1.2 MASONRY

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non load bearing blocks

- intended for walls, partitions, fences, or dividers - thickness: 7.5 - 10 cm

hydrated lime

- soft, crystalline powder obtained by the action of water on lime and used in making mortar, plaster, and cement. Also known as calcium hydroxide, slaked lime

load bearing blocks

- thickness: 15 - 20 cm - can carry load aside from its own weight

engineered brick

4 x 2 1/2 x 8 in OR 102 x 81 x 203 mm

modular brick

4 x 2 2/3 x 8 in OR 102 x 68 x 203 mm

economy

4 x 4 x 8 in OR 102 x 102 x 203 mm

stretcher block

8 x 8 x 16 in OR 203 x 203 x 406 mm

economy wall

A brick wall 4 in. (102 mm) thick, plastered and strengthened at intervals with 8in (203mm) pilasters to support roof trusses.

cement-lime mortar

A cement mortar to which lime is added to increase its plasticity and water retentivity.

soft joint

A compressible joint directly below a supporting shelf or relieving angle, allowing for the expansion and contraction of a panel wall and preventing the weight of higher courses from being transmitted to the masonry below.

Bullnose block

A concrete masonry unit having one or more rounded exterior corners.

lean mix

A concrete or mortar mix that is difficult to work or spread because of a shortness of cement or lime.

fat mix

A concrete or mortar mix that is easy to work or spread because of relatively high cement or lime content. Also called RICH MIX.

grout

A fluid cement mortar that will flow easily without segregation of the ingredients used to fill narrow cavities in masonry and consolidate the adjoining materials into a solid mass.

Reinforced grouted masonry

A masonry wall constructed with horizontal and vertical steel reinforcement fully embedded in grout for increased resistance to buckling and lateral wind and seismic loads.

composite wall

A masonry wall having at least one wythe dissimilar to the other wythe or wythes with respect to type or grade of masonry unit or mortar.

adjustable tie

A metal tie consisting of two interlocking parts that enable it to adopt to bed joints at different elevations.

panel wall

A non load bearing exterior masonry wall wholly supported at each story.

low lift grouting

A technique for grouting a masonry wall in lifts not exceeding six times the width of the grout space or a maximum of 8inches or 203mm as the wall is built.

adhered veneer

A veneer supported by and secured to a backing by means of a bonding material.

anchored veneer

A veneer supported by and secured to a backing by means of mechanical fasteners.

grouted masonry

A wall constructed of brick or concrete brick units with all interior joints being filled with grout as the work progresses.

solid masonry

A wall constructed of brick or other solid masonry units laid continuously with all joints solidly filled with mortar and adjacent wythes bonded by masonry ties.

hollow unit masonry

A wall constructed of hollow masonry units laid and set with mortar, with adjacent wythes bonded by masonry headers or metal ties.

faced wall

A wall having a masonry facing bonded to a backing so as to exert a common action under load.

veneered wall

A wall having a nonstructural facing attached but not bonded to a supporting structure.

plasticizers

Admixtures to mortar are typically called __________ which makes the overall mortar mix workable with less water

masonry

Building with units of various natural or manufactured products, such as stone, brick, or concrete block, usually with the use of mortar as a bonding age

reinforced hollow unit masonry

Hollow unit masonry having certain cells continuously filled with concrete or grout, in which reinforcing steel is embedded for increased resistance to buckling and lateral wind and seismic loads.

rock

Solid mineral matter, naturally formed by the action of heat and water and occurring in fragments or large masses

grout pour

The total height of masonry to be filled with grout before the erection of additional masonry consisting of one or more grout lifts.

back plaster

To parge a part of a wall that is not seen, such as behind the outer wythe of a cavity wall in order to exclude air and moisture from the interior of the wall.

facing

an ornamental or protective layer, such as the outer wythe of a masonry wall

cleanout

any of a series of temporary opening at the bottom of a masonry wall large enough to permit the removal of debris or obstructions from a cavity or cell prior to grouting.

tie

any of the various corrosive-resistant metal devices for holding two parts of a construction together, such as the wythes of a masonry wall

gneiss

banded or foliated metamorphic rock corresponding in composition to granite, in which the minerals are arranged in layers.

corbel

brick or stone projecting from within a wall, usually to support a weight

igneous

class of rock formed by crystallization of molten magma

sedimentary

class of rock formed by the deposition of sediment

metamorphic

class of rock that has undergone a change in structure, texture, or composition due to natural agencies, such as heat and pressure, especially when the rock become harder and more crystalline

quartzite

compact, granular metamorphic rock consisting essentially of quartz, derived from sandstone

range

continuous course of masonry units having the same height from end to end

wythe

continuous vertical section of a masonry wall one unit in thickness

course

continuous, usually horizontal range of bricks, tiles, or shingles, as in a wall or roof

verde antique

dark-green mottled serpentine that takes a high polish and sold as a marble

slate

dense, fine-grained metamorphic rock formed by the compression of various sediments, such as clay or shale, having good cleavage along parallel planes

bluestone

dense, fine-grained, argillaceous sandstone that splits easily along bedding planes to form thin slabs

granite obsidian malachite serpentine

examples of igneous rocks

travertine dolomite oolite

examples of limestone

marble verde antique slate quartzite gneiss

examples of metamorphic rocks

bluestone brownstone soapstone

examples of sandstone

limestone sandtone shale

examples of sedimentary rocks

field

expanse of a masonry wall between openings and corners, usually composed primarily of stretcher

flashing

firing brick units alternately with too much or too little air to vary their face color.

limestone

formed chiefly by the accumulation of organic remains such as shells and coral, consisting mainly of calcium carbonate

sand struck

formed in the soft mud process with a mold lined with sand to prevent sticking, producing a matte textured surface

water struck

formed in the soft mud process with a mold lubricated with water to prevent sticking, producing a smooth dense surface

malachite

green to nearly black mineral, copper carbonate, used as highly polished veneer and for making ornamental articles

high lift grouting

grouting a masonry wall constructed a story at a time in lifts not exceeding 1.8 meters

Corner block

having a solid end face and used in constructing the end or corner of a wall

Sill block

having a wash to shed rainwater from a sill

Sash/Jamb block

having an end slot or rabbet to receive the jamb of a door or window frame

closer

he last masonry unit laid in a course

type M

high-strength mortar used in reinforced masonry below grade or in contact with the earth, such as foundation and retaining walls subject to frost action or to high lateral or compressive load

concrete hollow blocks (chb)

hollow or solid concrete masonry unit, often incorrectly referred to as cement block. Could be classified as bearing and non-bearing blocks

bed joint

horizontal joint between two masonry courses

oolite/egg stone

limestone composed of small, round, calcerous grains resembling fish roe.

dolomite

limestone rich in magnesium carbonate

Non-staining Mortar

low free-alkali content to minimize efflorescence or the staining of adjacent masonry by the migration of soluble materials.

type O

low-strength mortar suitable for use in interior non-load bearing walls and partitions

cement mortar

made by mixing Portland cement, sand, and water

common/building brick

made for general building purposes and not specially treated for color and texture

facing/face brick

made of special clays for wall facing. Often treated to produce the desired color and surface texture

brick

masonry unit of clay formed into a rectangular prism while plastic and hardened by drying in the sun or firing in a kiln

cavity wall

masonry wall having a facing completely separated except for metal ties and enclosing an inner space serving to prevent penetration by water

Soapstone (steatite)

massive, soft rock containing a high proportion of talc, used as dimension stone for hearths, table tops, and carved ornaments

type S

medium-high-strength mortar recommended for use in masonry where bond and lateral strength are more important than compressive strength

type N

medium-strength mortar recommended for general use in exposed masonry above grade where high compressive and lateral strength are not required.

marble

metamorphic rock of crystallized limestone, consisting mainly of calcite or dolomite, capable of taking a high polish, and used especially in architecture and sculpture. The commercial term includes many dense limestones and some coarse-grained dolomites.

serpentine

mineral or rock consisting of hydrous magnesium silicate, usually green in color and having a mottled appearance

fbx

minimum variation in size, narrow color range and high degree of mechanical perfection are required

Masonry Cement

mix of portland cement and other ingredients, such as hydrated lime, plasticizers, air-entraining agents and gypsum requiring only the addition of sand and water to make cement mortar.

Lime Mortar

mixture of lime, sand and water that is rarely used because of its slow rate of hardening and low compressive strength.

Epoxy Mortar

mortar consisting of epoxy resin, a catalyst, and fine aggregate.

troweled point

mortar joint finished by striking off excess mortar with a trowel

clay

natural, earthy material that is plastic when moist but hard when fired and is used for making, brick, tile, and pottery, composed mainly of fine particles of hydrous aluminum silicates less than 0.002 mm in diameter

veneer

nonstructural facing of brick, stone, concrete, or tile attached to a backing for the purpose of ornamentation, protection, or insulation.

web

one of the cross walls connecting the face shells of a hollow masonry unit

face shell

one of the two sidewalls of a hollow concrete masonry unit

corbeling

overlapping arrangement of bricks or sones in which each course steps upward and outward from the vertical face of a wall

field course corbel wythe joinery point

parts of a basic masonry assembly

face shell web core/cell

parts of concrete block

mortar

plastic mixture of lime or cement, or a combination of both, with sand and water, used as a bonding agent in masonry construction

concrete masonry unit (cmu)

precast masonry unit of Portland cement, fine aggregate, and water molded into various shapes

Screen block

prevalently used in tropical architecture, having a decorative pattern of transverse openings for admitting air and excluding sunlight

stiff mud process

process of forming brick and structural tile by extruding stiff but plastic clay having a moisture content of 12% to 15% through a die and cutting the extrusion to length with wires before firing

dry press process

process of forming brick by molding relatively dry clay having a moisture content of 5% to 7% under high pressure, resulting in sharp-edged, smooth surfaced bricks

Soft mud process

process of forming brick by molding relatively wet clay having a moisture content of 20% to 30%

brownstone

reddish-brown sandstone quarried and used extensively as a building material

stone

rock or a piece of rock quarried and worked into a specific size and shape for a particular purpose

sandstone

sedimentary rock consisting of sand, usually quartz, cemented together by various substances, such as silica, clay, or calcium carbonate

Quantity of Cement, Sand and Gravel for CHB Footing Per Linear Meter

simplified method for identifying the mixture quantities needed for CHB footing.

Quantity of Cement and Sand for CHB Mortar per Square Meter

simplified method for identifying the mixture quantities needed for the respective CHB sizes

weep hole

small opening in a cavity wall, retaining wall, or other construction for draining off accumulated moisture, as from condensation or leakage

backing

something that forms the back or provides support, strength, or protection from the back, such as the inner wythes of a masonry wall

fba

suitable for use where particular effects are desired resulting from non-uniformity in size, color, and texture of the individual units

core/cell

the molded open space in a concrete masonry unit

Quantity of Cement and Sand for Mortar and Plaster Mixture Per Cubic Meter

this helps in determining the number of CHBs and the required mortar for block laying and plastering; and footing

point

to fill and finish the surface of a masonry joint with mortar after the masonry has been laid, either to finish the joint or to repair a defective joint

load bearing non load bearing

two types of chb

Wash/Weathering

upper surface inclined to shed rainwater from a building

Partition block

used in constructing non-load-bearing walls, usually having a nominal thickness of 4 or 6 inches; or 102 or 152 in mm

Coping block

used in constructing the top or finishing course of a masonry wall

travertine

variety of limestone deposited by spring waters, especially hot springs, sold as marble in the building trade

head joint

vertical joint between two masonry units, perpendicular to the face of a wall

granite

very hard, course-grained igneous rock composed mainly of quartz, feldspar and mica or other colored minerals

type K

very-low-strength mortar suitable only for use in interior non-load-bearing walls wherever permitted by building codes

obsidian

volcanic glass similar in composition to granite, usually black with a bright luster, and transparent in thin pieces

tooled joint

weather resistant mortar joint compressed and shaped with any tool other than a trowel.

Lime

white or grayish white, caustic odorless solid obtained by heating forms of calcium carbonate, such as shells or limestone, at a high temperature. Also known as calcium oxide, calx, caustic lime, quicklime

fbs

wider color range and greater variation in size

grout lift

An increment of grout height within a total grout pour.

Pilaster block

Any of the various concrete masonry unit used in constructing a plain or reinforced masonry pilaster.

joint reinforcement

Any steel reinforcement placed in a bed joint to increase the resistance of a masonry wall to cracking.

kiln

a furnace of oven for burning, baking, or drying something, especially one for firing pottery, baking bricks or drying timber

bond

adhesion between mortar or grout and the masonry units or steel reinforcement being cemented.


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