100 History Bowl Questions

Medici

A pope from this house rode around Rome on a white elephant named Hanno. This house was targeted by the Pazzi Conspiracy, and one of its members founded the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. The popes Clement VII and Leo X hailed from this house, whose rule was attacked by the Bonfire of the Vanities under Savonarola. This banking family rose to power under (*) Cosimo, and patronized the young Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci under its leader Lorenzo the Magnificent. For 10 points, name this family that ruled Florence during the Renaissance.

building of the Berlin Wall

A popular chant during this event consisted of the letters "KZ." This event, code-named "Operation Rose," was approved after plans for a blockade were scrapped, and two months before it began, Walter Ulbricht flat-out denied that anyone was considering it. This event occurred under the direction of (*) Erich Honecker, and its result was euphemistically called "anti-fascist protective." It involved boarding up the Brandenburg Gate, closing the S-Bahn and U-Bahn lines, and assembling barbed wire barriers on wooden and concrete posts. For 10 points, name this event that began on August 13, 1961 and literally divided a German city in two.

Oliver Cromwell

Along with Lawrence Crawford, this man was a leader of the Eastern Association, and he championed the "four fundamentals." Henry Ireton served under this man during a campaign that was preceded by the Battle of Rathmines and saw massacres following the sieges of Drogheda and Wexford. This former subordinate of Thomas Fairfax took power following Pride's Purge and won the battles of Naseby and Marston Moor. A member of the "Roundheads," he was nicknamed "Old Ironsides" and commanded the New Model Army. For 10 points, identify this man who after the death of Charles I became the Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England.

Leopold II

An Adam Hochschild collection of essays and reports is titled after this monarch's "ghost." This king was criticized in the Casement Report, which detailed atrocities carried out during rubber harvesting by the Force Publique. This king hired Henry Morton Stanley to maintain the land he was personally granted at the Congress of Vienna. For 10 points, name this Belgian King who established the Congo Free State.

John C. Calhoun

As majority floor leader of the House during the War of 1812, he earned the nickname "Young Hercules." His wife Floride (pronounced like "Florida") initiated the social boycott of Peggy Eaton during the Petticoat Affair. He replied to a Jefferson Day toast by stating, "The Union, next to our liberty, the most dear." That quote reflected his belief that any state could declare an (*) act of Congress unconstitutional, a view expressed in his South Carolina Exposition and Protest. For 10 points, name this South Carolina politician who formulated the doctrine of nullification and was a compromise Vice-President to two of his political opponents, John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson.

John Brown

Before being executed, this man stated, "I did not wrong, but right." J. E. B. Stuart unsuccessfully attempted, under a flag of truce, to get this man to surrender. Two of this insurgent's twenty children were killed during his most famous operation, which was put down by United States Army Colonel (*) Robert E Lee. Earlier, this man executed five members of the Law and Order Party at Pottawatomie Creek. For 10 points, name this radical abolitionist who tried to spark a slave revolt by attacking the armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia.

Frederick Douglass

Born in Tuckahoe in Talbot County, Maryland and later moving to New York City, New Bedford, and Rochester, this person's fame was encouraged by William Coffin. When the Seneca Falls Convention was hung up on a resolu- tion promoting suffrage, this orator convinced them to pass it. This person's most famous enterprise used the slogan "Right is of no Sex — Truth is of no Color — God is the Father of us all, and we are all brethren." This person's fame increased from an 1845 autobiography, and he eventually pushed for the Fifteenth Amendment and oversaw the end of the Freedman's Savings Bank. Name this abolitionist who escaped from slavery and published The North Star.

Laos

Cities here include Ban Nape and Salavan, and Phu Bia is its highest point. It can trace its history back to the "Land of a Million Elephants", or Lan Xang, which reigned here from the thirteenth to eighteenth centuries. The Buddhist-temple-filled UNESCO World Heritage site of Luang Prabang can be found in this nation, while big stone containers populate its famous Plain of Jars in the north, and its western border with Thailand is mostly created by the Mekong River. Eastern neighbor Vietnam now exerts much political power within, for 10 points, what Southeast Asian nation with capital at Vientiane?

Pancho Villa

Despite being led around on a pointless march by J.B. Baker, George Dodd was able to defeat this leader at the Battle of Guerrero. This man may have received aid from the German Felix A. Sommerfeld, but he had earlier denied a request for the Germans to dock at Tampico. This leader of the Division of the North served as governor of Chihuahua for two years, and he fought alongside (*) Victoriano Huerta in support of Francisco Madero when Pascual Orozco revolted. This man later threw his support to Venustiano Carranza after Huerta murdered Madero. For 10 points, name this Mexican revolutionary who ran around the countryside, escaping pursuit by John Pershing and his men.

Sepoy Rebellion (Sepoy Mutiny)

During this conflict, Colin Campbell relieved troops whose commander, Henry Lawrence, had died defending a Residency during the Siege of Lucknow. Supported by a female ruler who refused to give up the kingdom of Jhansi, and inspired in part by the failed suicide of Mangal [*] Pandey, it began in the northern city of Meerut. Participants had bitten cartridges lubricated with cow and pig lard in their new Enfield rifles. Leading to the restoration and deposition of Bahadur Shah II, for 10 points, name this event which led to Britain obtaining India as a crown colony in 1857, a rebellion by a namesake group of Islamic warriors.

War of 1812

During this conflict, one side's forces were repulsed in the Battle of Queenston Heights, though the other side suffered the loss of their general Isaac Brock. Brock earlier refused to give ground in confronting Isaac Hull, leading to Hull's surrender of Detroit and the subsequent Battle of Fort Dearborn. The only permanent territorial gain for the United States was the port of Mobile, Alabama. All other gains and losses in this war were nullified by the Treaty of Ghent. For 10 points, name this war with the battles of Lundy's Lane and New Orleans, which was named for the year in which it began.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR)

Elizabeth Shoumatoff was painting a portrait of this man at his death. He borrowed a phrase from playwright Robert Sherwood in giving the "Arsenal of Democracy" speech. Another speech inspired a Norman Rockwell painting by listing the Four Freedoms. This man's first Inaugural Address asserted that "the (*) only thing we have to fear is fear itself," and another speech labeled December 7 as a "date which will live in infamy." For 10 points, name this Fireside chatter and four term Democratic president who presided over the New Deal and American entrance into World War II.

Leon Trotsky

Followers of this politician often use the tactic of "entryism." This man founded the Fourth International, which opposed the concept of "socialism in one country." This Russian negotiator at the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was the leader of the (*) Red Army during the Russian Civil War. He was ultimately assassinated by Ramón Mercader with an ice-axe. For 10 points, name this Communist who, after losing a power struggle with Stalin in 1928, was expelled from the Party and forced to flee to Mexico.

Theodore Roosevelt

He created a namesake reservation on the Mexican border to prevent smuggling and he helped regulate the railroad industry by supporting the Elkins and Hepburn Acts, both of which strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission. He discharged all the soldiers involved in the Brownsville raid and appointed Oscar Straus as the first Jewish Cabinet member. He intervened to stop the anthracite coal strike that threatened to leave cities without coal for the winter. His namesake corollary to the Monroe Doctrine established U.S. policing of Latin America and he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work in negotiating the Treaty of Portsmouth. For 10 points, identify this man who ran for president as a member of the Bull Moose party, the U.S. president that succeeded William McKinley.

Winfield Scott

He led some militia who were famously characterized by their opponents as "Regulars, By God!" at the Battle of Chippewa. This man chose William Alexander Graham as his running mate in one election after beating out Millard Fillmore and Daniel Webster for the Whig Party nomination. During the Civil War, this figure designed the (*) blockade system known as the Anaconda Plan. This general led American forces in the march to Mexico City after assaulting Veracruz in the Mexican War. For 10 points, name this general, known as "Old Fuss and Feathers."

William The Conqueror

He married Matilda of Flanders and his rule came before that of William Rufus. He would defeat at a later battle, the victor of the Battle of Stamford Bridge, and he became king after Edward the Confessor. A survey of England was recorded in the Domesday book for this Norman. At Senlac hill, he fought a battle that is chronicled by The Bayeux tapestry. For 10 points, name this Englishman who won the 1066 Battle of Hastings.

Edward Albee

His first big success was about Peter and Jerry, two men who talk for a while in Central Park. Another one of his plays was about a history professor at New Carthage University and his wife, who have a very troubled marriage and have Nick and Honey at their house as guests. Name this playwright who wrote The Sandbox, A Delicate Balance, The Zoo Story, and Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?

Stanley Milgram

His most famous finding was repeated by Charles Holfing in a hospital setup involving the drug Astroten, and this man supervised breachings asking able-bodied people to give up seats in New York subways. He planted sealed envelopes in public, his "lost letters", and [*] his small world experiment led to the phrase "six degrees of separation". His most famous experiment involved the learning of associated words, and was inspired by the Eichmann trial. For 10 points, name this Yale psychologist who observed obedience to authority by finding that 65 percent of people would eventually administer 450-volt shocks.

Vaclav Havel

His most famous work involves the usage of a language whose longest word, at 319 letters, means wombat. His most recent work, in which Vilem Rieger is ousted from his chancellorship by pompous former deputy Vlastik Klein, premiered in 2008. His first solo play, in which Hugo Pludek loses his identity, satirizes totalitarianism through the nonsensical language of the Liquidation Agency. His 1975 play Audience incorporates his experience in a brewery after his banishment from the theater, a measure that coincided with the confiscation of his passport as a consequence of his activism during 1968's Prague Spring. For ten points, name this Czech activist and politician, Czechoslovakia's first non-Communist leader since 1948, who assumed the post of interim President during the Velvet Revolution.

Hadrian

His service as archon of Athens was memorialized in an inscription in the Theater of Dionysus, and he was given the title Olympius after the temple of Zeus was dedicated. During his reign, cults for his late companion Antinous were established, and towards the end of his reign his rival Julius Servianus was executed. He initially picked Lucius Aelius Caesar to be his successor, and he faced the Jewish revolt of Bar Kokhba. For 10 points, name this Roman emperor, the successor to Trajan known for his eponymous wall at the border between England and Scotland.

Seneca Falls Convention

Horace Greeley characterized the aim of this event as "but the assertion of a natural right." Thomas McClintock read from Blackstone's Commentaries here. The central organizers of this event had earlier joined William Lloyd Garrison at the World (*) Anti-Slavery Conference. It included a speech by Frederick Douglass as well as the reading of the Declaration of Sentiments by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. For 10 points, name this 1848 conference that began the women's suffrage movement and was held in a namesake New York village.

Parables of Jesus

In one of these stories, a house built on the sand is blown down by a storm. Another of these stories involves three servants, each given a different number of talents. In a different one of these stories, a shepherd abandons ninety-nine sheep to find one lost one. In another, the return of one character prompts the slaying of a fatted calf. In what is perhaps the most known of these stories, a man is robbed and left on the side of the road, only to be helped by a member of a hated group of people. For 10 points, name this group of instructional tales, including "The Prodigal Son" and "The Good Samaritan," that are told by a central figure in the Gospels.

John Jay

In one work, this man wrote "Concerning Danger from Foreign Force and Influence." French outrage over one of this man's actions largely led to the Quasi-War. That action by this man consisted of negotiating a treaty with Lord Grenville. This man wrote five of the Federalist Papers. This man's namesake 1794 treaty opened favorable relations with Great Britain. In another role, this man heard the case Chisolm v. Georgia. For 10 points, name this first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

Popular Sovereignty

In the election of 1848, Lewis Cass ran on the platform of enforcing this policy, whose critics replaced its first word with the word "squatter." Support for this policy was undermined by the violence of Border Ruffians, which caused the state that implemented this policy to be called "bleeding." It became law after the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and was heavily promoted by Stephen Douglas. For 10 points, name this pre-Civil War policy in which the settlers of a state determined whether it was slave or free.

Portugal

In this country, a conspiracy to assassinate King Joseph I was crushed by the Marquis de Pombal. One dictator of this country was an economist who established the Estado Novo. This country, which was ruled by Antonio (*) Salazar, was controlled by the Braganza Dynasty until the twentieth century. It was called Lusitania by the Romans and was given the land east of the line of demarcation in the Treaty of Tordesillas (tor-deh-SEE-yas). For 10 points, name this Iberian country which suffered a 1755 earthquake in its capital of Lisbon.

Jordan

In this nation's Dawson's Field, the PFLP destroyed three hijacked airliners. Hundreds of thousands of refugees of this nation were expelled from Kuwait in First Gulf War due to this nation's support of Iraq in that conflict. The king of this nation served as a mediator between Israel and the PLO during the 1998 Wye Plantation accords. This nation declared (*) martial law in 1970 and had a civil war that year known as Black September. For 10 points, name this Middle Eastern nation once led by King Hussein.

Franco-Prussian War

In this war, Marshal Achille-Francois Bazaine lost the battles of Mars-la-Tour and Gravelotte and was surrounded at the fortress of Metz. This conflict was provoked in part by reaction to a telegram describing a meeting between Count Benedetti and King William. In one of this war's battles, the forces of Patrice (*) Mac-Mahon were routed by Helmuth von Moltke at Sedan, a battle in which Napoleon III was captured. For 10 points, identify this 1870 to 1871 war between two namesake countries which resulted in the unification of Germany.

Paris Commune

Its founding occurred a year after a plebiscite had reflected 84% governmental approval, which plunged after defeats at Worth and Weissenburg. Auguste Blanqui was elected its president from prison, and it was sparked when Adolphe Thiers attempted to disarm the National Guard. Its factions included the Proudhonists, and Jacobins, and it resulted in the burning of the Hotel de Ville and the Tuileries. Occurring after the fall of Napoleon III and the Second Empire, it was suppressed during the Bloody Week. For 10 points name this 1871 insurrection in which a short-lived revolutionary government was set up in the capital of France.

Capetian Dynasty

Jean-Paul Laurens depicted the excommunication of the second ruler of this dynasty, which occurred when that ruler attempted to marry his distant cousin Berthe of Burgundy. Another member of this dynasty clashed with Pope Boniface VIII and moved the papacy to Avignon. In addition to Robert the Pious and Philip the Fair, this dynasty included Louis IX, commonly known as St. Louis. For 10 points, name this French dynasty that succeeded the Carolingians and was succeeded by the Valois, which was founded by Hugh in 987.

Herbert Hoover

Late in life, this man travelled in Hermann Goring's former train car across West Germany to discredit the Morgenthau Plan. This President's Secretary of State responded to the Mukden Incident with the Stimson Doctrine. This man led the Food Administration during World War I, and MacArthur disobeyed his command to not attack the Bonus Army. He defeated Al Smith and created the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, but was ultimately remembered for his namesake shantytowns that resulted from the Great Depression. For 10 points, name this President defeated in 1932 by FDR.

Scopes Monkey Trial

Laughter during this event was prompted by the response "Well, sometimes" to the question "Do you think about things you do think about?" This event was organized by George Rappleya and covered by H. L. Mencken for the Baltimore Sun. Later overturned on a technicality, this court case fined the defendant $100 for violating the (*) Butler Act, which had been challenged by the ACLU. Held in Dayton, Tennessee, this case was argued by Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan. For 10 points, name this 1925 Tennessee court case nicknamed the Monkey Trial concerning the teaching of evolution in public schools.

Crimean War

Mary Seacole ran a hospital for soldiers injured on the front of this war, which William Howard Russell gained fame for reporting on. Tensions that led to this war increased when Russia insisted that another country follow the conditions of the Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji, leading to fears that Russia was attempting to establish exclusive influence over that country in violation of the Straits Treaty. The treaty ending this war demilitarized the Åland Islands, made the Black Sea neutral, and prevented Russia from claiming the right to protect the Christians in the Ottoman Empire. For 10 points, name this war which saw the bloody Siege of Sevastopol, and pitted France and Great Britain against Russia in the namesake Ukranian peninsula from 1853 to 1856.

Shays' Rebellion

Members of one group in this conflict stormed the Northampton courthouse while it was in session. James Bowdoin was governor of the state in which this event took place. The climactic battle of this conflict occurred during a snowstorm and saw Benjamin Lincoln's militia prevail at Petersham. This rebellion was co-led by Job Shattuck. This revolt culminated in a storming of the Springfield armory. This rebellion resulted in calls for a government stronger than the Articles of Confederation provided. For 10 points, name this 1786-87 uprising in Massachusetts.

Battle of Antietam

Much of the fighting in this battle was centered around Dunker's Church and Miller's cornfield. John Bell Hood led a Texas brigade that pushed back Joseph Hooker in this battle. During this engagement, Ambrose Burnside captured and held a stone bridge, and many soldiers were killed in a sunken road in this battle's so-called "Bloody Lane." This battle lead to Lincoln issuing the Emancipation Proclamation and is sometimes called the Battle of Sharpsburg. For 10 points, identify this September 1862 battle fought in Maryland, the single bloodiest day of the Civil War.

apocrypha

Notable examples of these from the Vulgate include the Books of Esdras and Psalm 151, according to the Council of Trent. They are subdivided into pseudepigrapha and deuterocanonical works, the latter of which are accepted by some sects but not others and include Baruch and First and Second Maccabees and the former of which are universally agreed to be spuriously attributed to a prophetic author. For 10 points, what is this term denoting a set of non-canonical religious books or, by extension, any work of dubious authority?

George Washington

One depiction of this man sees him looking up at a man in a red coat while a man in green points towards him. John Trumbull painted him "resigning his commission" and "apotheosis" of him can be found in the dome of the Capitol Rotunda. In addition to being depicted in Grant Wood's Parson Weem's Fable, this man was also painted in the "Lansdowne" and "Athenaeum" portraits, the latter of which can be found on a certain piece of (*) currency. For 10 points, name this man who was also depicted by Emmanuel Leutze "crossing the Delaware."

Albania

One early 20th century movement in this country was led by bishop Fan Noli, while Noli's opponents formed the Legality Party during World War II. One hero of this nation helped cause the death of Wladyslaw III of Poland and defeat of John Hunyadi's armies under Murad II by skipping the Battle of Varna. In addition to that man who protected this nation from 13 Turkish invasions, Skanderbeg, one self-proclaimed king of this nation was deposed by Benito Mussolini in 1939 and fled to Greece. The Communist Party in this country completely closed it off from western influence under Enver Hoxha. [HOH-dja] For 10 points, name this Balkan nation whose rulers, including King Zog, would rule from Tiranë.

Iran

One figure in this country's history was compared to Yazid I by the leader of the Movement of 15 Khordad. One dictator of this nation maintained the SAVAK secret police and oversaw the White Revolution. That ruler was installed in a coup conducted by Kermit Roosevelt known as Operation Ajax which overthrew Mohammed Mossadegh. Operation Eagle Claw was a failed rescue mission in this country occurring after a 1979 Islamic Revolution. For ten points, name this country formerly ruled by Ayatollah Kohmeni where 52 American were held hostage from 1979-1981.

Al Smith

One gubernatorial campaign of this politician saw a future first lady support him by riding on top of a giant motorized teapot while yelling "corruption!" at onlookers. This member of the American Liberty League was advised by Belle Moskowitz. He was the vice chairman of the committee that investigated the Triangle Shirtwaist fire. His anti-prohibition beliefs contrasted against William McAdoo's (*) dry stance at the 1924 convention. In his most notable election his running mate was Joseph Robinson. This "happy warrior" was Governor of New York for most of the 1920s. He's not Kennedy, but he was the first Catholic to receive a presidential nomination by a major party. For 10 points, name this loosing Democratic candidate for President in 1928.

Edward

One king by this name was killed at Corfe Castle while inebriated on mead, while another presided over the Battle of Tettenhall, a resounding Northumbrian Dane defeat. In addition to "the Martyr" and "the Elder" kings of this name, another, who was the step-uncle of William I, was canonized as "the Confessor". The Black Prince had this name, which was also the first name of a king known as Longshanks. For 10 points, give this name shared by many English kings, including one who named Lady Jane Grey as his heir.

Sweden

One king from this country employed the statesman Axel Oxenstierna (OCKS-en-STEER-nuh). This country's king Charles XII won the battle of Narva but was crushed by Russia in the battle of Poltava during the Great Northern War. This country broke away from the Denmark-controlled Kalmar Union under its king Gustav Vasa. Another king of this country was nicknamed the Lion of the North before dying at Lutzen during the Thirty Years War. For 10 points, name this Scandanavian country which was led by Gustavus Adolphus and has its capital at Stockholm.

Mexico

One leader of this country undermined his own authority when he told James Creelman in an interview that he would retire and let someone new become leader. One revolution in this country was started by the ringing of bells in a church in Dolores by a Catholic priest. One of this country's presidents was forced to leave the capital until the capture and execution of the (*) French puppet ruler Maximilian. For 10 points, name this country whose 1810 revolution was led by Miguel Hidalgo and whose leaders have included Porfirio Díaz and Benito Juárez.

War of The Spanish Succession

One of the major consequences of this war was the transfer of the asiento slave-trading privilege. The treaties of Baden and Rastatt were signed in addition to the major treaty that ended it, and a major battle in it saw Tallard's forces defeated by Eugene of Savoy and Marlborough at Blenheim. The American phase of this war was called Queen Anne's War, and it ended with the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. For 10 points, name this conflict which was sparked by Louis XIV's attempts to gain power from the heir to Carlos II in a neighboring country.

Battle of Stalingrad

One of the winning sergeants of this battle captured and defended a four-story apartment building now called Pavlov's House. The victors of this battle kept their front line as close to the opponents as possible, a strategy called "hugging," which forced most of the fighting onto Mamayev Kurgan Hill. The losers were hoping to capture a set of oilfields with a plan dubbed Case Blue. With Operation Uranus, the winners encircled General Paulus after the Sixth Army failed to create an "air bridge" with the Luftwaffe. A part of Operation Barbarossa, this five-month battle on the Volga claimed some two million lives before Russia and the Allies proved victorious. For 10 points, name this turning point of the Eastern Front of World War II.

Revolutions of 1848

One of these events in Ireland saw a battle at Ballingarry and was also known as the Young Irelander Rebellion. One of these events took place in Sicily and resulted in it becoming independent for sixteen months. The one which took place in France is known as the February Revolution and led to the creation of the (*) Second Republic and the abdication of Louis-Philippe. The Hungarian one was led by Lajos Kossuth and forced Metternich to resign. For 10 points, name this series of revolutions which took place in Europe in a certain mid-19th-century year.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

One of this writer's works was hailed by Oliver Wendell Holmes as the "Intellectual Declaration of Independence." In that work, this writer states that the titular entity must become "Man Thinking" rather than "the parrot of other men's thinking." In addition to the Phi Beta Kappa address, this writer also discussed himself as a "transparent eye-ball" that is "nothing" yet can "see all" and as "part or particle of God" and wrote that "a foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds" and "to be great is to be misunderstood." For 10 points, name this writer who wrote "Nature," "American Scholar," and "Self-Reliance."

Boston Massacare

One probable cause of event was a dispute over a debt between Edward Gerrish and John Goldfinch. In the trial that followed it, Robert Treat Paine led the prosecution. Thomas Preston was the commanding officer present at this event and (*) Crispus Attucks was the first to die. The Townshend Acts had earlier prompted the buildup of the troops who took part in this event. An engraving of this conflict by Paul Revere stirred up anti-British sentiment. For 10 points, name this 1770 event in which British soldiers fired on American colonists in Massachusetts.

Battle of The Bulge

One side in this battle was supplied in part by a group of troops who ran the Red Ball Express. An offensive launched by the other side in this battle was Operation Bodenplatte, and that side in this battle also launched a surprise attack on the "ghost front." For 10 points, name this 1944-1945 battle fought in the Ardennes Mountains, in which the Germans were ultimately repulsed despite causing a temporary namesake deformation in the Allied line.

Kadesh

Records providing an account of this battle were found during a 1906 excavation at Bogazkoy, located around Hatussa. The namesake city of the battle lies on the Orontes River and was the site of two major battles. One commander hid his army behind the city and sent out false reports through two Shashu that he was at Aleppo, to the north. The mercenary army of King Mutawalli was busy looting the tents of the dead, allowing the opposing force to flee and regroup but still stopped their resurgence into Syria. Most likely the largest chariot battle ever fought, for 10 points, name this 1275 BC battle that ended in a draw between the Hittites and the Egyptians under Ramses II.

Pullman Strike

Richard Olney claimed that this event brought the nation to "the ragged edge of anarchy", and a meeting at Briggs House led by Samuel Gompers cautioned against sympathy action in this event. John Peter Altgeld refused to dispatch state militia to quell this event, and federal action was taken to quell it due to interference with the mail service. Clarence Darrow defended its leaders on contempt charges arising from this event, and it was broken in part due to Grover Cleveland's ordering of 2,500 federal troops to Chicago. For 10 points, name this 1894 strike of railroad workers led by Eugene V. Debs.

New Deal

Smedley Butler uncovered a planned response to this initiative, the Business Plot, while Rexford Tugwell spearheaded its greenbelt towns. Its opponents included the "Four Horsemen," and it was furthered by Frances Perkins, the first female Cabinet official. Part of this agenda was struck down in Schecter Poultry v. US, the "sick chicken case," ending an agency which used a blue eagle symbol. The labor-strengthening Wagner Act was part of this initiative along with the bank-strengthening FDIC and building-repairing WPA. For 10 points, name this set of government-expanding economic reforms, aimed at alleviating the Great Depression under Franklin Roosevelt.

Vladimir Lenin

Some people allege that Inessa Armand was this man's lover. This man founded Iskra with a later rival, Julius Martov, and theorized the formation of a "vanguard" in What Is to Be Done?. He later led an expatriate contingent of his countrymen in Geneva, Switzerland, from which he returned to his home country at Finland Station. This man came up with the New (*) Economic Policy after the Russian Civil War. His successor had a rival, Leon Trotsky, killed. For 10 points, identify this leader of the Bolshevik revolution, the predecessor of Stalin.

military draft (conscription)

The 1968 Supreme Court case U.S. v. O'Brien held that burning a symbol of this policy is not constitutionally protected speech. In the 1860s, one could become exempt from this policy by paying three hundred dollars. That was one factor leading to an 1863 riot in New York against its use. For 10 points, identify this program which went dormant in 1973 and, were it to return, would use data from the Selective Service system.

William of Orange

The Act of Seclusion barred this man from holding office in one nation. Daniel Defoe wrote The True-Born Englishman in defense of this man. This man defeated much of his opposition with a victory at the Battle of the Boyne, and he agreed to the Bill of Rights. For 10 points, name this king of England who took power in the Glorious Revolution along with his wife Mary.

Burgundy

The Cabochiens supported this polity in a war that it fought against Bernard VII and the Armagnacs. The Great Privilege ended its control of the Low Countries, and Maximilian I, the first Hapsburg Holy Roman Emperor, came to prominence by marrying this place's heir, Mary the Rich. Its decline began after the Battle of Nancy saw the death of Charles the (*) Bold, the son of Philip the Good, whose reign here saw the capture of Joan of Arc during this polity's alliance with England in the Hundred Years' War. For 10 points, name this duchy in eastern France.

Augsburg

The Diet of Leipzig countered the alleged bias in an earlier arrangement named after this city, where the world's first social housing project was established in 1521 by Jacob the Rich. This city was home to the banker Bartholomeus Welser and his rivals, the Fuggers. A "grand alliance" named for this city was organized by Emperor Leopold I and fought the (*) Nine Years' War against Louis XIV. Philipp Melanchthon drafted a statement of the Lutheran faith in this city. An agreement signed in this city established the policy of cuius regio, eius religio, which allowed each prince to set whether his state would practice Catholicism or Lutheranism. Home to a namesake "Confession", for 10 points, name this Bavarian city.

Battle of Quebec

The commanding general in this battle changed the landing site at the last minute to the cove of L'Anse-au- Foulon. Before it began, bayonets were set up by William Howe to deter forces led by Vaudreuil and Bougainville. Two volleys of musket fire caused the advancing forces to retreat over the St. Charles River, allowing the British to take the namesake city. Fought on the Plains of Abraham, it resulted in the deaths of both the Marquis de Montcalm and James Wolfe. Name this decisive 1759 battle of the French and Indian War that saw the British take a major city in what is now Canada.

The Great London Fire

The diary of the schoolboy William Taswell provides an account of this event, that was worsened by the inaction of Thomas Bloodworth. Many people who tried to escape this event were trapped by the Roman Walls, that contained only eight gates. Samuel (*) Pepys (peeps) provided a widely read account of this event, whose aftermath included the appointment of Christopher Wren to rebuild many churches. For 10 points, what was this seventeenth century disaster that consumed the capital of Great Britain?

Hull House

The story that a horned baby of the Devil appeared at this place due to the violent actions of a woman's husband was told in the book The Long Road of Woman's Memory. It began as a kindergarten after its building was rented from Helen Culver for sixty dollars a month. Doctors who lived here included Grace Meigs and Alice Hamilton. This location was based on an institution that provided a place for college students in the summer to gain work experience called Toynbee Hall. It expanded to include the first public baths and playground in its city and advocated social welfare issues to the state legislature. For 10 points, name this Chicago house of Ellen Gates Starr and Jane Addams.

Don Quixote

The title character of Kathy Acker's rewriting of this work is a woman who wanders New York with a talking dog named St. Simeon. Charlotte Lennox is best known for a novel that recasts the protagonist of his work as a woman. The plot of Shakespeare's lost play Cardenio is believed to have been inspired by Thomas Shelton's translation of this work. One version of this work is deemed to be much more significant that the original because it was written and read with the events of the 18th and 19th centuries in mind. That version is recreated line for line by Pierre Menard in a Borges story. For 10 points, name this foundational Spanish novel about a mad knight and his squire Sancho Panza.

Sumerians

These people called themselves the gag-gigga, meaning "black-headed people." During the rule of Ennantum of Lagash, who unified many city-states and even extended the realm to Elam. The last king of the Lagash dynasty, Lugal-Zage-Si was the last king of the ethnicity, conquering (*) Uruk, where he established his capital. Following his rule, the lands came under the domination of Semitics from Akkad, during which their native language phased out of common ussage. For 10 points - What civilization is credited with the invention of the wheel, and the establishment of the first writing system, which is called cuneiform.

Hungary

This country lost much of its territory in the Treaty of Trianon. Members of this country's Arpad dynasty include Stephen I, its first king. During this nation's communist period, it was led by János Kádár (YA-nos KA-dar). This country saw reforms that led to "Goulash Communism." Through the Ausgleich (OWS-glaik) of 1867, this country spent the later half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as part of a dual monarchy with Austria. For 10 points, name this country with capital at Budapest.

Umayyad Caliphate

This dynasty faced the Zaydi Revolt, and its leader Hisham put down a major Berber revolt. Harran was made its capital by Marwan II during the Third Fitna, and they rose to power at the Battle of Karbala although it was ended by the Battle of Zab. Their general Abdul Rahman was defeated by Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours, but they had earlier captured Cordoba, which became their capital after Damascus was taken by the Abbasids. For 10 points, name this seventh and eight century Islamic caliphate.

Zulu Empire

This empire fought in one battle successfully at the Battle of Isandlwana, but failed during the same war to take the vastly outnumbered garrison at Rorke's Drift. That war ended with the removal from power of this people's leader Cetshwayo. The first leader of this empire created a formation that was known as the (*) "buffalo horns" and started a series of wars and forced movements called the Mfecane. For 10 points, name this African kingdom that was first organized by its leader Shaka.

Teutonic Knights

This group's ultimate defeat came as a consequence of the 13 Years War, and they were opposed by the Lizard League. Despite fighting the Cumans under Andrew II, they were cast out of Hungary and made their way to the Vistula to help Conrad of Mazovia. They acquired the Order of the Brothers of the Sword in 1237. Originally formed as a hospital for the sick during the Third Crusade by some merchants from Lubek and Bremen, they were famously defeated at the First Battle of Tannenberg. For 10 points, name this medieval German crusading order.

Henry VIII (8th)

This king's success at the Battle of Spurs during the War of the League of Cambrai led his brother in law James IV of Scotland to invade, only to be defeated at Flodden Field. This man met with Francis I at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, which accomplished nothing as his minister Cardinal Wolsey declared war on France soon after. He removed Wolsey from power after failing to receive an annulment with his wife, Catherine of Aragon. For 10 points, name this Tudor Monarch from 1509 to 1547 who had six wives.

Serviceman's Readjustment Act of 1944 (G.I. Bill, however sometimes you must say the long version)

This law was orchestrated by former RNC chairman Harry Colmery, and passed due to the last- minute vote of John Gibson. In addition to providing twenty-dollar-per-week unemployment benefits and subsidizing mortgages, it led to a campus construction boom and a social leveling in access to higher education, in an attempt to avoid the post-World War I blunders that led to the Bonus Army incident. For 10 points, name this 1944 act of Congress which provided subsidized tuition and living expenses for veterans attending college.

Tokugawa

This leader was sometimes advised by the English sailor William Adams. He took the lands of the Imagawa Clan and received the Kanto Provinces in return for defeating the Hojo Clan. His Komaki campaign led to victory at Nagakute, and his attack on daimyos allied with Mitsunari led to victory at Sekigahara; eventually, he besieged and killed Hideyori in Osaka Castle. This ally of Oda Nobunaga gave his name to a period that lasted until 1863 and saw the expulsion of all foreigners. For 10 points, identify this Japanese military leader who founded a namesake shogunate.

W.E.B. Du Bois

This man began work on the Encyclopedia Africana after moving to Ghana at the request of Kwame Nkrumah. This man published the pioneering work The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study and an essay on "The Talented Tenth." This man was the first editor of The Crisis, a magazine which was written for a group this man started, the NAACP. For 10 points, name this civil rights activist who founded the Niagara Movement in opposition to the Atlanta Compromise of Booker T. Washington, who was also the author of The Souls of Black Folk.

Jonathan Edwards

This man claimed that "justice bends the arrow at your heart, and strains the bow," though the arrow does not fire. This author of a biography of David Brainerd died among the Mohicans after an over-strong smallpox inoculation killed him. This man worked to undo his grandfather Solomon Stoddard's Half-Way Covenant policy, though he inherited Stoddard's land at (*) Northampton. This "New Light" used the line "Their foot shall slide in due time," from Deuteronomy, to open an Enfield address likening people to spiders held over an infinite fire. For 10 points, name this colonial preacher who penned "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God."

Alfred The Great

This man commanded the army that won at Asgdown. He established many "burhs" and issued a legal code called the Doom Book. Work on the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle began during his reign. He translated Consolation of Philosophy into English. He won the Battle of Edington where he defeated the Dane Guthrum. For 10 points, name this king of Wessex known as the "great".

John Dickinson

This man defended the adoption of the Constitution under the name "Fabius." He served as governor of two different states, and authored the declaration of rights and grievances for the Stamp Act Congress. Along with Thomas McKean, he was one of the two members of the Continental Congress to enter the military, and he opposed John Adams in the Continental Congress by voting against the Declaration of Independence. This man prepared the first draft of the Articles of Confederation, and composed the Olive Branch Petition. For 10 points name this "penman of the American Revolution" who wrote Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer.

Maximilien Robespierre

This man established a newspaper called The Defender of the Constitution. He established the Cult of the Supreme Being in opposition to the atheistic Cult of Reason championed by Jacques Hébert. Georges Couthon enacted the Law of 22 Prairial in support of this man. This leader of the Committee of Public Safety was arrested by a group led by Fouché and Barras on the 9th of Thermidor. For 10 points, name this leader of the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution.

Ronald Reagan

This man gave the televised pro-Goldwater speech "A Time For Choosing," and one man campaigning against him coined the phrase "voodoo economics" to attack him. During a strike of Air Traffic Controllers, he fired all that did not return to the job in 48 hours. Oliver North had his hearings for the Iran-Contra affair during this man's presidency, where he proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative, or "Star Wars." For 10 points, name this president who told Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin wall, whose vice president was George H.W. Bush.

John Knox

This man included the section "Why the Mediator Had to Be True God and True Man" in a twenty-one-part confession that he wrote in 1560. Earlier, he had violated canon law by carrying a two-handed greatsword while serving as bodyguard to George Wisehart. After returning from Geneva, he never completed his two planned sequels to a work which caused his falling-out with Elizabeth I by claiming that the Bible forbade women from ruling over men, known as the First Blast of the Trumpet. This influential member of the "kirk" preached for what became Presbyterianism. For 10 points, identify this Protestant reformer who was active in Scotland.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

This man led the Army of the Vosges during the Franco-Prussian War. This man fought with the Colorados against the Blancos during the Uruguayan Civil War. Pius IX rejected this man's offer to fight for him. The defense forces of the short-lived Roman Republic were led by this man. Twice exiled due to failed uprisings, this man more successfully conquered the lands of Naples while leading the Expedition of the Thousand. For 10 points, name this revolutionary leader of the redshirts, who was instrumental in achieving Italian unification.

Konrad Adenauer

This man organized a successful deal for war prisoners that became the "Return of the 10,000," and was succeeded by the architect of his country's "Economic Miracle," Ludwig Erhard. His civil engineering work as mayor and member of the Center Party led a head of state to elevate him to national prominence, though he was later imprisoned as a result of the Night of the Long Knives. The mayor of Cologne during the Weimar era, for 10 points, name this man who became leader of the Christian Democratic Union and first Chancellor of West Germany.

Constantine I (Constantine The Great)

This man oversaw the execution of his son Crispus on adultery charges, and ordered the exile of St. Athanasius. He defeated Licinius at Chrysopolis, and his mother Helen was said to have found the location of the Holy Sepulcher. He defeated Maxentius in a 312 AD battle, and convened the First Council of Nicaea. For 10 points, name this victor at the Battle of Milvian Bridge, whose signing of the Edict of Milan made Christianity legal in the Roman Empire.

Peter The Great

This man traveled incognito as part of his country's Grand Embassy to the West, during which he learned shipbuilding skills in the Netherlands. This ruler was forced to rule with his half-brother Ivan V for a time due to the influence of the streltsy. This man enforced a beard tax on noblemen in his country. This ruler found military success in the Great Northern War, which allowed him to build his "Window to the West" on the Neva. For 10 points, name this westernizing tsar of Russia who was responsible for building the city of St. Petersburg.

Paul Von Hindenburg

This man twice beat Ernst Thalmann in general elections. The Camarilla, which included Franz von Papen, encouraged this successor of Friedrich Ebert to testify about the "stab in the back" legend. The incompetence of Rennenkampf led to one general's suicide after losing a battle to this man, who received credit for the victory over Samsonov at Tannenberg, while his namesake defense line was not breached until 1918. The leader of the German high command along with Erich Ludendorff during World War I, for 10 points name this man who appointed Hitler chancellor in 1933, the namesake of a noted airship.

Adolf Hitler

This man was inspired by the philosophy of Alfred Rosenberg, and he orchestrated "Operation Hummingbird." This leader wrote a book about how he planned to ally with Great Britain against Russia with his cellmate and future deputy while in prison for instigating a failed coup d'état with Erich Ludendorff. In addition to killing Ernst Rohm during the "Night of the Long Knives," he encouraged the acquisition of lebensraum, or "living space." This dictator initiated the Night of Broken Glass, or Kristallnacht, and famously ordered the invasion of Poland in 1939. For 10 points, name this leader of Nazi Germany.

Simon Bolivar

This man wrote a "Letter from Jamaica" while in exile there, and described the failure of the First Republic in his Cartagena Manifesto. This man won victories at Boyaca and Carabobo, but it was his lieutenant, Antonio Jose de Sucre, who won the final victory at Ayacucho, securing independence for Peru. This man wrote the constitution and served as president-for-life of Upper Peru, which was renamed in this man's honor. For 10 points, name this South American hero, known as El Libertador, or The Liberator.

Ulysses S. Grant

This man's brother-in-law, Abel Corbin, was involved in the plans of Jim Fisk and Jay Gould to corner the gold market on Black Friday, which occurred during this man's time in office. A contract made to complete a line of the Pacific Union Railroad under Oakes Ames implicated this man's Vice Presidents, Henry Wilson and Schuyler Colfax, in the Credit Mobilier scandal. For 10 points, name this U.S. president who served after Andrew Johnson, and who was earlier the Union general victorious at the Battle of Vicksburg and against the forces of Robert E. Lee.

Sri Lanka

This nation's northern end is Jaffna Peninsula. This nation is nearly connected to its northwestern neighbor by a chain of limestone shoals called Adam's Bridge, but is in fact separated by the Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar. Although the (*) Sinhalese people are the majority in this country, a minority ethnic group sponsors the militant Tamil Tigers. For 10 points, name this island nation that was once called Ceylon and is located in the Indian Ocean.

Oliver Hazard Perry

This officer served aboard his father's ship, the USS General Greene, before commanding the USS Nautilus during the First Barbary War. After being placed in command of U.S. forces at Dobbin's Landing, he supervised the construction of a small fleet of ships at Presque Isle Bay, including a flagship named for the former captain of the USS Chesapeake, James Lawrence. This admiral won the Battle of (*) Lake Erie, after which he wrote "We have met the enemy and they are ours." For 10 points, name this American admiral, the brother of commodore Matthew.

Noam Chomsky

This person published a book analyzing the martial relationship between America, Israel, and Palestine in a work entitled The Fateful Triangle. This person condemned the World Bank's actions against third-world countries in a work entitled Profit over People. This person discussed America's superpower status in Hegemony or Survival. This person analyzed the acquisition of language as well as the associated mental processes in a work entitled Cartesian Linguistics. This person claimed that sentences can be meaningless and be grammatically correct in a work entitled Syntactic Structures. For 10 points, name this American linguist who works at MIT.

Walter Mondale

This politician declared that he was "baffled" by the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. He was the first Vice President to have his own office in the White House. In the aftermath of the Apollo 1 fire, he questioned NASA Administrator James Webb about the existence of the Phillips Report. He criticized Gary Hart's policies by using the slogan (*) "Where's the beef?" to win the Democratic nomination for an election in which he chose Geraldine Ferraro as his running mate. For 10 points, name this loser of the 1984 presidential election, who served as Jimmy Carter's Vice President.

Margaret Thatcher

This politician gained one nickname while serving as Minister of Education under Edward Heath by ending a program that provided free milk for school children over seven years old. This leader of the "Dries" succeeded James Callaghan after an election that followed the strikes of the "Winter of Discontent." This prime minister's country was brought into a conflict after forces under Leopoldo Galtieri invaded the Falklands. For 10 points, name this Conservative British leader of the 1980s whose staunch anticommunist stance earned her the nickname "Iron Lady."

Strom Thurmond

This politician was a leading figure in the first filibuster of a Supreme Court justice when he helped to thwart President Lyndon Johnson's efforts to have Abe Fortas elevated to Chief Justice. After his death, it was discovered that he had fathered a child with a black maid by the name of Carrie Butler. His loss to Olin Johnston would be the only statewide election he would ever lose. When elected to the Senate in 1954, he became the only man to ever do so as a write-in candidate. Famous for conducting the longest filibuster ever by a lone Senator is, for 10 points, what former South Carolina Senator who served until he was 100 years old?

Emperor Meiji

This ruler ended a taboo on eating four-legged animals. A man who repeatedly attempted suicide to appease this ruler, Count Nogi, did so after this ruler's funeral. Troops loyal to this ruler set up the puppet emperor Sunjong after forcing Emperor Gojong to abdicate. This ruler issued a document whose second of five points supported "All classes, high and low" participating in government. The predecessor of this ruler was revered by the slogan "sonno joi." Several members of the (*) Ishin-Shishi, such as Ito Hirobumi, advised this ruler after the Bakumatsu. He put down unrest in Satsuma and promulgated the five-point Charter Oath. For 10 points, name this man who ended the samurai class, the modernizing emperor of Japan.

Charlemagne

This ruler established the Palatine School and the system of missi dominici to oversee his lands. He hired Alcuin of York to educate his people, and he defeated Desiderius and the Lombards at Pavia, a feat which was chronicled by his biographer Einhard. His rearguard was defeated by the Basques at the Battle of (*) Roncevaux Pass, and he split his territory amongst his three grandsons in the Treaty of Verdun. Ruling from Aachen, this man was the grandson of Charles Martel, and Pope Leo III crowned him in the Christmas Day Mass. For ten points, name this Frankish king, son of Pepin the Short, who became the Holy Roman Emperor in 800 CE.

Richard I (Richard The Lionheart [if said before that info is given])

This ruler signed the Treaty of Messina with Tancred of Sicily. This man invaded Cyprus to rescue his betrothed, Berengaria of Navarre. While ruling as Duke of Aquitaine, this man twice revolted against his father, once with the assistance of Philip Augustus of France. This man signed a treaty with Saladin when he joined Philip and Frederick Barbarossa in leading the Third Crusade. While imprisoned in Austria, this man's throne was usurped by his younger brother, John Lackland. For 10 points, name this son of Henry II known as "the lionheart."

Ivan The Terrible (Ivan IV [4th])

This ruler sponsored over three thousand symbolic ancestor-lists which were sent to monasteries to commemorate dead noblemen. His regime was threatened with losing a war after Stephen Bathory became king of Poland, which led this ruler to ask Pope Gregory the Thirteenth to mediate the conflict. After emerging from that disastrous Livonian War, he became increasingly paranoid and organized the oprichniki (aap-RICH-nick-ee) to terrorize his enemies. For 10 points, name this Rurikid Dynasty ruler who killed his own son and left Russia in shambles on his 1584 death.

Justinian I (Justinian The Great)

This ruler's Syrian treasurer Peter Barsymes speculated recklessly on grains and set up a silk monopoly. His general Mundus helped put down a rebellion led by Hypatius that began at the (*) Hippodrome. Tribonian revised this man's namesake legal code, and Procopius wrote a Secret History in which he attacked this ruler's empress as a tyrannical harlot. He sent Narses and Belisarius to put down the Nika Riots and constructed the Hagia Sophia. For 10 points, name this husband of Theodora, a Byzantine emperor known as "the Great."

Billie Holliday

This singer was often paired with Lester Young, whom she said fit her voice better than any other soloist. She was born Eleanora Fagan in Philadelphia in 1915 and escaped recruitment into a brothel in the mid-1930s when discovered by producer Teddy Hammond. Her rough times with men and drugs were depicted in a 1972 movie in which she was played by Diana Ross, Lady Sings the Blues. Best known for her versions of "Strange Fruit," "Fine and Mellow," and "God Bless the Child," for 10 points, name this jazz singer nicknamed "Lady Day."

Mali Empire

This state obtained the gold-rich areas of Bambuk and Bondu and destroyed Kumbi, after growing from victory at the Battle of Kirina against the harsh Susu chief Sumanguru. Starting as the state of Kangaba, it later absorbed the trading center of Gao and the Taghaza salt deposits, and in its decline it saw the Tuaregs take Timbuktu. For 10 points, name this West African trading empire of the thirteenth to sixteenth centuries, led by Mansa Musa and sharing its name with a modern-day nation.

Benito Juarez

Upon the election of Ignacio Comonfort, this man was selected to preside over the Supreme Court, and his namesake law abolished special courts for the clergy and military. Earlier in his career, he served the liberal government of Juan Alvarez as his minister of justice and public instruction, after returnin from exile in New Orleans. He led liberals to victory in the War of Reform, and resisted foreign invaders after fleeing to El Paso del Norte. For 10 points name this native-ancestry president of Mexico, who led resistance against Emperor Maximillian.

David Ricardo

When one of this economist's key theories required a uniform degree of capital intensity, he proposed finding a "standard" good, a subject discussed in a unfinished work entitled "The Invariable Standard of Value." This economist proposed the theory of diminishing marginal returns in one work, and this economist showed that the amount of money in circulation affects prices in another. Another of his works analyzed society by breaking it into three classes and introduced the theory of comparative advantage. Known for his iron law of wages, for 10 points, name this British economist, author of "Principles of Political Economy and Taxation."

Indira Gandhi (not the Gandhi everyone has heard of; that was Mohandas Gandhi)

While running for office, this politician used the policy of "Garibi Hatao" to secure victory. From 1975 to 1977, this leader declared a state of emergency in order to stay in power. This leader authorized the Smiling Buddha nuclear tests. This ruler ordered Operation Blue Star, which was an assault on the Golden Temple. That operation led to this leader's assassination by her Sikh bodyguards. For 10 points, name this ruler succeeded by her son Rajiv, who was the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru and the first female prime minister of India.

Gamal Nasser

With the USSR, this man sent troops to the Republican side of the Yemeni Civil War. He joined his country with Syria in the United Arab Republic. He joined Muhammad Naguib to depose King Farouk with the Free Officers Movement. This African co-founder of the Non-Aligned Movement lost the (*) Six-Day War, built the Aswan High Dam, and nationalized the Suez Canal. For 10 points, name this man who preceded Anwar Sadat as President of Egypt during the 1960s.