1: Computer networks

Application Layer

The seventh layer of the OSI model. Application layer protocols enable software programs to negotiate formatting, procedural, security, synchronization, and other requirements with the network.

Network Layer

The third layer in the OSI model. Protocols in this layer translate network addresses into their physical counterparts and decide how to route data from the sender to the receiver.

Queuing delay

The time a packet waits to be transmitted onto the link

Processing delay

The time required to examine the packet's header and determine where to direct the packet

Transport Layer

The fourth layer of the OSI model. In this layer protocols ensure that data are transferred from point A to point B reliably and without errors. this layer services include flow control, acknowledgment, error correction, segmentation, reassembly, and sequencing.

Physical Layer

The lowest, or first, layer of the OSI model. Protocols in this layer generate and detect signals so as to transmit and receive data over a network medium. These protocols also set the data transmission rate and monitor data error rates, but do not provide error correction.

Link Layer

Fourth layer in the TCP/IP stack. This layer adds MAC address of the sender and the recipient.

Propagation delay

This is a measure of the amount of time it takes for a signal to propagate from one end of the cable to the other (d/s)

Total Nodal Delay

Total amount of delay between two hosts

Transmission delay

the amount of time required to push all of the packet's bits into the link (L/R)