101 Bio Chapter 4
Use the schemes to answer the question. A. −OH−OHC. −NH2−NH2B. −C||O−O−H−C||O−O−HD. −SH−SH Which functional group shown in the figure can accept protons and raise the pH of the surrounding solution?
-NH2
How many electrons must one carbon atom share with other atom or atoms to complete its valence shell?
4
Which of the functional groups behaves as a base?
A
which one of these is an amino group?
A This is an amino group, NH2
Which statement about a methyl functional group is correct?
A methyl group consists of a carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms.
Which of the following statements about ADP/ATP is true?
ATP can have four negative charges
Identify the functional groups.
Amino and carboxyl are functional groups.
Which of these groups plays a major role in energy transfer?
B
Which of these is a phosphate group?
B Of the choices, this is the only one that contains phosphorus.
Which of these is a carbonyl group?
C This is a carbonyl group.
Which of the following illustrations is not a structural isomer of an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H14? For clarity, only the carbon skeletons are shown; hydrogen atoms that would be attached to the carbons have been omitted.
C-C=C-C I I C C
Visualize the structural formula of each of the following hydrocarbons. Which hydrocarbon has a double bond in its carbon skeleton?
C2H4
Which of the following is a hydrocarbon?
C3H8
Which of these is a hydroxyl group?
D This is a hydroxyl group.
Which statement about isomers is correct?
Enantiomers differ in biological activity.
Which of functional groups listed below behaves as an acid?
F
Which of these is a carboxyl group?
F This is a carboxyl group
How do isomers differ from one another
Isomers differ in the arrangement or bonding of atoms.
Which of the following is true of carbon?
It can form both polar and nonpolar bonds.
L-dopa is used to treat _____.
Parkinson's
estosterone and estradiol are male and female sex hormones, respectively, in many vertebrates. In which of the following ways do these molecules differ from each other?
They have different functional groups attached to the same carbon skeleton.
Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base?
amino
Enantiomers are molecules that _____.
are mirror images of one another
The figure shows the structures of glucose and fructose. Which of the following describes a difference between the two molecules?
arrangement of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
Compared to a hydrocarbon chain where all the carbon atoms are linked by single bonds, which of the following statements best describe a hydrocarbon chain with the same number of carbon atoms but with one or more double bonds?
be more constrained in structure
The large diversity of shapes of biological molecules is possible because of the extensive presence of __________ in the molecules.
carbon
Citric acid makes lemons taste sour. Which of the following is a functional group that would cause a molecule such as citric acid to be acidic?
carboxyl
Which functional group is present in this molecule?
carboxyl
Which of the following functional groups gives amino acids their acidic character?
carboxyl
Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?
carboxyl and amino groups
A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond(s) with other atoms?
covalent
Which of these functional groups is characteristic of alcohol?
d hydroxyl
Cis-trans isomers (geometric isomers) are molecules that _____.
differ in the arrangement of their atoms about a double bond
Which of the following factors determines whether a carbon atom's covalent bonds with other atoms are in a tetrahedral configuration or a planar configuration?
double bonds between the carbon atom and other atoms
Which of these groups is characteristic of thiols?
e, thiols are characterized by the presence of a sulfhydryl group
These molecules are _____.
enantiomers
These molecules are _____.
geometric isomers
Which of the following explains why the valency of carbon is 4 even though it has 6 electrons?
has 2 electrons in its first shell and 4 in the second shell
Molecules that have the same chemical formula (same numbers of each type of atom) but different three-dimensional shapes are called __________.
isomers
An atom of iron has the atomic number 26. This means that
it has 26 protons and 26 electrons.
A compound contains hydroxyl groups as its predominant functional group. Which of the following properties of the molecule can be predicted with the information provided?
it should dissolve in water
which of the following functional groups is unreactive but when added to bases of DNA can alter gene expression?
methyl
Research indicates that ibuprofen, a drug used to relieve inflammation and pain, is a mixture of two enantiomers; what are enantiomers?
moelcules that are mirror images of each other
What kind of effect does R-dopa have on Parkinson's disease?
none
This pair of molecules are _____.
not isomers
The results from Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments can best be used to support which of the following hypotheses?
organic molecules can be synthesized abiotically under conditions that may have existed on early Earth
Miller's classic experiment demonstrated that a discharge of sparks through a mixture of gases could result in the formation of a large variety of organic compounds. Miller did not use which one of the following gases in his experiment?
oxygen
What functional group is commonly used in cells to transfer energy from one organic molecule to another?
phosphate
An atom has four electrons in its valence shell. What type(s) of covalent bonds is it capable of forming with oxygen?
single and double bonds
The two molecules shown in the figures are best described as ________.
structural isomers
These molecules are _____.
structural isomers
Based on the electron configuration of the elements below, which would exhibit a chemical behavior most like that of oxygen?
sulfur
Which of the functional groups shown above is most likely to gain a proton and become positively charged?
the amino group
Which of the following characteristics is responsible for the complexity and variety of organic molecules?
the chemical versatility of carbon atoms
Which of the following statements is correct for organic molecules with only hydrogens and five carbon atoms?
the molecule cannot have enantiomers
Which of the following characteristics of an atom determines the number and kind of bonds it can form?
the number of particles in its valence shell
Variations in the reactive properties of different organic molecules are most closely associated with __________.
the presence or absence of functional groups
Organic chemistry is currently defined as
the study of carbon compounds
Which of the following identifies the chemical relationship between glucose and fructose?
they are structural isomers
Which of the following best describes cis-trans isomers
they differ in their spatial arrangement around inflexible double bonds
Differences in which of the following chemical characteristics are responsible for the uniqueness of individuals organisms?
types and relative amounts of organic molecules synthesized by each organism