.
Acetylcholine
also known as cholinesterase; the enzyme that deactivates acetylcholine.
Acetylcholinesterase
receptors of the sympathetic nervous system that include alpha- and beta-receptors Found at: Glands or Smooth or Cardiac Muscles
Adrenergic Receptors
Catecholamines or Noncatecholamines
Adrenergic agents
agents that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system
Adrenergics or Sympathomimetics
nerves that carry impulses to the brain and spinal cord; also known as sensory nerves
Afferent Nerves
Action: "Goose bumps"
Alpha 1 Tissue: Pilomotor smooth muscle
Action: Dilates (mydriasis)
Alpha 1 Tissue: Pupil
Action: Contracts
Alpha 1 Tissue: Vascular smooth muscle
receptors found in the sympathetic nervous system that generally causes vasoconstriction.
Alpha-Receptors
agents that block or antagonizes the effects of the sympathetic nervous system
Anti-adrenergics or Sympatholytics (Blockers)
agents that block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
Anti-cholinergic or Parasympatholytics (Antimuscarincs)
responses to these drugs include speeding up of the heart and bronchodilation.
Anti-cholinergic or Parasympatholytics (Cholinergic antagonists or antimuscarinic agents)
Ipratropium bromide
Antimuscarinics Bronchodilation is caused by which drug?
Atropine
Antimuscarinics Increased heart rate is caused by what drug?
Direct-acting
Are Alpha and Beta agonists; Direct or Indirect acting subgroups?
the nervous system that controls the involuntary responses; divided into the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Action: Stimulates rate and force
Beta 1 Tissue: Heart
heart
Beta 1 Blockers affect:
are found primarily in the cardiac muscle, where stimulation results in positive chronotropic (increased rate), dromotropic (increased conduction), and inotropic (increased contraction) effects on the cardiac system.
Beta 1- Receptors
Action: Bronchodilates
Beta 2 Tissue: Respiratory
Action: Tremors
Beta 2 Tissue: Somatic motor (voluntary muscle)
lungs
Beta 2 Blockers affect:
Bronchospasm
Beta 2 agonists are the foundation for treatment of
vasodilation and bronchodilation
Beta 2 stimulation
are found abundantly within the smooth muscle of the airways and in certain blood vessels.
Beta 2- Receptors
Fat in adipose tissue and help generate heat in skeletal muscle
Beta 3 Receptors gave also been identified that enhance and breakdown of...
decrease heart rate and dilate arteries by blocking beta receptors.
Beta Blockers
receptors found in the sympathetic nervous system, primarily in the heart and lungs, that are divided into beta 1 and beta 2 subcategories and, when stimulated, cause an increase in rate and force of contraction or bronchodilation, respectively.
Beta-Receptors
dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
Catecholamines
the nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
are responses such as, slow heart rate and bronchoconstriction.
Cholinergic Agonists
referring to the parasympathetic nervous system, where acetylcholine is present at ganglion sites
Cholinergic or Parasympathomimetics
the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
Dendrite
directly stimulates cholinergic receptors.
Direct-acting
Action: Relaxes arteries
Dopamine Tissue: Renal
adrenergic receptors found in renal tissue that, when stimulated, relax the renal arteries and therefore increase renal perfusion.
Dopamine Receptors
nerves that carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord; also known as motor nerves
Efferent Nerves
Anaphylactic shock
Epinephrine is considered the prototype sympathomimetic, with the effects on alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, and beta 2 receptors that is used to treat
nerve cell body outside the brain and spinal cord
Ganglion
Decreased AChE activity
Indirect-acting
Indirect-acting
Is Reuptake and Inhibitors; Direct or Indirect acting subgroups?
1. Synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine 2. Released into the synaptic clefts 3. Binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane 4. Taken back into the presynaptic neuron (reuptake) 5. Degraded by MAO (Monoamine Oxidase) 6. Small amounts enter the postsynaptic cell and are degraded by COMT (Catechol-O-Methyltransferase)
Life cycle of norepinephrine
are direct-acting parasympathomimetic agents; they stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system by increasing ACh production at the effector site.
Muscarinc Agonists
receptors found at the postganglionic site of the parasympathetic nervous system
Muscarinic Receptors
is concerned with daily body uptake and maintaining a homeostatic environment; thus, it is often called the "sleep-and-eat" system.
Nervous System
chemical messenger that carries information from one neuron to another or to another cell
Neutrotransmitter
are classified by whether they stimulate predominantly at the ganglionic level in the autonomic branch of the PNS or skeletal muscles of the somatic branch at the neuromuscular level.
Nicotinic Agonists
causes paralysis
Nicotinic Blockers
Hexamethonium
Nicotinic Blockers At preganglionic sites-prevent nervous transmission
receptors found at the skeletal muscles in the somatic system and at preganglionic sites in the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. ***Targets: Glands, Organ, Smooth Muscle, or Cardiac Muscle
Nicotinic Receptors
a chemical neurotransmitter substance found at the postganglionic junction of the sympathetic nervous system.
Norepinephrine
pupil constriction
Parasympathetic Effect: Eyes
Increases digestion
Parasympathetic Effect: Gastrointestinal System
Relaxes
Parasympathetic Effect: Hair Muscles
decreases heart rate and contractile force
Parasympathetic Effect: Heart
bronchoconstriction
Parasympathetic Effect: Lungs
Constricts bladder
Parasympathetic Effect: Urinary System
the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
coordinated but opposing fashion to regulate autonomic control
Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Systems usually work in a...
part of the nervous system comprising all nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord; includes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Literally, "after the ganglion." Referring to neurons in the autonomic nervous system that run from the autonomic ganglia to various targets in the body.
Postganglionic
receives a message on its body or at a dendrite
Postsynapse
Literally, "before the ganglion." Referring to neurons in the autonomic nervous system that run from the central nervous system to the autonomic ganglia.
Preganglionic
site of release; contains synapse machinery, neurotransmitters, ion channels and mitochondria
Presynapse
process wherein a neurotransmitter is reabsorbed by a neuron.
Reuptake
the part of the nervous system that controls skeletal muscles and therefore voluntary movement
Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
pupil dilation
Sympathetic Effect: Eyes
Decreases digestion
Sympathetic Effect: Gastrointestinal System
Contracts and causes hair to stand on end (piloerection)
Sympathetic Effect: Hair Muscles
increases rate and force of contraction
Sympathetic Effect: Heart
bronchodilation
Sympathetic Effect: Lungs
Relaxes bladder
Sympathetic Effect: Urinary System
is the alert system for stressful situations and is often referred to as the "fight-or-flight" system.
Sympathetic Nervous System
Shock, heart failure
Sympathomimetic Drugs: Catecholamines Dobutamine causes
Shock
Sympathomimetic Drugs: Catecholamines Dopamine causes
Anaphylaxis
Sympathomimetic Drugs: Catecholamines Epinephrine causes
Hypotension
Sympathomimetic Drugs: Catecholamines Norepinephrine causes
Asthma
Sympathomimetic Drugs: Other Sympathomimetics Albuterol causes
Nasal congestion, hypotension
Sympathomimetic Drugs: Other Sympathomimetics Phenylephrine causes
the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron
Synapse
The narrow gap that separates the presynaptic neuron from the postsynaptic cell.
Synaptic Cleft
Hypertension, and Benign prostatic hyperplasia
The Alpha-blocker drug doxazosin causes
Hypertension
The Beta-blocker drug propranolol causes
Adrenergic Receptors
The receptors that bind with NE are called _____________ ___________.
Anti-cholinergic or Parasympatholytics
What are drugs that block parasympathetic receptors?
Adrenergics or Sympathomimetics
What are drugs that mimic sympathetic neurotransmitters or stimulate sympathetic receptors
Anti-adrenergics or Sympatholytics (Blockers)
What are drugs that would antagonize a sympathetic response?
1. Bethanechol 2. Succinylcholine 3. Pilocarpine
What are some examples of Cholinergic stimulators?
1. Neostigmine 2. Pyridostigmine 3. Malathion 4. Nerve Gas
What are some examples of decreased AChE activity?
Urinary rentention
What are the Cholinergic effects of Bethanechol?
Glaucoma
What are the Cholinergic effects of Pilocarpine?
Neuromuscular blockades-intubation
What are the Cholinergic effects of Succinylcholine?
Insecticides
What are the decreased AChE effects regarding Malathion?
Myasthenia gravis
What are the decreased AChE effects regarding Neostigmine?
Chemical warfare
What are the decreased AChE effects regarding Nerve Gas?
Reversal of neuromuscular blockade
What are the decreased AChE effects regarding Pyridostigmine?
Cholinergic or Parasympathomimetics
What are the drugs that mimic parasympathetic neurotransmitters or stimulate the parasympathetic receptors?
vasoconstriction
alpha stimulation
