12/20 Physics and Psych 12/20

adiabatic process

A process in which no heat is transferred to or from the system by its surroundings. -he thermodynamic process in which there is no exchange of heat from the system to its surrounding neither during expansion nor during compression.

Many adolescents turn to drugs and alcohol to escape a bad family life. When they try to stop, they often feel much worse both physically and emotionally. This physiological adaptation to substance abuse is best explained by: A.

A. Opponent-process theory. The opponent-process theory accounts for the destructive motivations behind drug abuse and addiction. When a certain drug is taken repeatedly, the body will attempt to counteract the chemical effects of that drug with physiological changes. For example, when a person drinks too much, their body increases arousal to counteract the depressive effects of alcohol. This is why alcohol withdrawal can cause jitteriness, anxiety, and restlessness, all effects of increased arousal. B. Expectancy-value theory. Expectancy-value theory posits that the amount of motivation required to achieve a certain goal is affected both by a person's expectation of reaching a certain goal and how much that person values reaching that goal. C. Cognitive dissonance theory. Cognitive dissonance theory seeks to explain why justification is such a potent influence on attitudes. According to the theory, people have a tendency to seek consistency between their opinions, attitudes, and beliefs. D. Arousal theory. Arousal theory posits that people behave or act in certain ways to maintain a level of optimal arousal which is variable from person to person.

Which cognitive stage of development most often coincides with adolescence?

A. Sensorimotor Hide Explanation This is the first stage of the Piaget's theory. During this period, one learns about the world by using their senses to interact with their surroundings. B. Preoperational Hide Explanation Preoperational stage begins around age 2, as children start to talk, and lasts until approximately age 7. C. Concrete operational Hide Explanation This period spans the time of middle childhood—it begins around age 7 and continues until approximately age 11. D. Formal operational Correct The formal operational stage is the fourth stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. It begins at age 11 and continues into adulthood. During this stage, the individual gains the ability to think in an abstract manner.

If the human eye has a converging lens, which of the following best describes the image that is formed on the retina for an object that is more than one focal length away from the lens?

A. The image is real and inverted. correct A converging lens produces a real and inverted image for objects located beyond the focal point of the lens (o > f), (eliminating choices B, C and D), as shown below in the ray diagrams for a convex lens below. B. The image is real and erect. Hide Explanation Real images formed by just one lens will always be inverted. C. The image is virtual and inverted. Hide Explanation Virtual images formed by just one lens will always be erect. D. The image is virtual and erect. Hide Explanation The image formed on the retina must be a real image, because real light rays are actually projecting onto the retina. Virtual images are images that form from where light rays "appear" to be coming from.

Which of the following best explains why adolescents have difficulty making fully-informed decisions?

A. Their frontal cortex has not fully developed. The frontal cortex is not fully developed until after adolescence. The frontal cortex handles many important executive processes, such as making decisions.

A man believes that he can overcome his arachnophobia by getting a pet spider. This situation most likely demonstrates:

A. self-identity. Hide Explanation This is incorrect. Self-identity is one's concept of oneself, including the perceptions one has about one's abilities, flaws, and worth. B. external locus of control. Hide Explanation The man believes that he can overcome his challenge by an action he can take on himself. External locus of control refers to believing that successes and failures result from external factors beyond their control. C. identity development. Hide Explanation Identity development refers to the process of developing a sense and understanding of themselves within the context of cultural demands and social norms. It is not relevent to this context. D. self-efficacy. Correct Answer Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce achievements. The man's belief in his capacity to overcome his phobia demonstrates this concept.

If the prism shown in Figure 1 is made of a specialized flint glass with an index of refraction of 1.9, at what angle of incidence on the interior of prism will the light cease to exit the right side of the prism?

B. 30° This question is asking us to recognize the concept of total internal reflection. The maximum possible angle of refraction is 90° because any angle of refraction larger than 90° would mean that the refracted ray would lie on the incident side (same side as where the light came from) of the incident medium - which is impossible if the light is refracted (bent after entering a new medium). So in the case of the laser beam entering the glass prism on the left and then attempting to exit on the right, there is some specific value for the angle of incidence (called the critical angle) that yields a 90° angle of refraction. -This angle of incidence can be calculated via Snell's Law: n1 sin θcrit = n2 sin 90° We are told that the special glass has a value of n = 1.9 so sin θcrit = n2/n1 sin 90° = nair/nglass (1). θcrit = sin-1 [1/1.9] = sin-1 (0.5) = 30° This means any angle of incidence greater than 30° would not result in refraction. Instead, when the angles of incidence is greater than 30° (the critical angle), all of the energy carried by the incident light to the boundary stays within the glass prism and undergoes reflection off the boundary. This is called total internal reflection, as the light is essentially "trapped" within the prism and will not exit (refract) the right side of the prism anymore.

What is the approximate speed of light in water (n = 1.33)?

We need to know what happens to light as it enters any medium other than a vacuum (where its speed is c). Whenever light enters an area with n > 1, velocity will decrease below 3 ×108 m/s (eliminate choices C and D). As stated in the passage, the index of refraction is the ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to the speed of the light in the water. Substituting into the equation gives: -Whenever light enters an area with n > 1, velocity will decrease below 3 ×108 m/s.

GABA

a major inhibitory neurotransmitter -GABA lessens the ability of a nerve cell to receive, create or send chemical messages to other nerve cells. GABA is known for producing a calming effect Gabapentin is used to treat epilepsy. It's also taken for nerve pain, which can be caused by different conditions, including diabetes and shingles. Nerve pain can also happen after an injury. In epilepsy, it's thought that gabapentin stops seizures by reducing the abnormal electrical activity in the brain. -Nerve pain often feels like a shooting, stabbing or burning sensation. Sometimes it can feel as sharp and sudden as an electric shock.

catelcholamines

adrenal gland water soluble (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine) fight or flight vasoconstriction vs dilation tissue specific -Catecholamines, including dopamine and norepinephrine, are the principal neurotransmitters that mediate a variety of the central nervous system functions, such as motor control, cognition, emotion, memory processing, and endocrine modulation.

biopsychosocial factors

biological, social, psychological -The biopsychosocial characteristics are biological, psychological, and social. Biological factors include factors relating to the body, such as genetics, neurochemistry, physical health, or effects of medication. Psychological refers to factors relating to thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.

isobaric

constant pressure

isothermal process

constant pressure

n=c/v

index of refraction = speed of light in a vacuum/speed of light in a particular medium

dopamine

influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion

velocity

the speed of an object in a particular direction -Average velocity is defined to be the change in position divided by the time of travel. -Notice that this definition indicates that velocity is a vector because displacement is a vector. It has both magnitude and direction. -III. Changing the angle to 45° with respect to the ground

opponent-process theory

which suggests one way humans perceive colors, and how it might also apply to emotions and motivation.

seratonin

A neurotransmitter that affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal; linked to depression and treated by Prozac. (Blocks reuptake of seratonin, activating more seratonin in neural pathways, therefore elevating mood.)

If a red laser pointer is focused on the surface of a rectangular piece of glass (n = 1.5) at an angle of 30° with respect to the normal, what would be the angle that the laser beam exits the other side of the glass?

B. 30° When the light beam goes from the air (n ≈ 1) into the glass the angle will be bent towards the normal as predicted by Snell's law. 1 sin 30° = 1.50 sin θglass(1/1.5) sin 30° = sin θglass(1/1.5) 0.5 = sin θglass However, on the other side of the glass the beam will bend back away from the normal, therefore: 1.5 sin θglass = 1 sin θair (1.5/1) (1/1.5) 0.5 = sin θair0.5 = sin θairsin -1 (0.5) = θair30° = θair The light beam that exits the glass on the other side is parallel to the incident light beam, with the angle with respect to the normal being 30°.

Which of the following diseases would be LEAST logistically suited for a cohort study?

B. A rare genetic disease A cohort study begins with a set group of healthy individuals, then tracks changes in their health (or other variables) over time with the end goal of determining risk factors for specific diseases. This protocol would not work properly with the disease mentioned here; since those with a genetic condition have always had it, no healthy individuals are at risk for this disease. If a cohort were established, it would either consist of healthy individuals who never acquired the disease or sufferers who had it from the beginning; this would yield no new information.

One cell line commonly used in biological research is the HeLa strain, which is derived from samples of a cancerous tumor from a woman named Henrietta Lacks. These cells are functionally immortal, in that they can divide indefinitely without dying, and were key to developing advances such as the polio vaccine. However, Mrs. Lacks was not informed that her cancer cells had been preserved before her death, and her family was surprised to find her medical records published without their knowledge years later. The case of Henrietta Lacks infringed on which principles of research ethics? I. Minimizing the risk of harm to subjects II. Protecting the privacy and confidentiality of subjects III. Obtaining informed consent

C. II and III C is correct. Statement II is very relevant; this principle was certainly violated, as Mrs. Lacks' medical records were published without her or her family's knowledge. In addition, the question stem states that neither Mrs. Lacks nor her family were informed of the doctors' plans, thus, statement III is also correct.

Which of the following are base units in the SI system? I. Kilometers II. Grams III. Seconds IV. Kilograms

C. III and IV only Hide Explanation C is correct. The SI units for length, mass, and time are often described as "MKS units," or meters, kilograms, and seconds. In other words, both seconds and kilograms are "base units" in the SI system of measurement (III and IV).

An elementary student uses the following graph to map the velocity of a remote-control car over a ten-second interval. What scenario might explain the car's activity at the time t = 2.0 s?

C. The car had been accelerating with constant, positive acceleration, but began to slow down at t = 2 s. C is correct. This is a velocity vs. time graph. At time t = 2 s, the car is moving with a velocity of 2 units / s; from the graph, we can see that this movement is positive. Immediately after that point, however, its velocity begins to drop, showing that deceleration is taking place.

A high-school student is examining a hypothesis that he has held for many years: that tall people tend to display more altruistic behavior than short people. Halfway through his experiment, he decides to also test whether older people exhibit more altruism than younger individuals. This student has:

C. added a new independent variable. An independent variable is one that is manipulated by the researcher to examine its effect on one or more dependent variables. Here, the original independent variable was height, and the student has opted to study age in a similar fashion.

According to the passage, the reward-based dependence in adolescent drug users is most closely associated with:

C. low catecholamine function. correct The passage tells us that reward dependence is associated with low noradrenergic activity. Noradrenaline, or norepinephrine, is a catecholamine. D. high tyrosine-based hormone function. Hide Explanation This choice may seem tempting because noradrenaline, like other catecholamines, is derived from tyrosine. Be careful, though, because the passage tells us that reward dependence is associated with low, not high levels of noradrenaline activity -Precursor to neurotransmitters and hormonesDopamine can then be converted into other catecholamines, such as norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline). The thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) in the colloid of the thyroid are also derived from tyrosine.

A security guard is patrolling his sector by traveling in large circles around a house. The guard's linear displacement will:

C. sometimes equal zero. Displacement is the direct distance that separates the initial and final positions. Each time the guard makes a full circle, he winds up where he originally began. At those times, the distance between start and finish is zero meters.

Which of the following most likely represents the wavelengths of maximum sensitivity for the red, green, and blue cones of the human eye?

D. 575, 540, and 435 nm, respectively On the visible spectrum as you move across ROYGBIV, wavelength decreases from 700 to 400 nm and frequency increases. Red light would have the longest wavelength and would correspond to 575 nm (eliminate choices A and B). Blue light would have the shortest wavelength (435 nm), and we can eliminate choice C.

Which of these experimental protocols appears to have the highest external validity?

D. A simplistic protocol that tested only one relationship, but that applied to students of a range of ages across the world D is correct. External validity refers to how well the experimental results may be generalized to other situations. If the experimental method described in choice D is relevant to a wide range of individuals, this procedure is externally valid.

Which of the following monochromatic colors has the lowest velocity while passing through a glass prism?

D. Blue Hide Explanation Based on Figure 1, the blue light is refracted the most. In order for this to happen the index of refraction (n) for this color must be the highest. Since n = c/v, where c is the speed of light in a vacuum and v is the velocity in the prism. The velocity of the blue light will be the slowest and red light will be the fastest, Choice A can be eliminated.

A man drunkenly stumbles down the street after a long night at his favorite bar. Which of these statements best explains his behavior and neurochemical state? I. Alcohol increases frontal lobe activity.II. Alcohol increases GABA production.III. Alcohol decreases GABA production.IV. Alcohol suppresses cerebellar functioning.

D. II and IV only Hide Explanation Alcohol stimulates production of GABA, an inhibitory transmitter (II). It also lowers brain activity in the cerebellum, which inhibits motor activity and balance and causes the man's clumsy behavior (IV)

The Meyer-Overton correlation represents a breakthrough finding in the study of general anesthetics. Its two namesakes independently discovered a relationship between the minimum alveolar concentration required to achieve anesthesia and the solubility of the relevant compound in olive oil, a value that is denoted below as the olive oil: gas

D. None of the above Hide Explanation D is correct. The given information never says that Meyer or Overton conducted an experiment at all. Instead, they simply noted a correlation between two already-known qualities of common anesthetic compounds. By definition, an independent variable is one that is manipulated by the researcher to assess resulting changes in a separate, dependent variable. Since these scientists could not possibly have manipulated minimum concentration (a known value for each anesthetic) or solubility, D is the best answer.

Jessie's high school physics class is running a "potato cannon" competition. The goal is simple: shoot a potato the greatest possible horizontal distance. Right now, Jessie's cannon shoots potatoes at a 30° angle from the ground with a total velocity of 14 m/s. What change(s) can Jessie make to increase the distance her potatoes travel?

I. Increasing the total velocity to 18 m/s while keeping all other factors constant

in exdothermic and endothermic reaction entropy is

In an exothermic reaction, the external entropy (entropy of the surroundings) increases. In an endothermic reaction, the external entropy (entropy of the surroundings) decreases. -Is an exothermic reaction positive or negative entropy? negative If a reaction is exothermic ( H is negative) and the entropy S is positive (more disorder), the free energy change is always negative and the reaction is always spontaneous. -In an exothermic reaction, the external entropy (entropy of the surroundings) increases. In an endothermic reaction, the external entropy (entropy of the surroundings) decreases. -If ΔH is positive, the process absorbs heat from the surroundings and is said to be endothermic. If ΔH is negative, the process releases heat to the surroundings and is said to be exothermic

erect images

Same direction of the objects vertically -Real images are formed by the actual intersection of rays below the principal axis that is why they are inverted whereas virtual images are formed by the virtual intersection of rays above the principal axis that is why they are erect.

venturi tube

Since the volumetric flow rate is the same at any point within the venturi, the linear velocity of the fluid traveling through the smaller diameter throat of the venturi must increase which results in a decrease of pressure due to the conservation of energy, one of the conservation laws.