103 2/2 and 2/5

What are some sample questions from the national highway traffic safety administration's self-test for older drivers?

"How is your eyesight?" and "Does driving make you feel nervous, scared or overwhelmed?"

What types of memory decline with age?

1. Episodic memory 2. Source memory 3. False memory 4. Retrieval failure 5. Prospective memory

What are some steps older drivers can take to improve their driving?

1. Exercise 2. Avoid drug-drug interactions 3. Vision tests 4. Drive during daylight and good weather 5. Find safest routes 6. Plan route beforehand 7. Leave enough room in front 8. Avoid distractions 9. Consider alternatives to driving

How does retrieval change with age?

1. Older adults tend to spontaneously use fewer retrieval strategies than younger adults 2. Age-related compensatory brain activity for retrieval when there are changes in information processing

What types of memory stay stable with age?

1. Semantic memory 2. Flashbulb memory 3. Implicit memory 4. Procedural memory

Working memory declines with age due to declines in the following:

1. Storage capacity 2. Ability to allocate capacity to more than one task 3. Slower rates of information processing

What are some psychosocial influences on memory and why are they so influential?

1. Stress and depression 2. Memory self-efficacy 3. Stereotype threat They pull at our cognitive resources

Training to improve memory in later adulthood follows these methods:

1. practice 2. strategy use 3. support during encoding 4. ACTIVE study results on memory, reasoning and speed training

How does encoding change with age?

1. spontaneous use of strategies during the learning of new information declines with age 2. changes in the left lateral prefrontal cortex underlies the encoding declines

Research on older adults show positive effects of video games on cognition, but there are problems:

1. the 'best' game for cognition might not be the most enjoyable 2. tech issues for non-digital natives

What groups have the highest fatal crash rates due to alcohol intoxication?

27% are 25-34 26% are 21-24

What is retrieval failure?

A form of forgetting. It occurs when we don't have the necessary cues to access memory. The memory is available but not accessible unless a suitable cue is provided.

What is false memory?

A memory that is inaccurate but feels accurate

What are some psychological factors that influence driving and aging?

Acuity Night vision Headline glare Anxiety Confusion

What is inhibitory deficit hypothesis?

Aging reduces ability to tune out irrelevant information

What is the attentional resources theory?

Aging reduces available cognitive resources

What are some social factors that influence driving and aging?

Availability of other transportation

Why is the reminiscence bump so prevalent in older adults?

Because they have difficulty encoding new memories

What is general slowing?

General slowing: loss of attentional resources (leading to longer times to respond)

What is explicit/declarative memory?

Intentional and conscious remembering of information that is learned at a specific point in time

What are some biological factors that influence driving and aging?

Mobility Strength Coordination Pain

What are some memory-related phenomenon in the general slowing hypothesis that decline with age?

Multitasking Inhibitory control: turning off one response when doing another (ex: stroop task) Sustained attention: respond when certain target appears out of stream of stimuli

Are there large age differences with implicit/procedural memory?

No

What is the difference between recall vs recognition?

Recall: remembering without hints Recognition: choosing from items

What are the two ways to test reaction times?

Simple reaction time task: make a response as soon as a target appears Choice reaction time: Make one response for one stimulus and another for a different stimulus

What are some health related influences on memory?

Smoking Diet Exercise Strength

What is procedural memory?

Stores our knowledge of how to do things. Includes memories of learned skills

What were the main findings of Koppel & Rubin (2016)?

That memories are shared in communication and we tend to routinely share certain memories (identity)

What is working memory?

The active processes/ structures involved in holding information in mind and using that information to 1. solve a problem 2. make a decision 3. learn new information

What were the methodologies that Koppel & Rubin (2016) found?

Word cues: write a brief memory when you see x word

Does explicit/declarative memory decline with age?

Yes

What is flashbulb memory?

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

What is the useful field of view (UFOV)?

amount of visual information a person can take in with a glance without head or eye movements

What is semantic memory?

facts and general knowledge

What is encoding?

getting information into memory

What is retrieval?

getting information out of memory

What is inhibitory deficit?

inability to tune out irrelevant information

What is implicit/procedural memory?

includes retrieval of information without conscious or intentional recollection

What is episodic memory?

information about events we have personally experienced

What is the general slowing hypothesis?

proposes loss of speed in nervous system is main cause of poorer information processing

What is source memory?

recall of when, where, and how information was acquired

What is prospective memory?

remembering to do things in the future

What is implicit memory?

retention of learned skills (remembering how to ride a bike)

There are declines in both, but _____ working memory has a greater decline than ______ working memory

spatial; verbal

What is rehearsal?

the process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it (The process by which information is held in working memory)

What is long-term memory?

the relatively permanent storage of information

What is a reminiscence bump?

the tendency for older adults to have increased recollection for events that occurred during their adolescence and early adulthood

Why do video games show advantages for kids and adults?

they challenge people to learn new things

When aging, greater _______ sometimes counterbalances declines in working memory

working knowledge