1306 Review

What is the secretory pathway when a protein synthesized?

1)Protein enters ER 2)Protein exits ER 3)Protein enters Golgi apparatus 4)Protein exits Golgi apparatus in a vesicle

What is the source of energy during polymerization of a nucleic acid?

Adding 2 extra phosphate groups by ATP energy

What is the difference between an aldose and ketose sugar?

Aldose: Carboxyl group at the end of carbon chain Ketose: Carbonyl group in the middle of carbon

How are the ends of DNA strands described to reflect directionality?

Anti-parallel, double helix. 2 strands held together by hydrogen bonds. Complimentary base pairing between A,T, C, G. The 5 prime 3 prime ends

Which one of the macromolecules has more energy? Why?

FAT. Had many more covalent bonds. Sugar has less covalent bonds.

List the three parts of a nucleotide?

Five Carbon Sugar group Phosphate Group Nitrogenous (nitrogen containing) Base

What is the difference between hypertonic, isotonic and hypotonic solutions? How can you tell when water has moved?

Hypertonic: Water will move out of the cell by osmosis, the cell will shrink Isotonic: There will be no new water movement. The cell size will stay the same Hypotonic: water will move into the cells by osmosis

What parts (structures) in a nucleotide are variable?

It is the sugar and the base that can differ

What major molecules are found in the plasma membrane?

Lipids

Know how to name a sugar

Location of C - O group of carbons linear formation arrangement of hydroxyl group

What organelles are found in both plant and animal cells? Which ones are only found in Plant cells?

Nucleolus, Ribosomes, Mitochondria, Rough and Smooth ER, Golgi apparatus. In only plants is the vacuoles, cell wall, chloroplasts

What are nucleotides?

Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids. The nucleotides polymerize to form RNA and DNA DNA molecule consists of nucleotides in which the sugar component is deoxyribose, lacking oxygen- (H group) RNA molecule has nucleotides in which the sugar is a ribose. (O-H Group)

Define active transport, passive transport, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

Passive transport does not need energy where active does. Osmosis: movement of water from a high to low concentration Diffusion: movement of solutes from a high to low concentration

What is the difference between active and passive transport? Which one requires energy?

Passive transport does not need energy(ATP) Passive transport does need energy

What linkages links nucleotides together? Is it a covalent H bond?

Phosphodiester Bond. It is COVALENT.

Why do researchers believe that it was an RNA world first?

Provides a template that can be copied (stored genetic information catalyzed its own replication)

Which nitrogenous bases are purines?

Purines-PURE AS GOLD (9 ATOMS) P-PURINE A-ADENINE G- GUANINE

Which are pyrimidines?

Pyrimidines-CUT (THE PYE) (6 ATOMS) C-CYTOSINE U-URACIL T-THYMINE

What is the function of ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosomes, vacuoles, RER and SER?

Ribosomes: protein manufacturer Mitochondira: Supplies ATP in animal and plant cells

What is the the structural diference between starch and glycogen?

Starch forms a helix. Branches form every 30 monomers. Plants storage sugar as starch. Glyogen is highly branched. Branches occure in about out of 10 monomers. Animals store sugar glycogen.

What is starch, chitin and cellulose? Where is it found? What kind of linkage does it have?

Starch: Consists entirely of alpha glucose. Found in potatoes. Joined by glyosidic linkages. Chitin: Polysaccharide that stiffens the cell walls of fungi. Found in insects. Linkage?? Cellulose: Polymer made from beta glucose monomers. Found in wood, plants. Joined by B-1,4 glyosidic linkages.

Why are steroids also considered to be lipids?

Steroids are lipids because they are hydrophobic and insoluble in water.

What varies among monosaccharides?

The arrangements of the carbon groups

What is a phospholipid? Why is it amphipathic?

The structure of the phospholipid molecule lipid generally consists of two hydrophobic fatty acid "tails" and a hydrophilic "head" consisting of a phosphate group.

Know examples of polymers and monomers.

There are four main monomers: amino acids, nucleotides, monosaccharides and fatty acids. Polymers: Silk, wool, DNA, cellulose, nucleic acids.

What is the function of amylase?

To break the alpha glyosidic linkages in starch.

How do cilia and flagella bend?

With axoreme

Were sugars important in the chemical evolution?

Yes. Monosaccharides can be synthesized early earth conditions. Sugars were found on a meteorite. Sugars space early earth.

Which molecules can readily cross the phospholipid bilayer?

small nonpolar molecules such as CO2 and O2. small uncharged polar molecules such as water can diffuse through membranes

Know how to molecule.

there should be: The empirical formula of glucose is CeH1206. This means every time you draw glucose 6 Carbon atoms 6 Oxygen atoms 12 hydrogen atoms