zoology midterm combined
Animals with bilateral symmetry
...
Nervous tissue is made of
...
Which kingdom contains multicellular organisms that ingest their food?
...
Each turn of the Krebs cycle produces
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP
Which best describes a control group in an experiment?
A group that lacks the disturbance experienced by the experimental group
Sea anemones and corals lack
A medusa stage
From Missouri to central Ohio to Pennsylvania, many people believe that they have water moccasins ("cottonmouth snakes") in their farm ponds. Many have "seen them" although they are not so foolish as to try to capture one alive. Meanwhile, the wildlife officers and the range maps in the herpetology books say that cottonmouths do not breed this far north. What is the most scientific attitude to assume on this issue?
A simple field trip to the pond locations — to capture and confirm the identity of the snakes — would settle the matter
What is a hypothesis?
A tentative statement, based on information or data, that explains a large number of observations and guides experimentation
The long thread-like structures that help to overcome prey and provide defense in sea anemones are called ________ ________.
Acontia threads
Protozoans in the genus Trypanosoma cause
African sleeping sickness and Chagas disease
Nutrition in unicellular eukaryotes is best described as
All of the choices are correct
Reproduction in sponges is
All of the choices are correct
The unique feature(s) of a cnidarian nervous system is/are
All of the choices are correct
Which of the following statements about sponges is NOT correct?
Ameboid cells capture food particles from the water
Organisms that are haploid and reproduce by asexual means may have
An evolutionary advantage because mutations are immediately expressed rather than hidden by a normal allele on the homologous chromosome
Haploid cells that are unequal in size, such as sperm and egg, are called
Anisogametes
Which unicellular eukaryote is NOT correctly linked to the type of movement structure it possesses?
Apicomplexa-reticulopodia
Cells that move about in the mesohyl and digest particles and may specialize for other functions are the
Archaeocytes
The most correct usage of the term "protozoa" is
As an informal cluster of groups with complicated and uncertain phyletic relationships
The simplest of canal systems is found in the
Asconoids
Most of the time, although they usually have other options, protozoans reproduce by
Asexual cell division
Throughout most cnidarian groups, the basal or pedal disc serves to
Attach the cnidarian to the substrate
Long, thin pseudopodia supported by axial rods of microtubules are
Axopodia
Why are bath sponges so soft?
Bath sponges are composed primarily of softer spongin
A sponge feeds by
Beating the flagella of collar cells to form a current; food is absorbed by collar cells
The placenta develops from
Both fetal and maternal tissue
Hydra reproduces asexually by
Buds
The man who developed the present system of classification was
Carolus Linnaeus
Which hierarchy of organization is seen in multicellular organisms such as animals, going from smallest to largest?
Cell, tissue, system, organism
Cells responsible for water flow and capture of some particles are the
Choanocytes
Which of the following is NOT a correct description of cnidarian nervous tissues?
Cnidaria are the first animals to develop a central nervous system
Nematocysts are stinging organelles contained inside cells called __________________.
Cnidocytes
The structural protein found in all sponges is
Collagen
Ctenophores capture food by
Colloblasts
The term "reducing atmosphere" for the early earth means that the atmosphere
Contained little or no free oxygen
Ectoplasm
Contrasts with endoplasm; both ectoplasm and endoplasm are cytoplasmic components
At the end of the oral groove in a Paramecium ciliate is a mouth structure called the
Cytostome
The fishing tentacles in the Portuguese manofwar are long tentacles with many nematocysts called
Dactylozooids
Which is NOT a correct description of a member of a protozoan group?
Development involves an embryonic stage
"Red tides" are caused by massive blooms of
Dinoflagellates
If you removed the statocyst from a ctenophore, the most likely symptom you would notice would be
Disorientation or swimming in a haphazard manner
Giardia lamblia causes
Dysentery and intestinal ailments and is found in contaminated water
The structure of a brick does not predict the design of a skyscraper. Study of muscle tissues does not allow you to predict the design of a bird or snake. Such examples demonstrate
Emergent properties that cannot be predicted by examining their parts
Irritability is related to which general property of life?
Environmental interaction
The chills and fever of malaria are correlated with
Escape of populations of merozoites from red blood cells
Animals with organs in a cavity that is completely lined with mesoderm are
Eucoelomate
The great pyramids of Egypt are made from stone formed from fossil
Foraminiferans
One way of establishing whether a character of an extant species is ancestral or derived is to locate a/an ______ and if the character occurs in both, it is likely ________.
Fossil, ancestral
During conjugation in most ciliates
Haploid micronuclei are exchanged
Which association of anthozoan traits is NOT correct?
Hydrostatic skeleton—hard coral secretions
The distinction between phagotrophs (or holozoic feeders) and osmotrophs (or saprozoic feeders) is a difference between
Ingesting visible particles or organisms versus ingesting dissolved substances, sometimes from dead organisms
Nematocysts are expelled when the
Internal hydrostatic pressure increases when water enters due to osmotic pressure inside
When the haploid cells or pronuclei are borne in equal-sized cells that look alike, they are called
Isogametes
The mode of action of the causative agent of amebic dysentery is
It invades the intestinal lining and secretes enzymes that cause loss of fluid; it can also cause abscesses on liver and other organs
At the base of every flagellum or cilium is found a/an
Kinetosome
The most complex and the most common canal system of sponges is found in the
Leuconoids
Specialized archaeocytes that secrete large quantities of collagen are
Lophocytes
The largest impact that the loss of sponges would have on the environment would be
Loss of filtration
Neutral fats are
Made of fatty acids and glycerol
Protist reproduction
May be asexual or any of the above sexual cycles
Diploblastic organisms lack which germ layer(s)?
Mesoderm
The extracellular matrix found in sponges is
Mesohyl
Mosquitoes that transmit malaria pick up what stage(s) when feeding on the blood of a patient ill with malaria?
Microgametocytes and macrogametocytes that mature into gametes in the insect host
The modified cells of sponges that form circular bands and provide just a little constriction to control flow are
Myocytes
Gastric filaments bearing _________________ are found in scyphozoan medusae.
Nematocysts
Fish sperm is mostly made of male fish D.N.A. A chemical test would find high amounts of
Nitrogenous bases, sugar, and phosphate groups
Red blood cells come in blood "types" including type A, type B, type AB, type O [lacking proteins A and B], Rh positive and Rh negative [lacking Rh+], and many others. These blood type proteins are
On the outer surface of the red blood plasma membrane
The fossil record of Cnidaria is
One of the longest records, with fossils going back over 700 million years
The order in which a drop of ink would pass by the structures in a sponge is
Ostia-spongocoel-osculum
The ciliate group of protists would include
Paramecium caudatum
The free-swimming larva of most sponges is a
Parenchymula
The outer thin, flat, epithelial-like cells that cover the outside and some inside surfaces of sponges, are
Pinacocytes
How does the mosquito transmit malaria from an ill person to a healthy person?
Plasmodium gametocytes are taken up from one person's blood, fuse to form a zygote that becomes a motile ookinetes, that crosses the stomach wall, forms an oocyst that undergoes sporogony and the sporozoites then migrate to the saliva ducts to be injected into the human host
The _____ stage is best adapted for cnidarians living in colonies while the ____ stage helps in dispersal and survival in open oceans.
Polyp, medusa
Hermaphroditic sea anemones that produce sperm first and eggs later, to prevent self-fertilization, are called
Protandrous
If you press a sponge through a coarse cloth bag, the cells will
Reassemble into many smaller sponges with each cell resuming its original job
The polypoid stage of scyphozoans is called ________________.
Scyphistoma
There are two basic forms of reproduction:
Sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction, but not budding
Cnidarians are found most abundantly in which of the following habitats?
Shallow marine habitats
To what extent are the cells of a colonial Volvox specialized?
Somatic cells function in nutrition and locomotion while a few "germ" cells carry out reproduction
In his voyage on the H.M.S. Beagle, most of Darwin's observations about changes in species over time and in different environments took place in and near
South America
Study of the marine hawks-bill turtle stomach contents found that sponges were a major portion of their diet. Sponges are usually protected from predators by protective structures called
Spicules
Specialized archaeocytes that secrete spongin are
Spongocytes
The small organs of equilibrium in scyphozoan jellyfishes are called ______________, and these are borne in more complex sense organs called rhopalium.
Statocysts
What are the functions of the macronucleus and one or more small micronuclei in Paramecium?
The micronucleus undergoes meiosis to produce haploid micronuclei that are exchanged in conjugation; the macronucleus is responsible for the "day-to-day" functions of the cell
Which of the following is NOT a correct description of how the cytoplasm moves in pseudopodia?
The nucleus codes for each movement using DNA and protein formation
How does Hydra reproduce sexually?
The polyp body wall can produce both ovaries and testes that make sperm and eggs
The point of fertilization occurs when
The sperm nucleus and egg nucleus unite to form a zygote
Which statement about adult sponges is false?
Their bodies are aggregations of one cell type
A Paramecium "knows" when it has encountered a noxious substance and backs off to veer away. As a one-celled organism, how does it "know" to do this?
This is a rather simple stimulus that changes the electrical potential difference across the cell membrane and depolarization of the membrane results in cilia reversing their direction of beating
Chaga's disease in the Americas is carried by
Triatomine "kissing" bugs
An egg moves down an oviduct by
Tubular muscle contractions and cilia in oviduct
Which is a correct usage of phenotype and genotype?
Two different genotypes may produce the same phenotype
The traditional view of cnidarians relative to germ layers is that cnidaria possess
Two germ layers, ectoderm and endoderm
When a nucleus has chromatin that is clumped, leaving clear areas within the nucleus, the appearance is described as
Vesicular
The function of the contractile vacuole in protozoa is
Water balance
A population of salamanders live along the edge of a north-south mountain range. The populations from the east and west slope eventually join in a low northern pass and interbreed, producing fertile offspring, but they do not circle around the southern edge because of a desert barrier. When glaciers move southward, the populations are pushed south of the northern pass and are isolated. While isolated, the two populations develop enough differences over time that when the glaciers retreat north and the salamanders again share the same pass, they no longer mate at the same time, nor can they produce fertile offspring. These salamanders
Were originally one species but are now two species
Genes that determine sex-linked traits in humans are found on the
X chromosome
The tall secretory cells around the pedal disc and mouth of hydra are the ______ cells.
gland
The correct sequence in the life cycle of the jellyfish Aurelia is
planula, scyphistoma, ephyra