1.2 MASONRY
non load bearing blocks
- intended for walls, partitions, fences, or dividers - thickness: 7.5 - 10 cm
hydrated lime
- soft, crystalline powder obtained by the action of water on lime and used in making mortar, plaster, and cement. Also known as calcium hydroxide, slaked lime
load bearing blocks
- thickness: 15 - 20 cm - can carry load aside from its own weight
engineered brick
4 x 2 1/2 x 8 in OR 102 x 81 x 203 mm
modular brick
4 x 2 2/3 x 8 in OR 102 x 68 x 203 mm
economy
4 x 4 x 8 in OR 102 x 102 x 203 mm
stretcher block
8 x 8 x 16 in OR 203 x 203 x 406 mm
economy wall
A brick wall 4 in. (102 mm) thick, plastered and strengthened at intervals with 8in (203mm) pilasters to support roof trusses.
cement-lime mortar
A cement mortar to which lime is added to increase its plasticity and water retentivity.
soft joint
A compressible joint directly below a supporting shelf or relieving angle, allowing for the expansion and contraction of a panel wall and preventing the weight of higher courses from being transmitted to the masonry below.
Bullnose block
A concrete masonry unit having one or more rounded exterior corners.
lean mix
A concrete or mortar mix that is difficult to work or spread because of a shortness of cement or lime.
fat mix
A concrete or mortar mix that is easy to work or spread because of relatively high cement or lime content. Also called RICH MIX.
grout
A fluid cement mortar that will flow easily without segregation of the ingredients used to fill narrow cavities in masonry and consolidate the adjoining materials into a solid mass.
Reinforced grouted masonry
A masonry wall constructed with horizontal and vertical steel reinforcement fully embedded in grout for increased resistance to buckling and lateral wind and seismic loads.
composite wall
A masonry wall having at least one wythe dissimilar to the other wythe or wythes with respect to type or grade of masonry unit or mortar.
adjustable tie
A metal tie consisting of two interlocking parts that enable it to adopt to bed joints at different elevations.
panel wall
A non load bearing exterior masonry wall wholly supported at each story.
low lift grouting
A technique for grouting a masonry wall in lifts not exceeding six times the width of the grout space or a maximum of 8inches or 203mm as the wall is built.
adhered veneer
A veneer supported by and secured to a backing by means of a bonding material.
anchored veneer
A veneer supported by and secured to a backing by means of mechanical fasteners.
grouted masonry
A wall constructed of brick or concrete brick units with all interior joints being filled with grout as the work progresses.
solid masonry
A wall constructed of brick or other solid masonry units laid continuously with all joints solidly filled with mortar and adjacent wythes bonded by masonry ties.
hollow unit masonry
A wall constructed of hollow masonry units laid and set with mortar, with adjacent wythes bonded by masonry headers or metal ties.
faced wall
A wall having a masonry facing bonded to a backing so as to exert a common action under load.
veneered wall
A wall having a nonstructural facing attached but not bonded to a supporting structure.
plasticizers
Admixtures to mortar are typically called __________ which makes the overall mortar mix workable with less water
masonry
Building with units of various natural or manufactured products, such as stone, brick, or concrete block, usually with the use of mortar as a bonding age
reinforced hollow unit masonry
Hollow unit masonry having certain cells continuously filled with concrete or grout, in which reinforcing steel is embedded for increased resistance to buckling and lateral wind and seismic loads.
rock
Solid mineral matter, naturally formed by the action of heat and water and occurring in fragments or large masses
grout pour
The total height of masonry to be filled with grout before the erection of additional masonry consisting of one or more grout lifts.
back plaster
To parge a part of a wall that is not seen, such as behind the outer wythe of a cavity wall in order to exclude air and moisture from the interior of the wall.
facing
an ornamental or protective layer, such as the outer wythe of a masonry wall
cleanout
any of a series of temporary opening at the bottom of a masonry wall large enough to permit the removal of debris or obstructions from a cavity or cell prior to grouting.
tie
any of the various corrosive-resistant metal devices for holding two parts of a construction together, such as the wythes of a masonry wall
gneiss
banded or foliated metamorphic rock corresponding in composition to granite, in which the minerals are arranged in layers.
corbel
brick or stone projecting from within a wall, usually to support a weight
igneous
class of rock formed by crystallization of molten magma
sedimentary
class of rock formed by the deposition of sediment
metamorphic
class of rock that has undergone a change in structure, texture, or composition due to natural agencies, such as heat and pressure, especially when the rock become harder and more crystalline
quartzite
compact, granular metamorphic rock consisting essentially of quartz, derived from sandstone
range
continuous course of masonry units having the same height from end to end
wythe
continuous vertical section of a masonry wall one unit in thickness
course
continuous, usually horizontal range of bricks, tiles, or shingles, as in a wall or roof
verde antique
dark-green mottled serpentine that takes a high polish and sold as a marble
slate
dense, fine-grained metamorphic rock formed by the compression of various sediments, such as clay or shale, having good cleavage along parallel planes
bluestone
dense, fine-grained, argillaceous sandstone that splits easily along bedding planes to form thin slabs
granite obsidian malachite serpentine
examples of igneous rocks
travertine dolomite oolite
examples of limestone
marble verde antique slate quartzite gneiss
examples of metamorphic rocks
bluestone brownstone soapstone
examples of sandstone
limestone sandtone shale
examples of sedimentary rocks
field
expanse of a masonry wall between openings and corners, usually composed primarily of stretcher
flashing
firing brick units alternately with too much or too little air to vary their face color.
limestone
formed chiefly by the accumulation of organic remains such as shells and coral, consisting mainly of calcium carbonate
sand struck
formed in the soft mud process with a mold lined with sand to prevent sticking, producing a matte textured surface
water struck
formed in the soft mud process with a mold lubricated with water to prevent sticking, producing a smooth dense surface
malachite
green to nearly black mineral, copper carbonate, used as highly polished veneer and for making ornamental articles
high lift grouting
grouting a masonry wall constructed a story at a time in lifts not exceeding 1.8 meters
Corner block
having a solid end face and used in constructing the end or corner of a wall
Sill block
having a wash to shed rainwater from a sill
Sash/Jamb block
having an end slot or rabbet to receive the jamb of a door or window frame
closer
he last masonry unit laid in a course
type M
high-strength mortar used in reinforced masonry below grade or in contact with the earth, such as foundation and retaining walls subject to frost action or to high lateral or compressive load
concrete hollow blocks (chb)
hollow or solid concrete masonry unit, often incorrectly referred to as cement block. Could be classified as bearing and non-bearing blocks
bed joint
horizontal joint between two masonry courses
oolite/egg stone
limestone composed of small, round, calcerous grains resembling fish roe.
dolomite
limestone rich in magnesium carbonate
Non-staining Mortar
low free-alkali content to minimize efflorescence or the staining of adjacent masonry by the migration of soluble materials.
type O
low-strength mortar suitable for use in interior non-load bearing walls and partitions
cement mortar
made by mixing Portland cement, sand, and water
common/building brick
made for general building purposes and not specially treated for color and texture
facing/face brick
made of special clays for wall facing. Often treated to produce the desired color and surface texture
brick
masonry unit of clay formed into a rectangular prism while plastic and hardened by drying in the sun or firing in a kiln
cavity wall
masonry wall having a facing completely separated except for metal ties and enclosing an inner space serving to prevent penetration by water
Soapstone (steatite)
massive, soft rock containing a high proportion of talc, used as dimension stone for hearths, table tops, and carved ornaments
type S
medium-high-strength mortar recommended for use in masonry where bond and lateral strength are more important than compressive strength
type N
medium-strength mortar recommended for general use in exposed masonry above grade where high compressive and lateral strength are not required.
marble
metamorphic rock of crystallized limestone, consisting mainly of calcite or dolomite, capable of taking a high polish, and used especially in architecture and sculpture. The commercial term includes many dense limestones and some coarse-grained dolomites.
serpentine
mineral or rock consisting of hydrous magnesium silicate, usually green in color and having a mottled appearance
fbx
minimum variation in size, narrow color range and high degree of mechanical perfection are required
Masonry Cement
mix of portland cement and other ingredients, such as hydrated lime, plasticizers, air-entraining agents and gypsum requiring only the addition of sand and water to make cement mortar.
Lime Mortar
mixture of lime, sand and water that is rarely used because of its slow rate of hardening and low compressive strength.
Epoxy Mortar
mortar consisting of epoxy resin, a catalyst, and fine aggregate.
troweled point
mortar joint finished by striking off excess mortar with a trowel
clay
natural, earthy material that is plastic when moist but hard when fired and is used for making, brick, tile, and pottery, composed mainly of fine particles of hydrous aluminum silicates less than 0.002 mm in diameter
veneer
nonstructural facing of brick, stone, concrete, or tile attached to a backing for the purpose of ornamentation, protection, or insulation.
web
one of the cross walls connecting the face shells of a hollow masonry unit
face shell
one of the two sidewalls of a hollow concrete masonry unit
corbeling
overlapping arrangement of bricks or sones in which each course steps upward and outward from the vertical face of a wall
field course corbel wythe joinery point
parts of a basic masonry assembly
face shell web core/cell
parts of concrete block
mortar
plastic mixture of lime or cement, or a combination of both, with sand and water, used as a bonding agent in masonry construction
concrete masonry unit (cmu)
precast masonry unit of Portland cement, fine aggregate, and water molded into various shapes
Screen block
prevalently used in tropical architecture, having a decorative pattern of transverse openings for admitting air and excluding sunlight
stiff mud process
process of forming brick and structural tile by extruding stiff but plastic clay having a moisture content of 12% to 15% through a die and cutting the extrusion to length with wires before firing
dry press process
process of forming brick by molding relatively dry clay having a moisture content of 5% to 7% under high pressure, resulting in sharp-edged, smooth surfaced bricks
Soft mud process
process of forming brick by molding relatively wet clay having a moisture content of 20% to 30%
brownstone
reddish-brown sandstone quarried and used extensively as a building material
stone
rock or a piece of rock quarried and worked into a specific size and shape for a particular purpose
sandstone
sedimentary rock consisting of sand, usually quartz, cemented together by various substances, such as silica, clay, or calcium carbonate
Quantity of Cement, Sand and Gravel for CHB Footing Per Linear Meter
simplified method for identifying the mixture quantities needed for CHB footing.
Quantity of Cement and Sand for CHB Mortar per Square Meter
simplified method for identifying the mixture quantities needed for the respective CHB sizes
weep hole
small opening in a cavity wall, retaining wall, or other construction for draining off accumulated moisture, as from condensation or leakage
backing
something that forms the back or provides support, strength, or protection from the back, such as the inner wythes of a masonry wall
fba
suitable for use where particular effects are desired resulting from non-uniformity in size, color, and texture of the individual units
core/cell
the molded open space in a concrete masonry unit
Quantity of Cement and Sand for Mortar and Plaster Mixture Per Cubic Meter
this helps in determining the number of CHBs and the required mortar for block laying and plastering; and footing
point
to fill and finish the surface of a masonry joint with mortar after the masonry has been laid, either to finish the joint or to repair a defective joint
load bearing non load bearing
two types of chb
Wash/Weathering
upper surface inclined to shed rainwater from a building
Partition block
used in constructing non-load-bearing walls, usually having a nominal thickness of 4 or 6 inches; or 102 or 152 in mm
Coping block
used in constructing the top or finishing course of a masonry wall
travertine
variety of limestone deposited by spring waters, especially hot springs, sold as marble in the building trade
head joint
vertical joint between two masonry units, perpendicular to the face of a wall
granite
very hard, course-grained igneous rock composed mainly of quartz, feldspar and mica or other colored minerals
type K
very-low-strength mortar suitable only for use in interior non-load-bearing walls wherever permitted by building codes
obsidian
volcanic glass similar in composition to granite, usually black with a bright luster, and transparent in thin pieces
tooled joint
weather resistant mortar joint compressed and shaped with any tool other than a trowel.
Lime
white or grayish white, caustic odorless solid obtained by heating forms of calcium carbonate, such as shells or limestone, at a high temperature. Also known as calcium oxide, calx, caustic lime, quicklime
fbs
wider color range and greater variation in size
grout lift
An increment of grout height within a total grout pour.
Pilaster block
Any of the various concrete masonry unit used in constructing a plain or reinforced masonry pilaster.
joint reinforcement
Any steel reinforcement placed in a bed joint to increase the resistance of a masonry wall to cracking.
kiln
a furnace of oven for burning, baking, or drying something, especially one for firing pottery, baking bricks or drying timber
bond
adhesion between mortar or grout and the masonry units or steel reinforcement being cemented.
