Pharmacology of the Autonomic Nervous System

chemical neurotransmitter of skeletal muscles, the preganglionic sites of both the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous system, and the postganglionic sites of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Acetylcholine

also known as cholinesterase; the enzyme that deactivates acetylcholine.

Acetylcholinesterase

receptors of the sympathetic nervous system that include alpha- and beta-receptors Found at: Glands or Smooth or Cardiac Muscles

Adrenergic Receptors

Catecholamines or Noncatecholamines

Adrenergic agents

agents that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system

Adrenergics or Sympathomimetics

nerves that carry impulses to the brain and spinal cord; also known as sensory nerves

Afferent Nerves

Action: "Goose bumps"

Alpha 1 Tissue: Pilomotor smooth muscle

Action: Dilates (mydriasis)

Alpha 1 Tissue: Pupil

Action: Contracts

Alpha 1 Tissue: Vascular smooth muscle

receptors found in the sympathetic nervous system that generally causes vasoconstriction.

Alpha-Receptors

agents that block or antagonizes the effects of the sympathetic nervous system

Anti-adrenergics or Sympatholytics (Blockers)

agents that block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system

Anti-cholinergic or Parasympatholytics (Antimuscarincs)

responses to these drugs include speeding up of the heart and bronchodilation.

Anti-cholinergic or Parasympatholytics (Cholinergic antagonists or antimuscarinic agents)

Ipratropium bromide

Antimuscarinics Bronchodilation is caused by which drug?

Atropine

Antimuscarinics Increased heart rate is caused by what drug?

Direct-acting

Are Alpha and Beta agonists; Direct or Indirect acting subgroups?

the nervous system that controls the involuntary responses; divided into the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Action: Stimulates rate and force

Beta 1 Tissue: Heart

heart

Beta 1 Blockers affect:

are found primarily in the cardiac muscle, where stimulation results in positive chronotropic (increased rate), dromotropic (increased conduction), and inotropic (increased contraction) effects on the cardiac system.

Beta 1- Receptors

Action: Bronchodilates

Beta 2 Tissue: Respiratory

Action: Tremors

Beta 2 Tissue: Somatic motor (voluntary muscle)

lungs

Beta 2 Blockers affect:

Bronchospasm

Beta 2 agonists are the foundation for treatment of

vasodilation and bronchodilation

Beta 2 stimulation

are found abundantly within the smooth muscle of the airways and in certain blood vessels.

Beta 2- Receptors

Fat in adipose tissue and help generate heat in skeletal muscle

Beta 3 Receptors gave also been identified that enhance and breakdown of...

decrease heart rate and dilate arteries by blocking beta receptors.

Beta Blockers

receptors found in the sympathetic nervous system, primarily in the heart and lungs, that are divided into beta 1 and beta 2 subcategories and, when stimulated, cause an increase in rate and force of contraction or bronchodilation, respectively.

Beta-Receptors

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

Catecholamines

the nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

are responses such as, slow heart rate and bronchoconstriction.

Cholinergic Agonists

referring to the parasympathetic nervous system, where acetylcholine is present at ganglion sites

Cholinergic or Parasympathomimetics

the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

Dendrite

directly stimulates cholinergic receptors.

Direct-acting

Action: Relaxes arteries

Dopamine Tissue: Renal

adrenergic receptors found in renal tissue that, when stimulated, relax the renal arteries and therefore increase renal perfusion.

Dopamine Receptors

nerves that carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord; also known as motor nerves

Efferent Nerves

Anaphylactic shock

Epinephrine is considered the prototype sympathomimetic, with the effects on alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, and beta 2 receptors that is used to treat

nerve cell body outside the brain and spinal cord

Ganglion

Decreased AChE activity

Indirect-acting

Indirect-acting

Is Reuptake and Inhibitors; Direct or Indirect acting subgroups?

1. Synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine 2. Released into the synaptic clefts 3. Binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane 4. Taken back into the presynaptic neuron (reuptake) 5. Degraded by MAO (Monoamine Oxidase) 6. Small amounts enter the postsynaptic cell and are degraded by COMT (Catechol-O-Methyltransferase)

Life cycle of norepinephrine

are direct-acting parasympathomimetic agents; they stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system by increasing ACh production at the effector site.

Muscarinc Agonists

receptors found at the postganglionic site of the parasympathetic nervous system

Muscarinic Receptors

is concerned with daily body uptake and maintaining a homeostatic environment; thus, it is often called the "sleep-and-eat" system.

Nervous System

chemical messenger that carries information from one neuron to another or to another cell

Neutrotransmitter

are classified by whether they stimulate predominantly at the ganglionic level in the autonomic branch of the PNS or skeletal muscles of the somatic branch at the neuromuscular level.

Nicotinic Agonists

causes paralysis

Nicotinic Blockers

Hexamethonium

Nicotinic Blockers At preganglionic sites-prevent nervous transmission

receptors found at the skeletal muscles in the somatic system and at preganglionic sites in the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. ***Targets: Glands, Organ, Smooth Muscle, or Cardiac Muscle

Nicotinic Receptors

a chemical neurotransmitter substance found at the postganglionic junction of the sympathetic nervous system.

Norepinephrine

pupil constriction

Parasympathetic Effect: Eyes

Increases digestion

Parasympathetic Effect: Gastrointestinal System

Relaxes

Parasympathetic Effect: Hair Muscles

decreases heart rate and contractile force

Parasympathetic Effect: Heart

bronchoconstriction

Parasympathetic Effect: Lungs

Constricts bladder

Parasympathetic Effect: Urinary System

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

coordinated but opposing fashion to regulate autonomic control

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Systems usually work in a...

part of the nervous system comprising all nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord; includes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Literally, "after the ganglion." Referring to neurons in the autonomic nervous system that run from the autonomic ganglia to various targets in the body.

Postganglionic

receives a message on its body or at a dendrite

Postsynapse

Literally, "before the ganglion." Referring to neurons in the autonomic nervous system that run from the central nervous system to the autonomic ganglia.

Preganglionic

site of release; contains synapse machinery, neurotransmitters, ion channels and mitochondria

Presynapse

process wherein a neurotransmitter is reabsorbed by a neuron.

Reuptake

the part of the nervous system that controls skeletal muscles and therefore voluntary movement

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

pupil dilation

Sympathetic Effect: Eyes

Decreases digestion

Sympathetic Effect: Gastrointestinal System

Contracts and causes hair to stand on end (piloerection)

Sympathetic Effect: Hair Muscles

increases rate and force of contraction

Sympathetic Effect: Heart

bronchodilation

Sympathetic Effect: Lungs

Relaxes bladder

Sympathetic Effect: Urinary System

is the alert system for stressful situations and is often referred to as the "fight-or-flight" system.

Sympathetic Nervous System

Shock, heart failure

Sympathomimetic Drugs: Catecholamines Dobutamine causes

Shock

Sympathomimetic Drugs: Catecholamines Dopamine causes

Anaphylaxis

Sympathomimetic Drugs: Catecholamines Epinephrine causes

Hypotension

Sympathomimetic Drugs: Catecholamines Norepinephrine causes

Asthma

Sympathomimetic Drugs: Other Sympathomimetics Albuterol causes

Nasal congestion, hypotension

Sympathomimetic Drugs: Other Sympathomimetics Phenylephrine causes

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

Synapse

The narrow gap that separates the presynaptic neuron from the postsynaptic cell.

Synaptic Cleft

Hypertension, and Benign prostatic hyperplasia

The Alpha-blocker drug doxazosin causes

Hypertension

The Beta-blocker drug propranolol causes

Adrenergic Receptors

The receptors that bind with NE are called _____________ ___________.

Anti-cholinergic or Parasympatholytics

What are drugs that block parasympathetic receptors?

Adrenergics or Sympathomimetics

What are drugs that mimic sympathetic neurotransmitters or stimulate sympathetic receptors

Anti-adrenergics or Sympatholytics (Blockers)

What are drugs that would antagonize a sympathetic response?

1. Bethanechol 2. Succinylcholine 3. Pilocarpine

What are some examples of Cholinergic stimulators?

1. Neostigmine 2. Pyridostigmine 3. Malathion 4. Nerve Gas

What are some examples of decreased AChE activity?

Urinary rentention

What are the Cholinergic effects of Bethanechol?

Glaucoma

What are the Cholinergic effects of Pilocarpine?

Neuromuscular blockades-intubation

What are the Cholinergic effects of Succinylcholine?

Insecticides

What are the decreased AChE effects regarding Malathion?

Myasthenia gravis

What are the decreased AChE effects regarding Neostigmine?

Chemical warfare

What are the decreased AChE effects regarding Nerve Gas?

Reversal of neuromuscular blockade

What are the decreased AChE effects regarding Pyridostigmine?

Cholinergic or Parasympathomimetics

What are the drugs that mimic parasympathetic neurotransmitters or stimulate the parasympathetic receptors?

vasoconstriction

alpha stimulation